(1)
Non-copular inner clause basic composition:
Subject
AUX
(VP)…
(S’)...
(2)
[eé
bó]
[tá-mága
[[aa-ja-‘i͂ì]VP
a-já-boy]s’
[eé
abí]VP
[a-volò]VP]s’-á
then
FOCUS
3P-AUX
3C-face-enter (=grow)
3C-AUX-POSTFACTIVE
that
after
3c-come-MARK
‘Then they will arrive after they have already grown.’
(3)
eé
bó
[pa-zé-ena
[pa-vánga]VP
[ma’é-ena]VP
[s-age-éna]VP]s’
kí-nap
then
FOCUS
1PI-AUX.SUBJECTIVE-thus
1PI-run
(3s)-find-thus
3s-kill-thus
EVIDENCE-INDF
‘Then we run after, finding, killing.’ (hunting)
(4)
[[peya
teé]VP
pa-á
[mé-e
ná]VP
[aza
aka]VP
[má
vã
ká]VP]s’
kí-nap
fan
CNTN
1PI-AUX.SUBJECTIVE
other-ABSTRACT
VBLZ
agouti
kill
other
hole
in
EVIDENCE-INDF
‘Another way to kill agouti in the hole is fanning.’ (smoking them out)
(5)
NP stem
Prefix-stem
Free form
NP íkinì ‘see NP’
cí-kinì ‘see him’
*íkinì (no syntactically free form)
NP sáp ‘NP’s house’
ci-sap ‘his house’
zap ‘house’ syntactically free form)
*NP zap
*sap(cannot be syntactically free)
(6)
picã́ã́
‘wash’
kay
‘involve’ (main verb or oblique marker)
kátaà
‘cut’
mi
‘use’ (main verb or instrumental)
pásanà
‘steal from’
ádát
‘(be) the height of’
(7)
kerè
‘sleep’
keyè
‘dream’
senè
‘laugh’
saà
‘break’
kágãà
‘dry (up)’
volò
‘come’
(8)
gerè
‘pass a night’
páyá
‘break’
ííná
‘have a cold’
basanà
‘steal’
darà
‘(be) easy’
aáyɨɨ́t
‘(be in) today’
gɨ́yá
‘well’
gólóá
‘much, many’
(9)
yã́
sep
pére-kôlo
téteé
that
leaflike.object
nature-lacking
only
‘Only those photos with no one in them.’
(10)
alé-èy
pópit
sõ̂òt
a’âàt
3S-PL
target
putrid
horizontal
‘Their rotten game laying around’ (monkeys that had been shot then lost)
(11)
N[N[N[bath]N
N[room]N]N
N[N[towel]N
N[rack]N]N]N
(12)
[João]NP
[[[kó]NSTEM
[sep]NSTEM]N’STEM
[kã́li]NSTEM]N’STEM
name
mouth
leaf-like.object
bone-like.object
‘João’s pencil.’
(13)
“méne
tóòt
téét
bó
alóp
máà
[a-maakáàp
[ígí
that
secure
EXACTLY
FOCUS
he
AUX.PAST
3c-peanut
take.out
mate͂́é]V’STEM.TR]VP
[[bãyà
mate͂́é]V’]VP
[alé-èy
kay]VP-á”
kíip
CAUS
meet
CAUS
3S-PL
involve-MARK
recalled
‘That was true; he had them get together and harvest his peanuts.’
(14)
a. The thieves were easily apprehended.
b. They left many fingerprints.
c. Also there were a dozen witnesses.
d. There were a dozen witnesses too.
e. And there were a dozen witnesses.
(15)
Bill ate pizza. Mary also ate pizza.
(16)
Mary also said that Peter stole a BIKE.
Mary said that Peter also stole a BIKE.
(17)
tó-vít
yã́p
nã́
kĩ́í-á
1PE-food
place
VBLZ
also-MARK
‘Also to be a place for our food.’ (sentence fragment, consisting only of an additive VP construction, speaking of another use of ceramic pots)
(19)
“jè
bebê-èy
kĩ́í-á
má-ày
máà-á”
kíip
that
peccary-PL
also-MARK
NMLZ-PL
AUX.PAST-MARK
recalled
‘Those peccaries were also there.’
