(1a)
daad
rid
baax
dâw-â'
rid
Marié.river
LOC
emerge
dâw.people-FOC
LOC
‘At the Marié river is where the Dâw people emerged.’
(1b)
[baax
dâw-â'
rid]
dâw-ʉ̃ʉy'
nũux
wuum
dâr
emerge
dâw.people-FOC
LOC
dâw.people-DOM
curupira
drown
AGTV
‘Where there Dâw people emerged, the curupira (forest spirit) drowned them.’
(2a)
Sanopkuniv-eve
ilo
nggapmo-kndevan-o
ko
alipke-lo
ndave-levambo
tuesday-that
go.down:ss
cut-1PL:PRS-CONN
go:ss
afternoon-ss
return-1PL:PST
‘On Tuesday afternoon we went down and cut (trees) until we returned in the late afternoon.’
(2b)
ndano
la-levambon-o...
return:ss
sleep-1PL:PST-CONN
‘Having returned, we slept and...’
[Wambon, Papua New Guinea; De Vries, 2005, p. 373]
(3a)
[Disa–kha
di–a=pidana]MC
[di–matamata
disa
di–nu=pidana
3SGNF:go.up–away
3SGNF–go=REM.P.REP
3SGNF–paddle.with.one.paddle
3SGNF:go.up
3SGNF–come=REM.P.REP
hanu–whya–pasi–ne]MC||
big–CL.canoe–AUG–INSTR
‘He (the otter) went up, went up paddling with one paddle with a big canoe.’[Tariana, Arawak; Aikhenvald, 2019, p. 462]
(3b)
[kay
di–ni↑[Pause]]SUM.CL
[tuki
di–kapuku
disa
di–a
di–ñale=pidana]MC||
thus
3SGNF–do
little
3SGNF–overturn
3SGNF:go.up
3SGNF–go
3SGNF–disappear/die=REM.P.REP
‘(As) he was doing thus, he almost overturned going upward (and) disappearing.’[Tariana, Arawak; Aikhenvald, 2019, p. 462]
(4a)
~kʉ́=ta
hí-a
~kʉ́-író
~bʉ́-ro
to=~pho’dá=~be’re
wa’i-~kídá
ko’tá-ro
one/a=REF
COP-SG
one/a-NOM.SG
man-SG
3SG.POSS=children=COM/INSTR
animal-PL
wait-(3)SG
wa’á-a
baká-róká-pʉ́
go-ASSERT.PERF
origin-list-LOC
‘Once, a man went hunting with his children in the forest.’
(4b)
yoá-ró
ko’tá-wa’a-ka’a
yoá-
chʉ
to=dié-yá
wa’í-kíró
be.far-SG
wait-go-do.moving
do/make-SW.REF
3SG.POSS=dog-PL
animal-SG
boká
~dʉdʉ́-wa’a-ka’a-a
tí-~da
find
chase-go-do.moving-ASSERT.PERF
ANAPH.PL
‘(As/while they) went hunting farther away, his dogs found an animal (and) they went chasing after it.’ [Kotiria, East-Tukano; Stenzel, 2016, p. 438]
S
V
(5)
tir
ãã
3SG
sleep
‘He sleeps.’
A
V
O-DOM
(6)
ãr
nãa tâg-ẽr
ãm-ʉ̃ʉy'
‘aa’
pay
1SG
talk HAB-NEG
2SG-DOM
ANAPH
like
‘I never used to talk to you like this.’
A
V
O
(7)
ãr
paar
kapawari
xusee
1SG
know
kapawari.creek
rapid
‘I know the Kapawari rapids.’
A
V
O-DOM
(8)
ãr
paar
naa’
dâw
xut-ʉ̃ʉy’
1SG
know
DEM:PROX
person
MASC-DOM
‘I know this man.’
A
V
O
O-OBL
(9)
dâw
xut
nõo
weed
dâw
tee-ʉ̃ʉy’
person
MASC
feed
food
person
child-OBL
‘The man gives food to the child.’
O
A
V
obl
(10)
kaswap
id
nêe
pʉn'
woor-ẽej
thing
1PL
make
HAB
tukanoan.person-BEN
‘We did things for the Tukanoans.’
