Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Migraciones verticales de Alexandrium excavatum (Braarud) Balech et Tangen en columnas experimentales

Vertical migration of Alexandrium excavatum (Braaruud) Balech et Tangen in experimental columns

Resúmenes

Diel vertical migrations of the marine dinoflagellate A excavatum were followed in a laboratory water column, and the effects of temperature stratification and nitrogen depletion on patterns of migration were examined. It was found that A. excavatum is a vertical migrator aggregating at surface during daylight, and descending at night. A six-degree thermocline did not restrict its migration but delayed the vertical movements. Nitrogen depletion in the culture was correlated with earlier downward migration in the day, and nitrate assimilation in the dark was confirmed. In another essay, with a nitrogen deficient culture, nocturnal nitrate uptake per cell was measured. It is suggested that the ability of A. excavatum to take up nitrate in the dark working together with diurnal vertical migration could be important mechanisms regulating bloom developments.

Vertical migrations; Bioassays; Phytoplankton culture; Nyctimeral rhythms; Light effects; Temperature effects; Nutrients (mineral); Dinoflagellata; Alexandrium excavatum


As migrações verticais nicterais do dinoflagelado Alexandrium excavatum, foram observadas em uma coluna de vidro (50 cm de altura e 8 cm de diâmetro), durante um ciclo de 14 horas de luz/10 horas de escuro. As amostras foram tomadas a cada 2 ou 3 horas em superfície, meio e fundo. Verificou-se que os organismos de A. excavatum se agregam em superfície durante o dia e descem à noite. Os efeitos da estratificação da temperatura e exaustão dos nutrientes sobre o padrão da migração vertical foram examinados. A presença da termoclina de 6ºC retardou o movimento de migração. A deficiência do nitrogênio na camada superior da cultura antecipou a migração dos organismos em direção ao fundo, durante o dia; a adição de nitrato à camada de fundo antecipou a migração em direção à superfície, durante a noite. A velocidade de absorção do nitrato, no escuro, por células deficientes em nitrogênio, foi determinada a partir da diminuição da concentração desse nutriente na cultura. A taxa de absorção de nitrato foi elevada durante a primeira hora, decresceu nas três horas seguintes e foi nula a seguir. Sugere-se que a habilidade de A excavatum para absorver nitrato no período de escuro, juntamente com a migração vertical, possam ser mecanismos que regulem o seu florescimento.

Migrações verticais; Bioensaios; Cultivo de fitoplâncton; Ritmos nictemerais; Efeitos da luz; Efeitos da temperatura; Nutrientes (mineral); Dinoflagellata; Alexandrium excavatum


Vertical migrations; Bioassays; Phytoplankton culture; Nyctimeral rhythms; Light effects; Temperature effects; Nutrients (mineral); Dinoflagellata; Alexandrium excavatum

Migrações verticais; Bioensaios; Cultivo de fitoplâncton; Ritmos nictemerais; Efeitos da luz; Efeitos da temperatura; Nutrientes (mineral); Dinoflagellata; Alexandrium excavatum

ARTIGOS

Migraciones verticales de Alexandrium excavatum (Braarud) Balech et Tangen en columnas experimentales* (* ) Contribución Nº 824 del Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Argentina

Vertical migration of Alexandrium excavatum (Braaruud) Balech et Tangen in experimental columns

Betina Andrea Santos** (** ) Becaria de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. ; Jose Ignacio Carreto

Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (Casilla dé Correo 175, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina)

RESUMO

As migrações verticais nicterais do dinoflagelado Alexandrium excavatum, foram observadas em uma coluna de vidro (50 cm de altura e 8 cm de diâmetro), durante um ciclo de 14 horas de luz/10 horas de escuro. As amostras foram tomadas a cada 2 ou 3 horas em superfície, meio e fundo. Verificou-se que os organismos de A. excavatum se agregam em superfície durante o dia e descem à noite. Os efeitos da estratificação da temperatura e exaustão dos nutrientes sobre o padrão da migração vertical foram examinados. A presença da termoclina de 6ºC retardou o movimento de migração. A deficiência do nitrogênio na camada superior da cultura antecipou a migração dos organismos em direção ao fundo, durante o dia; a adição de nitrato à camada de fundo antecipou a migração em direção à superfície, durante a noite. A velocidade de absorção do nitrato, no escuro, por células deficientes em nitrogênio, foi determinada a partir da diminuição da concentração desse nutriente na cultura. A taxa de absorção de nitrato foi elevada durante a primeira hora, decresceu nas três horas seguintes e foi nula a seguir. Sugere-se que a habilidade de A excavatum para absorver nitrato no período de escuro, juntamente com a migração vertical, possam ser mecanismos que regulem o seu florescimento.

