(1)
Tai-pyry-mĩ-n
Okorokoti
3ANAPH-ASSERT-hit-NFUT
Okorokot
‘Okorokoti hit himselfi.’
(2)
Tasoi
Ø-na-amang-Ø
tai-gok
man
3-DECL-PLant-NFUT
3ANAPH-manioc
‘The mani planted hisi own manioc.’
(Storto, 2007)
(3)
There was this baby girl named Maria in our village. *Everyday her father washed herself in the river.
(4)
Y-ta-opiso-t
yn.
1-DECL-hear-NFUT
I
‘I heard.’
(Storto, 1999)
Table 1
Pronouns and agreement markers in Karitiana. Source: Müller et al. (2006, p. 205)Müller, A., Storto, L., & Coutinho-Silva, T. (2006). Número e a distinção contável- Massivo em Karitiana. Revista da Associação Brasileira de Linguística, 5(1-2), 185-213..
(5)
Yjxa
Ø-naka-'y-j
yj-pikom
pisyp
We
3-DECL-eat-FUT
1PL-monkey
meat/flesh
‘We will eat our monkey meat.’
(adapted from Landin, 1984)
(6)
Masong
Ø-naka-kat-Ø
Then
3-DECL-sleep-NFUT
‘Then (he) slept.’
(Storto et al., 2019) “Gokyp”
(7)
*[Yn
y-opiso]
a-taka-kãrã-t
an
[1s
1-listen]
2-DECL-think-NFUT
you
(Intended) ‘You thought that I listened.’
(Storto, 1999)
(8)
Tai-pyry-mĩ-n
Okorokoti
3ANAPH-ASSERT-hit-NFUT
Okorokot
‘Okorokoti hit himselfi.’
(9)
Tai-pyry-m-horon-yn
õwai
3ANAPH-ASSERT-CAUS-wash-NFUT
child
‘The childi washed himself/herselfi.’
(10)
[Tai-mĩ
tykiri]
Ø-naka-hyryp-Ø
õwãi
3ANAPH-hit
PERF.ASP
3-DECL-cry-NFUT
child
‘The childi cried when they hit him/heri’.’
(Storto, 2007)
(11)
Masong
Ø-naka-'a
saryt-Ø
Gokypi
[tai-ambo
tyki'oot]
then
3-DECL-say
IND.EVID-NFUT
sun
3ANAPH-go.up
ASP.IMPF
‘Then said the suni when hei was going up.’
(Storto et al., 2019) “Gokyp”
(12)
Tasoi
Ø-na-amang-Ø
tai-gok
man
3-DECL-PLant-NFUT
3ANAPH-manioc
‘The mani planted hisi own manioc.’
(Storto, 2007)
(13)
Masong
Ø-naka-tat-Ø
tai-ambi-p
Botyj̃i
then
3-DECL-go-NFUT
3ANAPH-house-LOC
Botyj̃
‘Then Botyj̃i went to hisi house.’
(Storto & Ferreira, n.d.) “Botyj̃ Pynhadna”
(14)
Masong
tai-pan'in
a-ta-so'y
saryt-Ø
Otii
then
3ANAPH-sister
INV-DECL-have.intercourse
IND.EVID-NFUT
Moon
‘Then the Mooni had intercourse with hisi sister, they say.’
(Storto, n.d.) “Oti”
(15)
Masong
Ø-naka-hadna-’om
andyk
saryt-Ø
ta-ti
tyyt
then
3-DECL-say-DUB
ASP
IND.EVID-NFUT
3ANAPH-mother
with
‘Then (hei) spoke to hisi mother, they say.’
(Storto, n.d.) “Oti”
(16)
Masong
ta-oj̃ombakap
aka-t
Ø-ta-kãrã-t
then
3ANAPH-boyfriend
COP-OBL
3-DECL-think-NFUT
‘Then (shei) thought that (he) was heri boyfriend.’
(Storto, n.d.) “Oti”
(17)
“I-oky-ki
pitat
aj-'a
hỹ?”,
Ø-naka-'a
oko
ta'ãt
ta-man-ty
3-kill-NEG
really
you.PL-do
int
3-DECL-do
ITER
DIR.EVID
3ANAPH-husband-OBL
‘“You really didn’t kill it?” Shei said again to heri husband.’ (Storto, n.d.) “Encontro de dois grupos locais”
(18)
*Herselfi washed the womani.