V
S
(11)
ãã
tir
sleep
3SG
‘Is he sleeping?’
adv
V
S-FOC
adv
(12)
diid
bax
koor
dâw-â'
primẽel
there:ITG
emerge
do.first
dâw.people-FOC
first
‘At first the Dâw people emerged there very far away.’
(13)
[kas
puud
yêd]
[laak
âg
pay-a']
be.ugly
a.lot
INTS
cachaça
drink
REL-FOC
‘Who drinks cachaça is really bad.’
(14)
*laak
âg
pay-a'
cachaça
drink
REL-FOC
(15)
[rid
xâad-ẽr]
[nũk
war
dâr
weed
pay]
3PL
look.for-NEG
ancient
old
PLZ
eat
REL
‘They are not looking for (the things) the ancestors used to eat.’
(16)
[tir
âg
xâjâa]
[mẽenh
nêe
uy]
suuk
3SG
drink
enter
1SG.POSS
make
REL
manioc.meal
‘He entered drinking the (soaked) manioc meal that I made.’
(17)
[dâw
nãam
tir
yar
yâa
mãr
suub
pej]
[Suub
weed
nã’]
person
corpse
3SG
bring
return
RPT
Suub
close.to
Suub
eat
FNL
‘He returned, bringing the dead body (close) to Suub so that Suub could eat.’
(18)
[dâw
bax
rid]
[nũux
nĩi
mãay]
dâw.people
emerge
LOC
curupira
be.located
be.intensive
‘Where the Dâw people emerged, there were many curupiras (forest spirits).’
(19)
[nũ
'waat
id
rãm
xaay]
[id
suuk]
other
day
1PL
go
forest
1PL
hunt
‘The other day, we went to the forest (in order) to hunt.’
(20)
[nũ
'waat
id
rãm
xaay]
[suuk]
other
day
1PL
go
forest
hunt
‘The other day we went to the forest and hunted.’
(21)
tir
rãm
[rũur
nĩi
rid]
3SG
go
game
be.located
LOC
‘He goes to (the place) where there is game.’
(22)
Maria
nĩi
nũ' 'mãy
nĩr
xoot
rid
Maria
be.located
other
[be.located
place]
LOC
Maria
be.located
other
community
LOC
‘Maria is in another community.’
(23)
*rũur
nĩi
rid
game
be.located
LOC
(24)
tir
rãm
tiid
3SG
go
thither
‘He goes over there.’
(25)
'aa'
rãm
[dâw
tir
dee'
rãm
rid]
ANAPH
go
dâw.people
3SG
owner
go
LOC
‘He went (to the place) where his owner went.’
(26)
ãr
rãm
[ii'
taa
xeet
yũt
tâag
rid]
1SG
go
father.VOC
DSCD
caiman
kill
HAB
LOC
‘I go (to the place) where my late father used to kill caimans.’
(27)
tir
nĩi
[rõom
tâag
nĩi
rid]
3SG
be.located
abiú
tree
be.located
LOC
‘He is (at the place) where the abiu tree is.’
(28)
tir
nĩi
rõom
tâag
rid
3SG
be.located
abiú
tree
LOC
‘He is at the abiu tree.’
(29)
ãr
yâa
dôo’
[ãm
nĩi-êe’
bug]
1SG
return
AUX:DIR
2SG
be.located-PST
LOC
‘I returned from (the place) where you lived.’
(30a)
waa
dâr
bax
tiid
. . .
ancestor
PLZ
emerge
thither
‘The ancestors emerged there.’ [Line 1]
(30b)
tiid
bax
mãr
tiid
wĩiç
rid
. . .
thither
emerge
RPT
tither
wĩiç.creek
LOC
‘They emerged there at the Wĩiç river.’ [Line 7]
(30c)
[dâw
bax
rid]
nũux
nĩi
mãay
dâw.people
emerge
LOC
curupira
be.located
INTS
‘Where the Dâw people emerged, there were many curupiras (forest spirits).’ [Line 12]
(31a)
a-duuy
id
wʉʉd
nẽed
[çuuw
tâag
nĩi
âg
bʉg]tail-clause
ANAPH-after
1PL
arrive
come
peach.palm
tree
be.located
DEM:EMPH
LOC
‘After this, we arrived (at the place) where there is this peach palm tree.’
