Construções condicionais contrafactuais e não contrafactuais em Kuikuro (Karib alto-xinguano)

Franchetto, Bruna

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Sumário

DOSSIÊ • Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Cienc. Hum. 16 (3) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2178-2547-BGOELDI-2020-0107 copiar

Construções condicionais contrafactuais e não contrafactuais em Kuikuro (Karib alto-xinguano)

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Kuikuro é uma das variedades da língua Karib alto-xinguana, um dos dois ramos meridionais da família Karib, e é falado por 600 pessoas na região conhecida como alto Xingu, periferia meridional da Amazônia. Este artigo foca nas construções condicionais contrafactuais e não contrafactuais em Kuikuro. Após uma introdução contendo informações relevantes sobre metodologia, referências teóricas e as principais questões que emergem dos fatos Kuikuro, o artigo é organizado em duas seções. A primeira oferece uma breve introdução aos Kuikuro e um esboço da tipologia morfossintática de sua língua, assim como dos fatos gramaticais relevantes. A segunda seção descreve as construções contrafactuais e não contrafactuais. Os resultados deste estudo preliminar mostram os recursos morfossintáticos disponíveis aos falantes kuikuro para realizar enunciados no domínio conceitual e pragmático da possibilidade, seja ela asserida ou assumida, seja ela negada.

Palavras-chave
Kuikuro; Alto Xingu; Karib; Condicionais contrafactuais; Condicionais não contrafactuais

Non-CF/CF antecedent	Non-CF consequent	CF consequent
Temp. sub. clause	Future tense	Hypothetical mood
Epistemic naha Future tense	Future tense
Epistemic naha Hypothetical mood	Hypothetical mood	Hypothetical mood
Epistemic enaha Hypothetical mood	Hypothetical mood	Hypothetical mood

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E-mail: boletim.humanas@museu-goeldi.br

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[1] Autora para correspondência: Bruna Franchetto. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rua Professor Ortiz Monteiro, 276, ap. 405 C. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. CEP 22245-100 (bfranchetto@yahoo.com.br).

	Non-CF
(1)	ekise akeha naha itaõ ake isitãdũdote kaküngi leha etijilüingo
	ekise	ake=ha	naha	itaõ	ake	is-ita-tuN-tote
	3.DIST	COM=TOP	EM	woman	COM	3-marry-VBLZ-TEMP1

	kaküngi	leha	etijilü-ingo
	many	COMPL	sprouted-FUT
	‘If he marries with her, with that woman, he will have/may have/should have many children.’

	CF
(2)	inhalü isinümingo uma ekubetsü! isitoteha uãke tügekuili leha tisipolü
	inhalü	is-i-nümingo			uma	ekubetsü	is-i-tote=ha	uãke
	NEG1	3-be-PNCT.FUT			ITJ	INTS	3-be-TEMP1=TOP	EV.PST

	tügekuili		leha	tis-i-po-lü
	happy		COMPL	1.3-be-HYP-PNCT
	‘He will not come, too bad! If he came, we would be happy.’

(3a)	kangamuke inilũdagü
	kangamuke	iniluN-tagü
	child	cry-DUR
	‘A child is crying.’,	‘The child is crying.’, ‘Children are crying.’, ‘The children are crying.’

(3b)	isinilũdagü
	is-iniluN-tagü
	3-cry-DUR
	‘She/He is crying.’

(4a)	kangamuke engetagü uakungagü heke
	kangamuke	enge-tagü	u-akunga-gü	heke
	child	eat-DUR	1-shadow-POSS	ERG
	‘My shadow is scaring (a/the) child/children.’

(4b)	u-enge-tagü u-akunga-gü heke
	u-enge-tagü	u-akunga-gü	heke
	1-eat-DUR	1-shadow/soul-POSS	ERG
	‘My shadow is scaring me.’

(5a)	kangamuke atsakulü
	kangamuke	atsaku-lü
	child	run-PNCT
	‘The child ran.’

(5b)	konige kangamuke atsakulü
	konige	kangamuke	atsaku-lü
	yesterday	child	run-PNCT
	‘Yesterday the child ran.’

(5c)	*kangamuke atsakulü ãde ekugu
	kangamuke	atsaku-lü	ãde	ekugu
	child	run-PNCT	now	INTS
	‘The child runs right now.’