(21)
a. Paulo ate rice and beans. (He ate them together.)
b. Paulo ate rice and also beans. (He ate them separately.)
(22)
eé-éèy
bó
mága
ápékáàt
mága
kĩ́í,
ãá
mága
that-PL
FOCUS
AUX
big.pot
make
and
this
make
teé
kĩ́í-á
mákiì-á
CNTN
and-MARK
(3s)-make.PL-MARK
‘Those (people) make big pots, make this (type), make lots.’
(23)
eé-éèy
bó
mága
mákiì
ápékáàt
mága
kĩ́í,
that-PL
FOCUS
AUX
(3s)-make.PL
big.pot
make
and
ãá
mága
teé
kĩ́í-á
-áá
this
make
CNTN
and-MARK
-MARK
‘Those (people) make big pots, make this (type), make lots.’
(24)
bebe
aka
kĩ́í,
ibalà
kĩ́í,
berea
kĩ́í-á
peccary
kill
and
dance
and
sing
and-MARK
tá-máge-éna
bebe
aka-p
ká-á
3P-AUX-thus
peccary
kill-NMLZ
in-MARK
‘They kill peccaries, dance, and sing in the peccary killing (festival).’
(25)
berea
kĩ́í,
koláp
ná
kĩ́í-á
tá-máge-éna
ibalà-p
ká-á
sing
and
flute
VBLZ
and-MARK
3P-AUX-thus
dance-NMLZ
in-MARK
‘They dance and play flutes in the festival.’
(26)
*gâla
káp
ma’ã́
pa-mága
pa-zɨ́gɨ
boligṍòv-á
forest
seed
get
1PI-AUX
1P-near
distant-MARK
*‘We gather forest seeds near to us, far away.’
(27)
gâla
káp
ma’ã́
pa-mága
pa-zɨ́gɨ
kĩ́í
boligṍòp
kĩ́í
-á
áá
forest
seed
get
1PI-AUX
1PI-near
and
distant
and-MARK
MARK
‘We gather forest seeds near to us and far away.’ (OK)
(28)
aáv-á,
goyã́t
ná
vétéét
pa-máge-éna
goyã́n-éèy
tóló
ká
kĩ́í-á,
yes-MARK
spirit
VBLZ
same
1PI-AUX-thus
spirit-PL
long.PL
in
also-MARK
áp
cîìk
ká
kĩ́í-á
ãá
goyã́t
dóól-éèy
ná-á
flute
small.PL
in
also-MARK
this
spirit
line-PL
VBLZ-MARK
‘Yes, we’re going to continue with those Goyã́t things, with long Goyã́t (flutes), with short flutes, with the Goyã́t file dance.’
(29)
pɨ́lɨp
ci
pirì
kĩ́í,
îìp
káp
páŋá
kĩ́í-á
méne
copaiba
liquid
take.out.PL
and
tree
seeds
get.PL
and-MARK
NMLZ.ABS
ákinì
tá-mága
a-volò-á
see
3P-AUX
3C-come-MARK
‘They come see the collecting of copaiba oil and gathering of forest seeds.’ (OK)
(30)
*pɨ́lɨp
ci
pirì
kĩ́í-á,
îìp
káp
páŋá
kĩ́í-á
copaiba
liquid
take.out.PL
and-MARK
tree
seeds
get.PL
and-MARK
méne
ákinì
tá-mága
a-volò-á
NMLZ.ABS
see
3P-AUX
3c-come-MARK
*‘They come see the collecting of copaiba oil and gathering of forest seeds.’
