Sedative protocols for the restraint of coatis (Nasua nasua) for management and monitoringAbstract
Coatis (Nasua nasua) are medium-sized mammals of the family Procyonidae, native of South America, characterized by an elongated nose and a long tail with alternating light and dark rings. The Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) plays a crucial role in preserving this and other species within the Iguaçu National Park, where animal capture for tracking, data collection, and medical interventions is performed. In this context, ensuring an effective sedation method is critical. This study aimed to compare the effects of two sedation protocols (dexmedetomidine-ketamine and tiletamine-zolazepam) in coatis, assessing their efficacy and safety. Fourteen free-ranging South American Coatis (Nasua nasua) were captured and randomly assigned for sedation with dexmedetomidine-ketamine (6.0 µg kg-1 and 15 mg kg-1, respectively; group DK) or with tiletamine-zolazepam (7.0 mg kg-1; group TZ) administered in the semimembranosus muscle of the pelvic limb. Physiological variables, such as heart rate, respiratory rate, noninvasive systolic arterial pressure, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature, were recorded every five minutes since the application. The duration of sedation and quality of recovery was evaluated. Atipamezole was administered for reversal when considered necessary. Data analysis was performed using the t test. Significance was set at p<0.05. In this study, no cases of regurgitation or vomit were observed. The results indicated significant differences in the heart rates between the groups, with group DK exhibiting lower values than group TZ. The average duration of sedation varied between groups, with animals in the group DK exhibiting an average sedation duration of 15 minutes, while animals in group TZ averaged 30 minutes. Notably, only one animal in group DK did not necessitate a new medication dose, while two required reversal. The tiletamine-zolazepam protocol demonstrated superior sedative efficacy in coatis compared to the dexmedetomidine-ketamine protocol, exhibiting enhanced maintenance of physiological parameters, prolonged sedation duration and improved recovery outcomes.
Keywords:
procyonids; wild animals; free-ranging; sedation; immobilization; National Iguaçu Park
Resumo
Os quatis (Nasua nasua) são mamíferos de médio porte da família Procyonidae, nativos da América do Sul, caracterizados por um nariz alongado e uma cauda longa com aneis alternados claros e escuros. O Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) desempenha um papel crucial na preservação desta e de outras espécies dentro do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, onde a captura de animais para rastreamento, coleta de dados e intervenções médicas são realizadas. Nesse contexto, o manejo da sedação é fundamental. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar os efeitos de dois protocolos de sedação (dexmedetomidina-cetamina e tiletamina-zolazepam) em quatis de vida livre, avaliando sua eficácia e segurança. Quatorze quatis sul-americanos de vida livre (Nasua nasua) foram capturados e aleatoriamente designados para sedação com dexmedetomidina-cetamina (6,0 µg kg-1 e 15 mg kg-1, respectivamente; grupo DK) ou com tiletamina-zolazepam (7,0 mg kg-1; grupo TZ) administrados no músculo semimembranoso do membro pélvico. Variáveis fisiológicas, como frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica não invasiva, saturação de oxigênio da hemoglobina e temperatura retal, foram registradas a cada cinco minutos desde a aplicação. A duração da sedação e a qualidade da recuperação foram avaliadas. Atipamezole foi administrado para reversão quando considerado necessário. A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando o teste t. A significância foi estabelecida em p<0,05. Neste estudo, não foram observados casos de regurgitação ou vômito. Os resultados indicaram diferenças significativas nas frequências cardíacas entre os grupos (p<0.01). A duração média da sedação variou entre os grupos, com os animais do grupo DK apresentando uma duração média de sedação de 15 minutos, enquanto os animais do grupo TZ apresentaram uma média de 30 minutos. Notavelmente, apenas um animal do grupo DK não necessitou de uma nova dose de medicação, enquanto dois necessitaram de reversão. O protocolo de tiletamina-zolazepam demonstrou eficácia sedativa superior em quatis em comparação ao protocolo de dexmedetomidina-cetamina, exibindo melhor manutenção dos parâmetros fisiológicos, maior duração da sedação e melhores resultados de recuperação.
