Scaramelli, Kay; Scaramelli, Franz

doi:10.1590/1981.81222017000200010

Kay Scaramelli Autora para correspondência: Kay Scaramelli. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología Histórica. Escuela de Antropología. FaCES Residencias Vargas Piso 1. Caracas, 1050, Venezuela (katasca@gmail.com)

Universidad Central de Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6255-9518

Franz Scaramelli

Pesquisador independente. Pittsburg, California, USA

Autora para correspondência: Kay Scaramelli. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología Histórica. Escuela de Antropología. FaCES Residencias Vargas Piso 1. Caracas, 1050, Venezuela (katasca@gmail.com)

Figuras (8)
Tabelas (4)

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Figure 1
Locantion of the Cerro Gavlán 2 archeological site (Bolívar State, Venezuela). Map by Franz Scaramelli.

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Figure 2
Cerro Gavilán 2: A) view from eastern end with shallow mortar holes visible on bedrock and looter pits visible in the mound of sediment in the center of the shelter; B) view of mortar holes near the eastern end of the shelter. Photos by Franz Scaramelli.

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Figure 3
A) site plan for Cerro Gavilán 2; B) unit sections of Cerro Gavilán 2; C) west wall profile for excavation unit 1 showing color variation of sediment and depth of ¹⁴C samples. Drawings by Franz Scaramelli.

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Figure 4
Ceramic materials from the surface collection of Cerro Gavilán 2: A) Ronquín/ Ronquín Sombra style sherd with white on red paint; B) Ronquín/Ronquín Sombra modeled rim lug with red paint; C) Ronquín/Ronquín Sombra shallow fine incision; D) Arauquinoid basket impression on base; E) Arauquinoid brown on cream paint; F) Valloid modeled incised lug; G) Arauquinoid incised rim; H) Nericagua style caraipé-tempered base with basket impression.

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Figure 5
Lithic materials from Cerro Gavilán 2: A, B, D, E) crystalline quartz flakes, levels 4, 5, surface, 3, respectively; C) quartz flake, level 3; F) nutting stone, surface; G) fragment with signs of abrasion on one surface, level 9; H, I) goethite fragments with signs of abrasion,levels 2 and 5 respectively; J) stone with u-shaped grooves, surface; K) conical grinding stone, found in back dirt of looter’s pit adjacent to excavation pit 1. Photos by Franz Scaramelli.

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Figure 6
Faunal remains from Cerro Gavilán 2: A) bivalve; B) fish vertebrae; C) fish spines (Doradidae); D, E) otolith (Plagioscion); F) fish vertebrae; G) turtle osteoderm; H) caiman osteoderm (possibly Caiman crocodilus); I) fish vertebrae; J) unidentified fish bones. Denise Debrot (Departamento de Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar) identified the otolith as Sciaenidae, perhaps of the genus Plagioscion, possibly a species of curvinata (Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel 1840) (Lasso Alcalá; Sánchez- Duarte, 2011LASSO ALCALÁ, C. A.; SÁNCHEZ- DUARTE, P. Los peces del delta del Orinoco: diversidad, bioecología, uso y conservación. Caracas: Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales y Chevron, 2011., p. 365). Photos by Franz Scaramelli.

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Figure 7
Rock paintings at Cerro Gavilán 2: A) panel 2 ; B) panel 2 detail, with styles 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6; note white-bodied deer underlying red and white motifs; C) panel 2 detail showing dual anthropomorphs in yellow and white; D) panel 2 detail showing red and white motif reminiscent of basketry designs. Photos by Franz Scaramelli.

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Figure 8
Style 1 monochrome red figures on ceiling of Cerro Gavilán 2: A) reptile, turtle and human with atlatl; C) same as above, enhanced with D-Stretch. Panel of rock paintings in Cerro Gavilán 3: B) style 1 monochrome red motifs (turtle, lizards, frogs, and others) underlying style 2 white with red outlined fish and anthropomorphs (fine lined maroon style 3 lizards overlie both styles 1 and 2); D) same as above, enhanced with D-Stretch.

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Table 1
AMS Radiocarbon Dates from the Cerro Gavilán 2 Excavation.

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Table 2
Ceramic Materials Located on Surface of Cerro Gavilán 2 According to Form and Paste (Series or Style)

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Table 3
Summary of Evidence Recovered in Test Pit 1 at Cerro Gavilán 2. Legend: ^a = unidentified, unless specified. Identification by Ascanio Rincón, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas.

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Table 4
Painting styles found in Cerro Gavilán 2 and 3 with indication of period and characteristic motifs. Legend: ^a = periods based on Greer (1995).

Laboratory number	Material	Level	Conventional Radiocarbon Age	2 Sigma Calibrated Results (BC)	2 Sigma Calibrated Results (BP)
Beta-252621	Charcoal	10-20 cm	3440 ± 40 BP	1880-1650 cal. BC	3830 to 3600 cal. BP
Beta-252622	Charcoal	50-60 cm	6840 ± 40 BP	5780-5650 cal. BC	7730 to 7600 cal. BP
Beta-252623	Charcoal	60-70 cm	7130 ± 50 BP	6070-5970 cal. BC and 5950-5910 cal. BC	8020 to 7920 and 7900 to 7860 cal. BP
Beta-252624	Charcoal	80-90 cm	7840 ± 50 BP	6810-6590 cal. BC	8760 to 8540 cal. BP
Beta-252625	Charred material	100-110 cm	9250 ± 60 BP	8630-8300 cal. BC	10580 to 10250 cal. BP