(31b)
[çuuw
tâag
nĩi
âg
bʉg]head-clause
id
nĩi
peach.palm
tree
be.located
DEM:EMPH
LOC
1PL
be.located
mẽenh
kot
taa
pej
çeeb
1SG.POSS
uncle
DSCD
next.to
change.place
‘Where there is this peach palm tree, we lived close to our late uncle who moved.’
(32a)
abʉg
xâd
pee
lab
nõr,
[dâw
'wĩinh-êe'
yum
rid]
tail-clause
and.then
pass
go.upriver
Arabo.creek
mouth
dâw.people
work-PST
piaçava
LOC
‘Then we went upriver to the Arabo creek, where the Dâw people worked with piaçava.’
(32b)
[id
'wĩinh
buuy
rũuy
rid]head-clause
nʉkedêe'
1PL
work
non.indigenous.person
soc.com
LOC
formerly
id
xub
mĩi
nʉkedêe'
1PL
be.hungy
in.water
formerly
‘Where we worked with the white people, we were starving in the old days.’
(33a)
[tiid
dâw
bax
xoot
rid]
nũux
nĩi
mãay
thither
dâw.people
emerge
place
LOC
forest.spirit
be.located
INTS
‘There where the Dâw people emerged were many curupiras (forest spirits).’
(33b)
[dâw
bax
xoot
rid]
nũux
dâw-ʉ̃ʉy'
'wuum
dâr
dâw.people
emerge
place
LOC
forest.spirit
dâw.people-DOM
drown
PCTL
‘(At the place) where the Dâw people emerged, the curupira (forest spirit) drowned them.’
(34a)
tiid
bax
mãr
tiid
wĩiç
rid
thither
emerge
RPT
thither
wĩiç.creek
LOC
‘They emerged there at the Wĩiç river.’
(34b)
wĩiç
rid
dâw
bax
mãr
tiid
wĩiç.creek
LOC
dâw.people
emerge
RPT
thither
‘At the Wĩiç river they emerged.’
(35a)
primêl
nir xoot
nẽb
bug
[woor
nir xoot
nĩi
rid]tail-clause
first
[be.located place]
Inebo.creek
there.DIST
tukano.people
[be.located place]
be.located
LOC
first
village
Inebo.creek
there.DIST
tukano.people
village
be.located
LOC
‘The first village was at the Inebo creek where there is a Tukanoan community.’
(35b)
[woor
nir xoot
nĩi
rid]head-clause
nĩi
nâax
xusee
dũ'
tukano.people
[be.located place]
be.located
LOC
be.located
water
rapid
also
tukano.people
village
be.located
LOC
be.located
water
rapid
also
‘Where there Tukanoan village is, there is also a river rapid.’
(36a)
nʉkêdêe'
id
pêg
xaay
formerly
1PL
be.big
forest
‘In the old days, we were raised in the forest.’
(36b)
xaay
dôo'
pêg
id
râan
id-ʉ̃ʉy'
forest
CAUS
be.big
1PL
parents
1PL-DOM
‘In the forest, our parents raised us.’
[ãr
par]
[ãm
yũt
‘yãm xu’]
1sg
know
2sg
kill
jaguar
‘I know that you killed the jaguar.’
1
first person
ITG
intangible
2
second person
MASC
masculine
3
third person
MC
main clause
A
agent
NEG
negation
ADV
adverbial
NF
non-feminine
AGTV
agentive
NOM
nominative
ANAPH
anaphoric
O
object
ASSERT
assertion
OBL
oblique
AUG
augmenative
PCTL
punctual
AUX:DIR
directional auxiliary
PERF
perfective
BEN
benefactive
PL
plural
CAUS
causative
PLZ
pluralizer
CL
classifier
PRS
present
COM
comitative
PST
past
CONN
connective
POSS
possessive
COP
copula
REF
referential
DEM:EMPH
emphatic demonstrative
REL
relativizer
DEM:PROX
proximate demonstrative
REM.P.REP
remote past reported
DIST
distal
RPT
reportative
DOM
differential object marker
S
subject
DSCD
deceased marker
SG
singular
FNL
final
SOC.COM
social comitative
FOC
focus
SS
same subject
LOC
locative
SW.REF
switch reference
HAB
habitual
V
verb
INSTR
instrumental
VOC
vocative
INTS
intensifier