(19)
*The womani washed heri.
(20)
Shei washed the womanj.7
(21)
Binding Theory
(A)
Principle A
An anaphor is bound within its governing category
(B)
Principle B
A pronoun is free (not bound) within its governing category
(Chomsky, 1988)
(22)
Binding
a binds b iff a and b are coindexed and a c-commands b
(Reuland & Koster, 1991)
(23)
Governing category
β is a governing category for α if and only if β is the minimal category containing α, a governor of α, and F (F an opacity factor)
(adapted from Reuland & Koster, 1991)
(24)
Tasoi
Ø-na-amang-Ø
tai/*j-gok
man
3-DECL-PLant-NFUT
3ANAPH-manioc
“The mani planted hisi/*j manioc.”
(Storto, 2007)
(25)
Tai-'it
okoot
naka-j̃a-t
ii
3ANAPH-son
bite
DECL-be.in.MOVT-NFUT
he
‘[His/her/theiri child]j, he/she/theyi made (him/her)j bite him/her/themi.’
(adapted from Storto, 2007)
(26)
Tai-kyry-p
yj-ta-atot
yj-'iti
3ANAPH-chest-LOC
1PL-DECL-take
1PL-father
“In their chests, our fathers take us.”
(Storto, n.d.) “Osiip”
(27)
Tasoi
Ø-na-amang-Ø
ij/*i-gok
man
3-DECL-PLant-NFUT
3-manioc
‘The mani planted hisj/*i manioc.’
(Storto, 2007)
(28)
[Orai
tai/j-’it
by-hot
tykiri]
Ø-naka-hyryp-Ø
Botyj̃j
Ora
3ANAPH-son
caus-transform
PERF.ASP
3-DECL-cry-NFUT
Botyj̃
‘When Orai transformed hisi/j son, Botyj̃j cried.’
(Storto, 2007)
(29)
Yn
Ø-naka-kot-Ø
[tai-gooj
Joãoi
ti-hãraj͂xa]
I
3-DECL-shatter-NFUT
3ANAPH-canoe
João
INV-fix
‘I smashed hisi own canoe that Joãoi fixed.’
(Vivanco, 2018)
(30)
Mariai
Ø-naka-‘y-t
[syke
tai-ti-m-‘a]
Maria
3-DECL-eat-NFUT
porridge
3ANAPH-INV-CAUS-make/do
‘Mariai ate the porridge that shei made.’
(31)
[Tai-ti
pop-ot]-oty
Ø-na-so‘oot-Ø
Mariai
3ANAPH-mother
die-NMLZR-OBL
3-DECL-see-NFUT
Maria
‘Mariai saw (the place) where heri mother died.’
(32)
[Tai-hỹryj̃
tykiri]
Ø-na-terekteregng-Ø
ii
3ANAPH-sing
PERF.ASP
Ø-DECL-dance-NFUT
he
‘When hei sang, hei danced.’
(Storto, 2007)
(33)
J̃onsoi
Ø-na-aka-t
i-pyki-t
song-ty
[tai-ti
haadn
byyk]
woman
3-DECL-COP-NFUT
PART-get-ADVR
wood-OBL
3ANAPH-mother
say
after
‘The womani caught wood after heri mother asked.’
(34)
Masong
Ø-naka-hỹryj͂a
[tai-tat
tysypy-'oot]
Gokypi
then
3-DECL-sing
3ANAPH-go
ASP.IMPF
sun
‘Then the suni sang before hei left.’
(Storto et al., 2019) “Gokyp”
(35)
[Tai/j-ti’y
Marceloj
‘y
tykiri],
Ø-na-pa’ira-t
Joãoi
3ANAPH-food
Marcelo
eat
PERF.ASP
3-DECL-get.angry-NFUT
João
‘Joãoi got angry because Marcelo j ate hisi/j food.’
(Storto, 2007)
(36)
[ik-ti’y
Marceloj
‘y
tykiri],
Ø-na-pa’ira-t
Joãoi
3-food
Marcelo
eat
PERF.ASP
3-DECL-get.angry-NFUT
João
‘Joãoi got angry because Marceloj ate hisk food.’