Descritores: Migrações verticais, Bioensaios, Cultivo de fitoplâncton, Ritmos nictemerais, Efeitos da luz, Efeitos da temperatura, Nutrientes (mineral), Dinoflagellata, Alexandrium excavatum.

ABSTRACT

Diel vertical migrations of the marine dinoflagellate A excavatum were followed in a laboratory water column, and the effects of temperature stratification and nitrogen depletion on patterns of migration were examined. It was found that A. excavatum is a vertical migrator aggregating at surface during daylight, and descending at night. A six-degree thermocline did not restrict its migration but delayed the vertical movements. Nitrogen depletion in the culture was correlated with earlier downward migration in the day, and nitrate assimilation in the dark was confirmed. In another essay, with a nitrogen deficient culture, nocturnal nitrate uptake per cell was measured. It is suggested that the ability of A. excavatum to take up nitrate in the dark working together with diurnal vertical migration could be important mechanisms regulating bloom developments.

Descriptors: Vertical migrations, Bioassays, Phytoplankton culture, Nyctimeral rhythms, Light effects, Temperature effects, Nutrients (mineral), Dinoflagellata, Alexandrium excavatum.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Agradecimientos

Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento a los Lic. H. R. Benavides y R. M. Negri, al Téc. Quím. M. O. Carignan y al Aux. Ing. D. Cuchi Colleoni por la colaboración brindada en el desarrollo del presente trabajo, así como al Prof. Santos Pereyra por la confección de las figuras.

Referencias bibliográficas

BLASCO, D. 1978, Migration of dinoflagellate off Baja California coast. Mar. Biol., 46(1):41-47.

CARRETO, J. I.; BENAVIDES, H. R.; NEGRI, R. M. & GLORIOSO, P. D. 1986. Toxic red tide in the Argentine sea. Phytoplankton distribution and survival of the toxic dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata in a frontal area. J. Plankt. Res., 8(1):15-28.

______; LASTA, M L.; NEGRI, R. M. & BENAVIDES, H. R. 1981. Los fenómenos de marea roja y toxicidad de moluscos bivalvos en el Mar Argentino. Contrnes Inst nac. Invest. Des. pesq., Mar del Plata, (399):1-101.

______; NEGRI, R. M.; BENAVIDES, H. R. & AKSELMAN, R. 1985. Toxic dinoflagellate blooms in the Argentine sea. In: Anderson, D. M.; White, A. W. & Baden, D. G., eds Toxic dinoflagellates. New York, Elsevier, p.147-152.

COLFAX, G.; ROENNENEBERG, T. & HASTINGS, J. 1987. A possible model system for cell behavior in red tides: aggregation and passive sedimentation occur as a endogenous active circadian rhythm in Gonyaulax polyedra. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RED TIDES: BIOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TOXICOLOGY. Abstract. Takamatsu, 1987. p. 74.

CULLEN, J.J. 1985. Diel vertical migration by dinoflagellates: roles of carbohydrate metabolism and behavioral flexibility. In: Migration: mechanisms and adaptive significance. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, Suppl., 27:135-152.

______ & HORRIGAN, S.G. 1981. Effects of nitrate on the diurnal vertical migration, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the photosynthetic capacity of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens. Mar. Biol., 62(2/3):81-89.

______; ZHU, M.; DAVIS, R. F. & PERSON, D.C. 1985. Vertical migration, carbohydrate syntheses, and nocturnal nitrate uptake during growth of Heterocapsa niei in a laboratory water column. In: Anderson, D.M.; White, A. W. & Baden, D. G., eds Toxic dinoflagellates. New York, Elsevier. p.189-194.

DORTCH, Q. & MASKE, H. 1982. Dark uptake of nitrate and nitrate reductase activity of a red-tide population off Peru. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 9(3):299-303.

EDLER, L. & OLSSON, P. 1985. Observations on diel migration of Ceratium furca and Prorocentrum micans in a stratified bay on the Swedish west coast. In: Anderson, D. M.; White, A. W. & Baden, D. G., eds Toxic dinoflagellates. New York, Elsevier, p. 195-200.

EKELUND, N. G. A. 1988. Photomovements in Gyrodinium dorsum, Gyrodinium aureolum and Chlamydomonas reinhardtiu Doctoral dissertation. University of Lund. Sweeden.

EPPLEY, R. W. & HARRISON, S. G. 1975. Physiological ecology of Gonyaulax polyedra a red tide dinoflagellate of southern California. In: Lo Cicero, V. R., ed. Toxic dinoflagellate blooms. Massachusetts, Science and Technology Foundation, p.11-22.