Palavras-chave:
procionídeos; animais silvestres; vida livre; sedação; imobilização; Parque Nacional do Iguaçu
1. Introduction
The coatis (Nasua nasua) are medium-sized mammals belonging to the Procyonidae family, characterized by an elongated nose and a long furry tail with alternating light and dark rings. They are native to South America and are distributed in deciduous forest habitats, cerrado, chaco, and savanna (Beisiegel, 2001).
Unfortunately, coati populations face significant threats from hunting, pet trading, and habitat destruction, particularly due to deforestation and road mortality. These factors have led to the species being classified as vulnerable in some regions, such as southern Brazil (Costa et al, 2009). The Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) plays a crucial role in preserving this and other species within the Iguaçu National Park.
Among the institute's activities is the capture of animals for tracking purposes, data collection, or medical interventions. Sedation management is of paramount importance for performing these procedures. Different chemical restraint protocols have been evaluated for different wildlife species (Ahmad et al., 2021; Avni-Magen et al., 2019), yet there is still limited research on coatis.
Among the reported protocols for this species, the combination of Tiletamine and Zolazepam has been demonstrated as an effective method for promoting restraint and muscle relaxation of these animals (Kollias and Abou-Madi, 2014). While Tiletamine provides analgesia, immobility, and unconsciousness, Zolazepam exhibits anxiolytic, hypnotic, and relaxing effects (Conforti et al., 2017). Although flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, has been used to reverse zolazepam’s sedative effects, its efficacy in reducing recovery times is still debated, with mixed results in different species (Miller et al., 2004; Walzer and Huber, 2002).
Additionally, there are reports of the use of ketamine as a drug employed in the immobilization of procyonids (Kollias and Abou-Madi, 2014). Despite its usage, ketamine can cause adverse effects such as muscle rigidity and excessive salivation. Its combination with α2-adrenergic agonists, such as dexmedetomidine, has been used to mitigate these undesirable effects, as dexmedetomidine provides significant sedative and muscle-relaxant properties by acting on the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic output. This sedative action complements ketamine by enhancing the overall stability and depth of sedation, making the combination particularly effective for chemical restraint. Additionally, its effects can be antagonized by reversal agents for safer sedation (Barros et al., 2009).
However, the use of α2-adrenergic agonists can also lead to potential adverse effects such as vomiting, cardiovascular alterations, and respiratory depression, which must be taken into account when considering their use. Dexmedetomidine is considered more selective for α2 receptors, reducing the occurrence of these adverse effects (Sinclair, 2003). However, studies regarding the use and effects of dexmedetomidine in coatis are scarce.
The study, conducted in collaboration with ICMBio in Iguaçu National Park, is part of a broader context of environmental monitoring aimed at biodiversity conservation. Thus, our aim was to compare the effects of two different sedation protocols (dexmedetomidine-ketamine and tiletamine-zolazepam) in animals of the species Nasua nasua, to assess their efficacy, safety, and contribute to defining better management practices for these animals. We hypothesized that there would be no significant differences between the protocols and that both would provide adequate sedation and recovery.
2. Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted in the Iguaçu National Park (Latitude: 25.8050 °S, Longitude: 53.8400 °W), located in Brazil, and was part of a monitoring program by ICMBio, under an authorization protocol for the capture and management of coatis (SISBIO 72893-1). The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee (CEUA-UFFS 6076280623) following ethical and animal welfare guidelines.
Fourteen free-ranging coatis were captured using a net and subsequently manually restrained. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups using the Randomizer website (Research Randomizer, 2024). The allocation was done through a randomization process on the website, ensuring that each animal had an equal chance of being placed in either group, without bias. Seven animals were assigned to the first group (DK) and received a combination of dexmedetomidine (6.0 µg kg-1; Dexdomitor®; Zoetis, São Paulo, Brazil) and ketamine (15.0 mg kg-1; Ketamin®; Syntec, São Paulo, Brazil), while the remaining animals were allocated to the second group (TZ) and received Zoletil, a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (7.0 mg kg-1; Zoletil®; 1:1, Virbac, São Paulo, Brazil).
Medications were administered intramuscularly in the semimembranosus muscle of the pelvic limb, and after the 15-minute latency period indicated in the drugs' prescribing information, the animals were transferred to a procedure table located in an open-air environment, without oxygen insufflation. Physiological parameters including heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (𝑓R), oxygen saturation (SpO2), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and rectal temperature (RT) were monitored and recorded every five minutes.