(6a)	konige kangamuke atsakutagü
	konige	kangamuke	atsakutagü
	yesterday	child	run-DUR
	‘Yesterday the child was running.’

(6b)	kangamuke atsakutagü ãde ekugu
	kangamuke	atsaku-tagü	ãde	ekugu
	child	run-DUR	now	INTS
	‘The child is running right now.’

(7)	imükuhegipügü leha ungu heke leha
	imü-kuhegi-pügü	leha	ungu	heke	leha
	face-drip-PRF	COMPL	blood	ERG	COMPL
	'The blood had dripped over the face.'

(8)	‘k-ingajomo-ko heke ngapale ihi-pügü leha ige-i'
	k-ingajomo-ko	heke	ngapale	ihi-pügü	ige-i
	1.2-sisters-PL	ERG	maybe	stir-PRF	DPROX-COP
	‘Maybe this is the stirred by our sisters.’ (maybe this is what/where our sisters have stirred it)

(9)	inha apugati i hotakipügü leha
	inha	apugati	i	hotaki-pügü	leha
	hole	to.inside	wood	sharp-PRF	COMPL
	‘At the bottom of the hole (there were) sharp sticks.’ (whose tips had been sharpened)

(10)	aminga utelüingo Canaranana
	aminga	u-te-lü-ingo	Canarana-na
	in.few.days	1-go-PNCT-FUT	Canarana-ALL
	‘In a few days I will go to Canarana.’

(11)	inhalü gehale i agugijüingo hõhõ uheke
	inhalü	gehale	i	agugi-jü-ingo	hõhõ	u-heke
	NEG1	again	wood	cut-PNCT-FUT	EMPH	1-ERG
	‘I can't again, I have to cut firewood.’

(12)	kogetsi kongoho ngingilüingo, uge apa inhümingo gele üngá
	kogetsi		kongoho	ngingi-lü-ingo			uge
	tomorrow		rain	rain-PNCT-FUT			1.D

	apa	i-nhümi-ingo			gele	üngá
	father	be-PNCT-FUT			still	home.INE2
	‘If it rains tomorrow, my dad will stay still at home.’

(13a)	ege hungupe uãke kagaiha ngihologui uãke
	ege	hungu-pe	*uãke*	kagaiha	ngiholo-gu-i	*uãke*
	DDIST	SIM1-NTM	EV.PST	White	ancestor-POSS-COP	EV.PST
	‘They were like that, the ancestors of the Whites.’

(13b)	ngiholo eale uãke* tü-te-ga-tinhü-pe kagaiha ngiholo-gu*
	ngiholo	e-ale	*uãke*	tü-te-ga-tinhü-pe	kagaiha	ngiholo-gu
	ancestor	kill-SIMLT	EV.PST	ANA-go-DUR-NANMLZ-NTM	White	ancestor-POSS
	‘The ancestors of the Whites were those who were going killing (our) ancestors.’

(14a)	hikutaha eseii uingãdzu ngengetagüi
	hikutaha	ese-i	u-ingãdzu	ng-enge-tagü-i
	turtle	3.PROX-COP	1-sister	O-eat-DUR-COP
	‘It is the/a turtle that my sister is eating.’

(14b)	hikutaha ekisei uingãdzu ngengetagüi
	hikutaha	ekise-i	u-ingãdzu	ng-enge-tagü-i
	turtle	3.DIST-COP	1-sister	O-eat-DUR-COP
	‘It was the/a turtle that my sister was eating.’

(14c)	hikutaha esei/ekisei uingãdzu ngengelüingoi kogetsi
	hikutaha	ese-i/ekise-i	u-ingãdzu	ng-enge-lü-ingo-i	kogetsi
	turtle	3.PROX-COP/3.DIST-COP	1-sister	O-eat-PNCT-FUT-COP	tomorrow
	‘It will be the/a turtle that my sister will eat.’

(15)	üngelepeha ekisei ongĩdinhi
	üngele-pe=ha	ekise-i	ongiN-tinhi
	LOG-NTM=TOP	3DIST-COP	bury-ANMLZ
	‘This was the one who had buried her.’