(Storto, 2007)
(37)
Jóni
segir
aδ
María
elski
sigi
John
says
that
Maria
loves(subj.)
reflexive
‘Johni said that Maria loves himi.’
(Thráinsson, 1976 quoted in Maling, 1984)
(38)
[Tai/*j-‘ ot
takit]
tasoi
Ø-na-oky-t
sojxaj
3ANAPH-fall
before
man
3-DECL-kill-NFUT
pig
‘The mani killed the pigj before hei/*itj fell.’
(Storto, 2007)
(39)
[Ij/k/*i-’ot
takit]
tasoi
Ø-na-oky-t
sojxaj
he-go
before
man
3-DECL-kill-NFUT
pig
‘The mani killed the pigj before itj/k/*hei fell.’
(Storto, 2007)
(40)
[CP[Tai/*j-tat
takit]
tasoi
Ø-na-oky-t
sojxaj]10
3ANAPH-go
before
man
3-DECL-kill-NFUT
pig
‘The mani killed the pigj before hei/*itj left.’
(41)
[gok
j̃onsoj
amang
tyki’oot]
Ø-na-mb-oty-t
tai/*j-’et
tasoi
manioc
woman
plant
ASP
3-DECL-CAUS-bath-NFUT
3ANAPH-son
man
‘While the womanj was out to plant manioc, the mani bathed hisi /*herj son.’
(Storto, 2007)
(42)
[gok
j̃onsoi
amang
tyki’oot]
Ø-na-mb-oty-t
ii-’et
taso
manioc
woman
plant
ASP.IMPF
3-DECL-CAUS-bath-NFUT
3-son
man
‘While the womani was out to plant manioc, the man bathed heri son.’
(Storto, 2007)
(43)
Yn
Ø–na-aka-t
i-so‘oot
[[‘ep
õwãi
ti-amanga]-ty
[tai-ti
otam
byyk]]
I
3-DECL-COP-NFUT
PART-SEE
[tree
child
INV-PLant]-OBL
3ANAPH-mother
arrive
after
‘I saw the tree that the childi planted after his/heri mother arrrived.’
(44)
Yn
Ø-naka-‘y-t
[gok
[tai-ti
haadn
byyk]
Mariai
ti-amangã]
I
3-DECL-eat-NFUT
manioc
3ANAPH-mother
say
after
Maria
INV-PLant
‘I ate the manioc that Mariai planted after heri mother asked.’
(45)
Py-so‘oot-on
j̃onsoi
[[ombaky
tai-oky]-ty
[tai-man
pykyn
byyk]]
ASSERT-see-ASSERT.NFUT
woman
jaguar
3ANAPH-kill-OBL
3ANAPH-husband
run
after
‘The womani saw the jaguar kill heri after heri husband had run away (in a dream).’
(46)
Yn
Ø-naka-‘y-t
[gok
[tai-ti
haadn
byyk]
Mariai
ti-amangã]
I
3-DECL-eat-NFUT
manioc
3ANAPH-mother
say
after
Maria
INV-PLant
‘I ate the manioc that Mariai planted after heri mother asked.’
(47)
(a)
b is a governing category for a if and only if b is the minimal category containing a, a governor of a, and F(F an opacity factor)
(b)
English: F = (accessible)
Subject Karitiana: F = finite Infl
(48)
Hoop
ta-ambi-p
there
3ANAPH-house-LOC
‘There, in their houses.’
(Storto, n.d.) “Encontro dos Capivari dos Karitiana”
(49)
Ta-ambi-sogng
toroko'o,
iri-'a-j
opok ako
ma
3ANAPH-house-POSP
rooster.singing
CIT-say/do-FUT
rooster
DEIC
‘When we arrived at their houses, the rooster sang.’
(Storto, n.d.) “Encontro dos Capivari e dos Karitiana”
(50)
‘Tomi believed that the paper had been written by Ann and himselfi.’
(Ross, 1970)
(51)
‘Les parents de Mariei s’occupent de soni propre avenir et de celui de ses cousins.’‘Maryi’s parents take care of heri own future and that of her cousins.’