Blood pressure was measured non-invasively using a cuff placed on the forelimb, and the size of the cuff was selected based on the limb circumference to ensure accurate readings. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was not measured in this study. The pulse oximeter probe was placed on the oral mucosa to measure oxygen saturation (SpO2). Data collection for these parameters was performed using non-invasive equipment, ensuring continuous monitoring until the animals exhibited the initial signs of recovery, particularly pronounced palpebral reflex, limb movement and muscle spasms.
The animals were evaluated for both the duration of the drug's effect, as specified in its prescribing information, and the quality of their anesthetic recovery. The quality of recovery was assessed based on clinical signs, including agitation, disorientation, and uncoordinated movements. Animals that showed signs of recovery prior to the expected duration were administered half of the initial drug dose into the semimembranosus muscle to maintain the desired sedation level.
The animals were also evaluated for the quality of their sedation recovery taking into account the duration specified in the drug's prescribing information, and in animals that exhibited signs of recovery prior to this duration, a half-dose re-administration of the designated medication was required in order to maintain sedation.
In animals which were subjected to the dexmedetomidine-ketamine protocol and exhibited prolonged recovery, reversal with atipamezole (0.5 mg/kg; Antisedan®; Zoetis, São Paulo, Brazil) was administered at the same site as the sedations. If animals in the tiletamine-zolazepam group also exhibited prolonged recovery, reversal with flumazenil (0.01 mg/kg; Anexate®; Roche, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Basel, Switzerland) was performed to counteract the effects of zolazepam and aid in recovery. Both antagonisms are partial, meaning they may not fully reverse the sedative effects but help accelerate recovery.
After capture, the animals were manually restrained. For the monitoring program, the animals were sedated specifically for non-painful procedures, including microchip application, clinical parameter evaluation and sample collection for laboratory analysis. Age (kit, juvenile, and adult) was determined based on weight and body size. Kits weighed less than 2.0 kg and had a body length of up to 90 cm. Juveniles weighed between 2.1 and 3.4 kg and had a body length ranging from 90 to 100 cm. Adults weighed more than 3.5 kg and had a body length exceeding 100 cm.
After the assessments were completed, each coati was placed in a transport box and kept under observation until complete recovery, as determined by the analysis of consciousness, behavior, and typical species posture. Afterwards, the animals were released back into the national park.
The normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Parametric data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, while non-parametric data were expressed as median and minimum and maximum values. An independent sample t-test (Student’s t-test) was applied to compare the parameters between the two sedation protocols, with a significance level of p < 0.05 considered. All analyses were conducted using JASP software version 0.19.1.
3. Results
Three males and eleven females were captured. The animals weighed between 1.85 and 9.6 kg, with a mean weight of 3.55 ± 1.98 kg. Their body size ranged from 89 to 112 cm, with a mean size of 96 ± 7.6 cm. Nine animals were classified as juveniles, four as adults, and one as a kit. In the present study, no incidence of regurgitation or vomiting was observed in any of the animals. The mean latency period found in group DK was 4.2 ± 0.3 minutes, while in group TZ it was 2.1 ± 0.5 minutes. There was a statistically significant difference in the parameters of HR (p=0.0012) between the groups. However, there was no difference in SBP (p=0.37), DBP (p=0.28), SpO2 (p=1.0), RT (p=0.052) and 𝑓R (p=0.16). Detailed results for the physiological parameters are presented in Table 1.
Physiological parameters of coatis (Nasua nasua) under two chemical restraint protocols: TZ group (tiletamine-zolazepam) and DK group (dexmedetomidine-ketamine).
Animals in the DK group exhibit a statistically significant difference in the heart rate values when compared to those in the TZ group (p<0.01), but it did not indicate clinically relevant bradycardia. The mean heart rate for the TZ group was 198 ± 13 bpm, whereas for the DK group, it was 120 ± 41 bpm. Additionally, the mean respiratory rate in the TZ group was 44 ± 9 breaths per minute, whereas in the DK group, it was 35 ± 13 breaths per minute.
The SBP of groups DK and TZ showed similar values, with means of 126 ± 21.01 mmHg and 123 ± 13.1, respectively. Similarly, oximetry readings in both groups remained within the expected range for the species, with a median value of 100% [98, 100]. Rectal temperature measurements also remained within expected ranges, with the TZ group showing an average of 37.7 ± 0.8 °C and the DK group at 36.3 ± 1.0 °C.