(31a)
VP”
→
VP’
-á
[+CONJ]
[+CONJ]
(31b)
VP’
→
VP1
[+CONJ]
[+CONJ]
(31c)
VP
→
VP
kĩ́í
[+CONJ]
(32)
“mát
va
téét
bó
jè
kɨ́rɨ́yã́á
kíì,
jè
vásâ-ày
kĩ́í,
that
eat
exact
FOCUS
that
all
INTENS
that
tapir-PL
and
jè
nekó-èy
kĩ́í,
jè
poó
pagá-ày
that
jaguar-PL
and
that
creature
offspring-PL (=animals)
kĩ́í-á
má-ày
mé-ena-á”
kíip
and-MARK
NMLZ-PL
AUX.PAST-thus-MARK
recalled
‘All (of them) were eating that, the tapirs, the jaguars, all those animals were doing that.’ (The sequence jè kɨ́rɨ́yã́á kíì, appearsto be parenthetical, set off by a comma pause, to emphasize how many participants there were. Notice the collectivemeaning of the conjunctive construction.)
(33)
cíboójaá
kĩ́í
mooyãá
kĩ́í-á
mát
mága
aa-viì
eéna
mát
ké-ena-á
manioc
and
cará
and-MARK
NMLZ
AUX
3c-cook
thus
NMLZ
in-thus-MARK
‘Manioc and cará cook like that in that (pot).’
(34)
*cíboójaá
kĩ́í́-á
mooyãá
kĩ́í́-á
mát
mága
aa-viì
eéna
mát
ké-ena-á
manioc
and-MARK
cará
and-MARK
NMLZ
AUX
3C-cook
thus
NMLZ
in-thus-MARK
*‘Manioc and cará cook like that in that (pot).
(35)
cíboójaá
kĩ́í-á
mát
mooyãá
kĩ́í-á
mát
mága
manioc
also-MARK
NMLZ
cará
also-MARK
NMLZ
AUX
aa-viì
eéna
mát
ké-ena-á
3c-cook
thus
NMLZ
in-thus-MARK
‘Manioc and cará cook like that in that (pot).’
(36)
cíboóyaá
kĩ́í-á
mát
mooyaá
kĩ́í-á
mát
kalà
máóro
mága-á
manioc
and-MARK
NMLZ
cará
and-MARK
NMLZ
want
Mauro
aux-MARK
‘Mauro wants manioc and cará.’ (marginal)
(37)
yã́
natáó
ká
kĩ́í,
ibalê-e
ká
kĩ́í-á
mát
sep
ákinì
that
Christmas
in
and
dance-NMLZ
in
and-MARK
NMLZ
leaf
see
‘See those photos of Christmas and of the festival.’ (fragment)
(38)
melãsíá
kĩ́í,
abóbora
kĩ́í,
melã́ó
kĩ́í-á
mát
káp
ma’ã́
cipiábíìt
máà-á
watermelon
and
squash
and
melon
and-MARK
NMLZ
seed
get
name
AUX.PAST-MARK
‘Cipiábíìt got watermelon, squash, and melon seeds.’
(39a)
N’
→
NP”
mát
[+CONJ]
[+CONJ]
(39b)
NP”
→
NP’
-á
[+CONJ]
[+CONJ]
(39c)
NP’
→
NP1
[+CONJ]
[+CONJ]
(39d)
NP
→
NP
kĩ́í
[+CONJ]
(40)
gakoráá
kĩ́í,
bolíp
ígí
kĩ́í-á
teé
páólo
máa-ka-á
hunt
and
fish
take.out
and-MARK
CNTN
Paulo
aux-go-MARK
‘Paulo is going hunting or fishing.’
(41)
migéó
kĩ́í,
páólo
kĩ́í-á
mát
teé
mága
pa-vít
má-viì
ále-á
Miguel
and
Paulo
and-MARK
NMLZ
CNTN
AUX
1PI-food
TRANS-cook
FUTURE-MARK
‘Miguel or Paulo will cook our food.’
Table 1
Constructions discussed.
1PE
first person plural exclusive
CAUS
causative
1PI
first person plural inclusive
CNTN
continuing
3P
third person
CONJ
conjunction
3C
third person coreferential/cross-referencing
INDF
indefinite
3S
third person singular
INTENS
intensification
AUX
auxiliary
MARK
syntactic right boundary marker
N
noun
PL
plural
N'STEM
complex noun stem
TRANS
transitivization
NMLZ
nominalization
V'
complex verb
NMLZ.ABS
abstract nominalization
V'STEM.TR
complex transitive verb stem
NSTEM
noun stem
VBLZ
verbalization