______; HOLM-HANSEN, O. & STRICKLAND, J. D. 1968. Some observations on the vertical migration of dinoflagellates. J. Phycol., 4:333-340.

FORWARD, R.B. 1976. Light and diurnal vertical migration: photobehavior and photophysiology of plankton. Photochem. Photobiol. Rev., 1:157-209.

FOURNIER, R. O. 1978. Membrane filters for estimating cell numbers. In: Sournia, A., ed. Phytoplankton manual. Monogr. oceanogr. Methodol., U.N., (6):108-112.

GUILLARD, R. L. & RYTHER, J. H. 1962. Studies on marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Husted and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Can. J. Microbiol., 8:229-239.

HARRISON, W. G. 1976. Nitrate metabolism of the red tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata Stein. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 21(3):199-209.

HEANEY, S. I. & EPPLEY, R. W. 1981. Light, temperature and nitrogen as interacting factors affecting diel vertical migration of dinoflagellates in culture. J. Plankt. Res., 2(2):331-344.

HOLLIGAN, P. M. 1985. Marine dinoflagellate blooms. Growth strategies and environmental explotation. In: Anderson, D. M.; White, A. W. & Baden, D. G., eds Toxic dinoflagellates. New York, Elsevier, p.133-139.

HORSTMANN, V. 1980. Observations on the peculiar diurnal migration of red tide Dinophyceae in tropical shallow waters. J. Phycol., 16:481-485.

KAMYKOWSKI, D. 1981. Laboratory experiments on the diurnal migration of motile phytoplankton through temperature gradients. Mar. Biol., 62(1):57-64.

______ & ZENTARA, S. J. 1977. The diurnal vertical migration of phytoplankton through temperature gradients. Limnol. Oceanogr., 22(1):148-151.

PAASCHE, E.; BRYCESON, I. & TANGEN, K. 1984. Interespecific variation in dark nitrogen uptake by dinoflagellates. J. Phycol., 20:394-401.

RASMUSSEN, J. & RICHARDSON, K. 1989. Response of Gonyaulax excavata to the presence of a pycnocline in an artificial water column. J. Plankt. Res., 11(4):747-762.

SELIGER, H.; CARPENTER, J.; LOFTUS, M. & ELROY, W. 1970. Mechanisms for the accumulation of high concentration of dinoflagellates in a bioluminiscent bay. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15 (2):234-245.

UTERMHL, H. 1958. Zur Vervolkomnug der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitt, int. Verein. theor. angew. Limnol., 9(1): 1-38.

WOOD, E.; ARMSTRONG, P. & RICHARDS, R. A. 1967. Determination of nitrate in seawater by cadmium-copper reduction to nitrite. J.mar, biol. Ass. U.K., 47(1):23-31.

(Manuscrito recibido 31 Enero 1991; revisado 5 Febrero 1992; aprobado 7 Agosto 1992)