The average duration of the clinical procedures were 30 minutes. Considering the doses used in this study, the average duration of sedation for DK animals was 15 minutes, while for TZ animals, it was 30 minutes. In the DK group, 71.43% of the animals exhibited a very rapid recovery, necessitating reapplication of the medication to maintain the anesthetic effect. Conversely, 28.57% of the animals experienced a prolonged recovery period, requiring the administration of a reversal agent to facilitate awakening. It is noteworthy that the animals that experienced prolonged recovery and required reversal were those that required reapplication of the medication. None of the animals in TZ required a new medication dose or reversal. Prolonged signs of sedation were observed in animals subjected to the DK protocol, including one obese and one kit.
4. Discussion
The combination of tiletamine-zolazepam proved to be more suitable for the sedation of coatis (Nasua nasua) than the dexmedetomidine-ketamine protocol. Considering that free-ranging animals are not subjected to preoperative fasting, the use of TZ protocol may be considered safer compared to the protocol associated with α2-adrenergic agonists, which are more likely to induce vomiting (Rassy, 2010). However, such alterations were not observed in any of the groups in this study. The difference in the mean latency periods found between the groups suggests that the TZ protocol has an advantage due to its shorter latency period, which may reduce stress from manipulation.
Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic that produces immobility, unconsciousness, and analgesia, while zolazepam promotes effects of muscle relaxation and tranquility (Lin et al., 1992). In the present study, the tiletamine-zolazepam group did not exhibit bradycardia or arrhythmias, maintaining significantly higher heart rate (HR) values (p<0.01), along with physiological levels of respiratory rate (fR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), thereby indicating the safety of this combination. Similar results were observed by Conforti et al. (2017), who also reported no significant alterations in HR with doses up to 7 mg/kg, comparable to those used in the present study. In their study, the mean HR was 223 ± 39 bpm, with minimum and maximum values of 120 bpm and 276 bpm, respectively, further supporting the cardiovascular safety of this dosage.
The combination of ketamine with α2-adrenergic agonists, such as dexmedetomidine, has been routinely used for the immobilization of procyonids (Rassy, 2010). At the dose used in this study, the main cardiovascular changes found with dexmedetomidine associated with ketamine were significant reduction in HR as described by Fantoni and Cortopassi (2002). The reduction in HR, potentially leading to bradycardia in the DK group, aligns with the expected pharmacological effects of α2-adrenergic agonists. Dexmedetomidine induces central sympatholytic effects, leading to decreased sympathetic tone and, consequently, a lowered HR (Sinclair, 2003).
The quality of sedation recovery is an important parameter that ensures safe animal handling. Barros et al. (2009) observed smooth recovery with the tiletamine-zolazepam protocol in coatis, with no presence of adverse effects after recovery, indicating the safety of this protocol. In this study, the same combination resulted in adequate sedation for the procedures with an average sedation time of 30 minutes and without signs of excitement or other adverse effects, similar to the effects observed by Conforti et al. (2017).
Rassy (2010) found that the combination of ketamine (10 mg kg-1) and dexmedetomidine (12 µg kg-1) is effective in chemically restraining coatis, enabling the performance of simple and short-duration clinical procedures. However, in this study, the group that received this same combination, in a different dose, showed variable recovery, with very rapid recovery in some animals (71.43%), which required medication reapplication, and in others, very prolonged recovery (28.57%), requiring the application of a reversal agent. Animals that required medication reapplication had a maximum sedation duration of 15 minutes, while those that required reversal had a sedation duration up to one hour.
All animals that showed prolonged sedation belonged to the DK group (ketamine-dexmedetomidine). Initially, some animals in this group exhibited rapid recovery, requiring reapplication of the medication, which may have contributed to the prolonged sedation observed in 28.57% of the cases. Obese animals tend to show delayed signs of recovery, which is justified by the fact that these animals have lower metabolic rates compared to animals with adequate body scores (Gillooly et al., 2001).