(Charnavel, 2020)
(52)
Sigvaldii
neitaði
því,
að
þetta
vɶri
vilji
þjóðarinnar.
Að
Sigvaldi
denied
it
that
this
was
will
the nation’s
at
minnstra
kosti
væri
það
ekki
sinni
vilji
least
was
it
not
self’s
will
‘Sigvaldi denied that this was the nation’s will. At least it was not hisi will [he said].’
(Thráinsson, 1991)
(53)
(a)
hadn
hadn
ta'ã
hit-it
tell
tell
DIR.EVID
give-OBL
‘He told what they had given him.’
(b)
hadn
hadn
keerep
ta-ki-ty
tell
tell
formerly
3ANAPH-be.PL-OBL
‘He told how they had lived back then.’
(c)
hadn
hadn
ta-iriso
ta'ã
ti-soojo-t-oty
tell
tell
3ANAPH-colleague
DIR.EVID
INV-marry-ADVR-OBL
‘He told how he married another man’s wife.’
(Storto, n.d.) “Encontro dos Capivari e dos Karitiana”
(54)
Mr. Smithi said he had insulted himi/j.
(55)
Ciceroi
dexit
eunj
sibii
melodixisse
Cicero
said
he
him
insulted
‘Ciceroi said hej insulted himi.’
(Clements, 1975)
(56)
(a)
Y-mbykiit
Ø-na-aka-t
hak
i-aka-t
ta-myrỹ-tat
1-deceased.father
3-DECL-COP-NFUT
here
PART-COP-ADVR
3ANAPH-alone-go
‘My deceased father remained here alone.’
(b)
Hak
i-aka-t
ta-myrỹ-tat
Pojepap
here
PART-COP-ADVR
3ANAPH-alone-go
Pojepap
‘Pojepap remained here alone.’
(c)
Yta
Ø-na-aka-t
hot
i-ki-t
yta-pitik
1PL.EXC
3-DECL-COP-NFUT
go.PL
3-be.PL-ADVR
1PL.EXC-place
‘We all went and stayed there.’
(d)
Yta-ka-ki
horop
yta,
yta-myrỹ-tat
1PL.EXC-DECL-be.PL
long
1PL.EXC
1PL.EXC-alone-go
‘We remained alone for a long time.’
(Storto, n.d.) “Encontro dos Capivari e dos Karitiana”
(57)
Ioãne Pedro oçauçûb, o-gúba, rauçúme
‘Ioãne loves Pedro because he loves his father.’
(Anchieta, 1595)
(i)
[Y-opiso]
a-taka-kãrã-t
an
[1-listen]
2-DECL-think-NFUT
you
‘You thought that I listened.’
(Storto, 1999)
(ii)
[Yn opiso]
a-taka-kãrã-t
an
[1s listen]
2-DECL-think-NFUT
you
‘You thought that I listened.’
(Storto, 1999)
(iii)
“A-'a-dj̃a,
õẽ?”, iri-'a-j
ta-ota-ty
you-do-standing dear
CIT-do/say-FUT
3ANAPH-friend-OBL
“Is it you, dear?”, (hei) said to hisi friend.
(Storto, n.d.) “Encontro de dois grupos locais”
(iv)
Ii/*j
Ø-naka-kot-Ø
Joãoj
taj̃
he
3-DECL-shatter-NFUT
João
knife
‘Hei/*j shattered Joãoj‘s knife.’
(Vivanco, 2018)
1
first person
FUT
future
2
second person
IND.EVID
indirect evidential
3
third person
INT
interrogative
ASSERT
assertive mood
INV
inverse voice or object focus construction
ADVR
adverbializer
ITER
iterative aspect
ANAPH
anaphor
LOC
locative
ASP
aspect
MOVT
movement
ASP.IMPF
imperfective aspect
NEG
negation
CAUS
causative
NFUT
non-future
CIT
citative mood
NMLZR
nominalizer
COP
copula
OBL
oblique
DECL
declarative mood
PART
participle (nominalizer)
DEIC
deictic
PERF.ASP
perfective aspect
DIR.EVID
direct evidential
PL
plural
DUB
dubitative
POSP
posposition
EXC
exclusive
S
singular