  • BLASCO, D. 1978, Migration of dinoflagellate off Baja California coast. Mar. Biol., 46(1):41-47.
  • CARRETO, J. I.; BENAVIDES, H. R.; NEGRI, R. M. & GLORIOSO, P. D. 1986. Toxic red tide in the Argentine sea. Phytoplankton distribution and survival of the toxic dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata in a frontal area. J. Plankt. Res., 8(1):15-28.
  • ______; LASTA, M L.; NEGRI, R. M. & BENAVIDES, H. R. 1981. Los fenómenos de marea roja y toxicidad de moluscos bivalvos en el Mar Argentino. Contrnes Inst nac. Invest. Des. pesq., Mar del Plata, (399):1-101.
  • ______; NEGRI, R. M.; BENAVIDES, H. R. & AKSELMAN, R. 1985. Toxic dinoflagellate blooms in the Argentine sea. In: Anderson, D. M.; White, A. W. & Baden, D. G., eds Toxic dinoflagellates. New York, Elsevier, p.147-152.
  • COLFAX, G.; ROENNENEBERG, T. & HASTINGS, J. 1987. A possible model system for cell behavior in red tides: aggregation and passive sedimentation occur as a endogenous active circadian rhythm in Gonyaulax polyedra. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RED TIDES: BIOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TOXICOLOGY. Abstract. Takamatsu, 1987. p. 74.
  • CULLEN, J.J. 1985. Diel vertical migration by dinoflagellates: roles of carbohydrate metabolism and behavioral flexibility. In: Migration: mechanisms and adaptive significance.
  • Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, Suppl., 27:135-152.
  • ______ & HORRIGAN, S.G. 1981. Effects of nitrate on the diurnal vertical migration, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the photosynthetic capacity of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens. Mar. Biol., 62(2/3):81-89.
  • ______; ZHU, M.; DAVIS, R. F. & PERSON, D.C. 1985. Vertical migration, carbohydrate syntheses, and nocturnal nitrate uptake during growth of Heterocapsa niei in a laboratory water column. In: Anderson, D.M.; White, A. W. & Baden, D. G., eds Toxic dinoflagellates. New York, Elsevier. p.189-194.
  • DORTCH, Q. & MASKE, H. 1982. Dark uptake of nitrate and nitrate reductase activity of a red-tide population off Peru. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 9(3):299-303.
  • EDLER, L. & OLSSON, P. 1985. Observations on diel migration of Ceratium furca and Prorocentrum micans in a stratified bay on the Swedish west coast. In: Anderson, D. M.; White, A. W. & Baden, D. G., eds Toxic dinoflagellates. New York, Elsevier, p. 195-200.
  • EKELUND, N. G. A. 1988. Photomovements in Gyrodinium dorsum, Gyrodinium aureolum and Chlamydomonas reinhardtiu Doctoral dissertation. University of Lund. Sweeden.
  • EPPLEY, R. W. & HARRISON, S. G. 1975. Physiological ecology of Gonyaulax polyedra a red tide dinoflagellate of southern California. In: Lo Cicero, V. R., ed. Toxic dinoflagellate blooms. Massachusetts, Science and Technology Foundation, p.11-22.
  • ______; HOLM-HANSEN, O. & STRICKLAND, J. D. 1968. Some observations on the vertical migration of dinoflagellates. J. Phycol., 4:333-340.
  • FORWARD, R.B. 1976. Light and diurnal vertical migration: photobehavior and photophysiology of plankton. Photochem. Photobiol. Rev., 1:157-209.
  • FOURNIER, R. O. 1978. Membrane filters for estimating cell numbers. In: Sournia, A., ed. Phytoplankton manual.
  • Monogr. oceanogr. Methodol., U.N., (6):108-112.
  • GUILLARD, R. L. & RYTHER, J. H. 1962. Studies on marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Husted and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Can. J. Microbiol., 8:229-239.
  • HARRISON, W. G. 1976. Nitrate metabolism of the red tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata Stein. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 21(3):199-209.
  • HEANEY, S. I. & EPPLEY, R. W. 1981. Light, temperature and nitrogen as interacting factors affecting diel vertical migration of dinoflagellates in culture. J. Plankt. Res., 2(2):331-344.
  • HOLLIGAN, P. M. 1985. Marine dinoflagellate blooms. Growth strategies and environmental explotation. In: Anderson, D. M.; White, A. W. & Baden, D. G., eds Toxic dinoflagellates. New York, Elsevier, p.133-139.
  • HORSTMANN, V. 1980. Observations on the peculiar diurnal migration of red tide Dinophyceae in tropical shallow waters. J. Phycol., 16:481-485.
  • KAMYKOWSKI, D. 1981. Laboratory experiments on the diurnal migration of motile phytoplankton through temperature gradients. Mar. Biol., 62(1):57-64.
  • ______ & ZENTARA, S. J. 1977. The diurnal vertical migration of phytoplankton through temperature gradients. Limnol. Oceanogr., 22(1):148-151.
  • PAASCHE, E.; BRYCESON, I. & TANGEN, K. 1984. Interespecific variation in dark nitrogen uptake by dinoflagellates. J. Phycol., 20:394-401.
  • RASMUSSEN, J. & RICHARDSON, K. 1989. Response of Gonyaulax excavata to the presence of a pycnocline in an artificial water column. J. Plankt. Res., 11(4):747-762.
  • SELIGER, H.; CARPENTER, J.; LOFTUS, M. & ELROY, W. 1970. Mechanisms for the accumulation of high concentration of dinoflagellates in a bioluminiscent bay. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15 (2):234-245.
  • UTERMHL, H. 1958. Zur Vervolkomnug der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitt, int. Verein. theor. angew. Limnol., 9(1): 1-38.
  • WOOD, E.; ARMSTRONG, P. & RICHARDS, R. A. 1967. Determination of nitrate in seawater by cadmium-copper reduction to nitrite. J.mar, biol. Ass. U.K., 47(1):23-31.
  • (*
    ) Contribución Nº 824 del Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Argentina
  • (**
    ) Becaria de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata.
  • Fechas de Publicación

    • Publicación en esta colección
      15 Mayo 2012
    • Fecha del número
      1992

    Histórico

    • Revisado
      05 Feb 1992
    • Recibido
      31 Ene 1991
    • Acepto
      07 Ago 1992
    Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091 6513, Fax: (55 11) 3032 3092 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
    E-mail: amspires@usp.br