(16)	ẽbuta iliholüha ege-i u-heke
	ẽbuta	ili-ho-lü=ha	ege-i	u-heke
	medicine	drink-HYP-PNCT=TOP	DDIST-COP	1-ERG
	‘Maybe I drink the medicine.’

(17)	kogetsi ũbege kanga engeholü uheke
	kogetsi	ũbege	kanga	enge-ho-lü	u-heke
	tomorrow	FR	fish	eat-HYP-PNCT	1-ERG
	‘Maybe I will eat fish tomorrow.’

(18)	angí uẽbolü
	angí	u-ẽN-po-lü
	INT	1-enter-HYP-PNCT
	‘Can I come in?’

(19)	ekege apüngũbotagü leha
	ekege	apünguN-ho-tagü	leha
	jaguar	die-HYP-DUR	COMPL
	‘Maybe the jaguar is dying.’

(20)	kogetsi uehugu ihipütehopügü leha uheke
	kogetsi	u-ehu-gu	ihipüte-ho-pügü	leha	u-heke
	tomorrow	1-boat-POSS	buy-HYP-PRF	COMPL	1-ERG
	‘Tomorrow I will have already bought my boat.’

(21)	uinha akatsange isipolü
	u-inha	akatsange	is-i-po-lü
	1-DAT1	really	3.come-HYP-PNCT
	‘Maybe he will come to me.’

(22)	engapa tihí leha hüle anügü leha nügü iheke
	engapa	t-ihí	leha	hüle	a-nügü	leha
	EM.if	ANA-ran.away.PTCP	COMPL	CNTR	stay-PNCT	COMPL

	nügü	i-heke
	say.PNCT	3-ERG
	‘But it may be that he ran away.’, ‘He said to him.’

(23)	angíkaha uteholü aakeni
	angí=kaha	u-te-ho-lü	a-ake-ni
	INT=EM	1-go-HYP-PNCT	2-COM-PL
	‘Can I go with you?’

(24)	kongoho ngingihopügü ãde leha
	kongoho	ngingi-ho-pügü	ãde	leha
	rain	rain-HYP-PRF	today	COMPL
	‘It should have rained today.’ (but it didn't)

(25)	itaõ uhitsü ipopügü telope ake leha isitãdu
	itaõ	u-hi-tsü	i-po-pügü	telo-pe	ake	leha	is-itãdu
	woman	1-wife-POSS	be-HYP-PRF	other-NTM	COM	COMPL	3-marry.woman.PNCT
	‘The woman, who was going to be my wife, married another man.’

(26)	latsi ekugu ulamakiholü
	latsi	ekugu	u-lamaki-ho-lü
	almost	INTS	1-fell-HYP-PNCT
	‘I almost fell.’ (but I didn't)

(27)	konige latsi ekugu katsogo apiholü uheke
	konige	latsi	ekugu	katsogo	aPI-ho-lü	u-heke
	yesterday	almost	INTS	dog	hurt-HYP-PNCT	1-ERG
	‘Yesterday I almost hurt a/the dog.’ (but I didn't)

(28)	isünkgügoteha ihüsoho ünkgüngalü tühitsetiale tinahulunale gehale
	is-ünkgü-gote=ha	i-hüsoho	ünkgü-nga-lü	tü-hitse-ti-ale
	3-sleep-TEMP1=TOP	3-mother.in.law	sleep-HAB-PNCT	REFL-fart-VBLZ-SIMLT

	t-inahuluN-ale	gehale
	REFL-snore-SIMLT	also
	‘When he was sleeping, his mother-in-law always slept farting and also snoring.’

(29)	kangamuke gele uãke uatai ekege he-lü uheke takiko
	kangamuke		gele		uãke	u-atai	ekege
	child		still		EV.PST	1-TEMP2	jaguar

	he-lü	uheke		takeko
	kill-PNCT	1-ERG		two
	‘When I was still a child, I killed two jaguars.’

(30)	Context: the speaker explains why it is not acceptable to count beyond the number 20, using the toes on another person’s foot.
	angínaha telo tapügü ipolü iheke inhalü leha etuhupolüi
	angí=naha		telo		tapü-gü	i-po-lü	i-heke
	EM.if=EM		other		foot-POSS	take-HYP-PNCT	3-ERG
	‘If he takes the foot of another person.’

	inhalü	leha		et-uhu-po-lü-i
	NEG1	COMPL		3.DTR-know-HYP-PNCT-COP
	‘It is not clear.’