Form	Fine/Medium sand (Ronquín/ Ronquín Sombra)	Coarse sand (Valloid)	Caraipé (Nericagua)	Sponge spicule (Arauquinoid)	Sponge spicule and crushed sherd (Arauquinoid)	Crushed Sherd (Cedeñoid)	Total
Modeled lug	1	1	-	-	-	-	2
Base	2	2	5	7	1	-	17
Base (with Basket Impression)	-	-	1	5	-	-	5
Rim	3	2	26	9	3	1	45
Disk	-	-	1	-	-	-	1
Inflection	3	1	2	-	-	-	6
Body Sherds	22	10	45	32	5	2	116
Grand total	29	16	80	53	9	3	192

Level	Level (cm)	Dates ¹⁴C BP	Lithic artifacts	Shell	Bone fragments^a	Plant remains present
1	0-10		1 mano fragment; quartz fragment		4 bone fragments	Carbonized seeds
2	10-20	3440 ± 40 BP	1 goethite fragment abraded on two sides; 2 quartz fragments; 2 quartz scrapers	Small; shell fragments	24 bone fragments; 1 fish vertebra; 1 caiman osteoderm; 1 small mammal bone
3	20-30		4 crystalline quartz blades; 1 fragment of lignite; 1 quartz core	2 shell fragments, bivalve	39 bone fragments; 2 crab chelae; 4 fish vertebrae; 1 turtle osteoderm; 3 fish bones; 2 fish spines (Order:Siluriformes, catfish); 3 small mammal vertebrae; 1 fish otolith (Scianidae)	Carbonized seeds
4	30-40		1 quartz mano fragment; 1 crystalline quartz blade		4 bone fragments; 1 fish tooth; 1 fish vertebrae	Carbonized seeds
5	50-60	6840 ± 40 BP	1 quartz chunk; 1 goethite fragment; abraded on 3 sides; 2 crystalline quartz blades; 1 perforator		44 bone fragments; 6 fish vertebrae	Carbonized seeds
6	60-70	7130 ± 50 BP	1 quartz mano; 2 quartz chips		2 bone fragments; 2 fish vertebrae; 1 turtle osteoderm	Carbonized seeds
7	70-80		1 quartz end scraper; 2 quartz flakes; 1 core; 1 possible ground axe fragment		2 turtle osteoderms (2 species); 4 fish spines (catfish); 13 fish vertebrae; 2 snake vertebrae (2 species); 2 caiman osteoderms	Carbonized seeds
8	80-90	7840 ± 50 BP	1 large mano fragment; 4 quartz flakes; hammer fragment		3 fish vertebrae; 1 snake vertebrae; 5 fish bones; 33 bone fragments; 2 small mammal mandibles; 1 tooth; 1 frog bone
9	90-100		1 quartz knife or scraping tool; 1 granite mano fragment; 1 large granite fragment; 1 granite fragment; 1 quartz scraping tool; 1 quartz flake	1 large shell (bivalve)	74 bone fragments; 1 turtle osteoderm; 1 fish vertebrae; 2 fish bones; 1 small mammal mandible; 1 small armadillo (Dasypus) tibia; 1 fish thorn; 1 turtle osteoderm; 10 caiman osteoderm fragments (2 sp.); 1 armadillo bone fragments
10	100-110	9250 ± 60 BP	1 quartz flake; 1 unidentified flake		3 fish bones; 1 fish vertebra; 10 bone fragments	Carbonized seeds
11	110-120		1 unidentified flake		1 turtle osteoderm; 2 bone fragments	Carbonized seeds
12	120-130

Style	Color	Texture and pigment	Width of line	Period³	Motifs
1	Red monochrome (10R4/8, 10YR7/6)	Little or no texture on surface, sometimes very faint, mineral (?)	1.0-1.5 cm lines, some solid bodies	Period 2 or 4	Bird, small mammals, fish, reptile, turtle, geometric (rectangle, connected circles, open cross, outlined ‘I’ or ‘H’ form), outlined crosses, rayed concentric circle, connected circles
2	White/Red outline	Well adhered to surface	Solid white figures with 0.4-0.7 cm red outline	Period 3	Deer, fish, anthropomorph (solid body) (the latter only in Cerro Gavilán 1 and 3)
3	Dark red/maroon	Not observed up close	0.2-0.3 cm	Period 2	Reptiles (Cerro Gavilán 1 and Cerro Gavilán 3) not found in Cerro Gavilán 2
4	White and red; cream and red (bichrome), balanced use of both colors	Some surface texture	0.8-1.2 cm, finger width	Period 6	Circular and rectangular ‘baskets’, concentric circles, parallel arches, outlined crosses
5	Bright red (10YR4/8)	Similar to 5	0.5 cm -finger-width	Period 6	Small to medium undefined geometrics, connected open circles, rayed concentric circles
6	White, pink, light orange, and light and dark yellow (10YR7/1)	Some surface texture, clay-like	Finger-width or wider smears	Period 6	Lizards, bird, deer, humans (stick figure with striped interior, seated figure with splayed legs), ‘mask’, sequences of 4-5 parallel lines, cross (single, double, outlined), star, concentric circles, joined circles, circle with conjoining vertical line, concentric arches
7	Cream/light yellow	Clay-like		Very recent; painted after our first visit to the site	Written words (comunidad, agua, ‘AH’, ‘Kiloin’)

[1] Autora para correspondência: Kay Scaramelli. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología Histórica. Escuela de Antropología. FaCES Residencias Vargas Piso 1. Caracas, 1050, Venezuela (katasca@gmail.com)

Brasil

Brasil

Moldando a paisagem: utilização humana do abrigo Cerro Gavilán 2, Orinoco Médio, do Holoceno antigo ao presente

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