(31a)	aitsükütiha ukatsũdagü ĩde			(31b)	aitsükütsüha ĩde akatsũdagü
	aitsükü=tiha	u-katsuN-tagü	ĩde		aitsükü=tsüha	ĩde	a-katsũN-tagü
	much=CR1	1-work-DUR	here		much=CR2	here	2-work-DUR
	‘I'm working really a lot here.’				‘You are working a lot here.’ (the speaker listened to comments)

	Non-CF
(32)	Leijalu heke ẽbuta ilisote ãde/kogetsi aminga tsüha leha inhanguingo
	Leijalu	heke		ẽbuta		ili-sote	ãde/kogetsi
	Leijalu	ERG		medicine		drink-TEMP1	today/tomorrow

	aminga		tsüha		leha	inh-angu-ingo
	other.day		CR2		COMPL	3-dance-FUT
	‘If Leijalu takes medicine today/tomorrow, she will be able to dance the next day.’

	CF
(33a)	Leijalu heke naha ẽbuta ilisote konige, ãde leha inhangumbolü
	Leijalu		heke		naha	ẽbuta	ili-sote	konige
	Leijalu		ERG		EM	medicine	drink-TEMP1	yesterday

	ãde	leha		inh-anguN-po-lü
	today	COMPL		3-dance-HYP-PNCT
	‘If Leijalu had taken medicine yesterday, today she would dance.’ (I know she didn't, as you also know)

(33b)	Leijalu heke naha ẽbuta ilisote konige ãde tsüha leha inhangumbolü
	Leijalu		heke		naha	ẽbuta		ili-sote	konige
	Leijalu		ERG		EM	medicine		drink-TEMP1	yesterday

	ãde	tsüha		leha			inh-anguN-po-lü
	today	CR2		COMPL			3-dance-HYP-PNCT
	‘If Leijalu had taken medicine yesterday, today she would dance.’ (I don't know if she took it or not)

(33c)	Leijalu heke ẽbuta ilisote naha uãke hekite tsüha leha ipopügü
	Leijalu		heke		ẽbuta		ili-sote	naha	uãke
	Leijalu		ERG		medicine		drink-TEMP1	EM	EV.PST

	hekite	tsüha		leha		i-po-pügü
	good	CR2		COMPL		3-HYP-PRF
	‘If Leijalu had taken medicine time ago, she would have been fine.’ (I think that she didn't)

	Non-CF
(34)	kogetsi naha etegote ehüluinha hiuna leha etĩbelüingo kogetsingopenginhe
	kogetsi		naha		e-te-gote	e-hülu-inha
	tomorrow		EM		2-go-TEMP1	2-walk-DAT2

	hiu-na	leha		e-tĩbe-lü-ingo			kogetsi-ngo-PE-nginhe
	Rio-ALL	COMPL		2-arrive-PNCT-FUT			tomorrow-NMLZ-NTM-ABL
	‘If you travel tomorrow, you will arrive in Rio the day after tomorrow.’

	CF
(35)	aminga naha tegiküi atai konige leha tetĩbe ipopügü
	aminga	naha	t-egiküí	atai	konige	leha	t-etĩbé	i-po-pügü
	other.day	EM	ANA-travel.PTCP	TEMP2	yesterday	COMPL	ANA-arrive.PTCP	be-HYP-PRF
	‘If he had traveled the day before yesterday, he would have arrived yesterday.’

(36)	kuigiku ilisote uheke hekite ekuleha uünkgülüingo ¹¹ 11 Kuigiku is a kind of porridge made with wild manioc.
	kuigiku	ili-sote	u-heke	hekite	eku=leha	u-ünkgü-lü-ingo
	kuigiku	drink-TEMP1	1-ERG	well	INTS=COMPL	1-sleep-PNCT-FUT
	‘When/if I take kuigiku today, I will sleep well.’

(37)	atanga hetegoteha eheke telope hanümingo leha uheke
	atanga	he-te-gote=ha	e-heke	telo-pe	ha-nümingo	leha	u-heke
	flute	break-TEMP1=TOP	2-ERG	other-NTM	make-PNCT.FUT	COMPL	1-ERG
	‘When/if you break the flute, I’ll make another one for you.’