Young animals, especially kits, also tend to manifest a slow recovery. Although it is widely reported that young animals have rapid sedation recovery, neonatal and pediatric individuals have physiological peculiarities that can alter the distribution and metabolism of drugs, which could explain the delayed recovery. In particular, the hepatic system in these animals is not fully developed, which may increase the elimination time of drugs and prolong their effects. Additionally, other factors such as lower body fat content, higher permeability of the blood-brain barrier, lower levels of plasma proteins and immature renal function may also increase the recovery time of different drugs (Cunha, 2015).
Animals subjected to the DK protocol that exhibited prolonged recovery were administered atipamezole for reversal. This intervention led to muscle tremors and signs of excitement during the recovery phase, which was evaluated based on the presentation of behavior, stance, and natural species consciousness, corroborating with Lukasik’s (1999) studies. The maximum recovery time was one hour, with the presence of uncoordinated movements, attributed to the residual effect of ketamine, similar to the results found by Deresienski and Rupprecht (1989).
In contrast to the ketamine-dexmedetomidine group, the tiletamine-zolazepam protocol demonstrated superior efficacy, ensuring better physiological stability, prolonged sedation, and smoother recovery, reinforcing its safety and effectiveness for short, painless procedures in coatis (Nasua nasua). Although the dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination can be effective for chemical restraint of coatis, the doses used in this study exhibited a short duration period and caused more significant physiological alterations.
The findings of this study have broader implications for coati management and conservation. Safe and effective sedation protocols are crucial for reducing stress during handling, which directly impacts animal welfare and conservation efforts. Coatis, often involved in monitoring, rehabilitation, and relocation, require protocols that minimize stress and long-term health effects. Understanding the impact of different drug combinations on recovery times is essential, as prolonged sedation or adverse effects can hinder rehabilitation and release efforts in wild populations.
Future studies should explore the effects of varying doses and combinations on both sedation quality and physiological stability, particularly for protocols intended for different durations or more complex procedures. Additionally, considering the study's limitations, such as sample size and individual variation in drug response, further research with larger populations could enhance protocol recommendations, supporting the conservation and welfare of wild coati populations.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the National Iguaçú Park (Foz do Iguaçu - Paraná, Brazil) and The Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation for their involvement in data collection and recording, without their help the execution of this research would not have been possible
References
-
AHMAD, A.A., DOUAY, G., LOW, M.-R., FABBRI, S. and CHEN, H.C., 2021. Comparison of the effects of butorphanol-midazolam-medetomidine and butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine in wild common palm civets (Paradoxurus musangus). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 380-387. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.02.003 PMid:33827780.
» http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.02.003 -
AVNI-MAGEN, N., ZAFRIR, B., KING, R., BDOLAH-ABRAM, T. and SHILO-BENJAMINI, Y., 2019. Immobilization of captive Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica) using medetomidine-ketamine or medetomidine-midazolam. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 662-666. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.06.003 PMid:31371196.
» http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.06.003 -
BARROS, F.F.P.C., QUEIROZ, J.P.A.F., MOTA-FILHO, A.C., SANTOS, E.A.A., PAULA, V.V., FREITAS, C.I.A. and SILVA, A.R., 2009. Use of two anesthetic combinations for semen collection by electroejaculation from captive coatis (Nasua nasua). Theriogenology, vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 1261-1266. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.01.003 PMid:19230962.
» http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.01.003 -
BEISIEGEL, B.M., 2001. Notes on the coati, Nasua nasua (Carnivora: Procyonidae) in an Atlantic forest area. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 689-692. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842001000400020 PMid:12071327.
» http://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842001000400020 -
CONFORTI, V.A., AZEVEDO, F.C., PAULO, O.L., MORAES, W. and DEDDENS, J.A., 2017. Chemical Restraint of Free-ranging South American Coatis (Nasua nasua) with a Combination of Tiletamine and Zolazepam. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 140-143. http://doi.org/10.7589/2016-02-045 PMid:27705101.
» http://doi.org/10.7589/2016-02-045 -
COSTA, E.M.J., MAURO, R.A. and SILVA, J.S.V., 2009. Group composition and activity patterns of brown-nosed coatis in savanna fragments, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 985-991. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000500002 PMid:19967169.
» http://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000500002 - CUNHA, A.F., 2015. Neonatal, pediatric, and geriatric concerns. In: L.B.C. SNYDER and R.A. JOHNSON, eds. Canine and feline anesthesia and co-existing disease. 1st ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 310-319.
-
DERESIENSKI, D.T. and RUPPRECHT, C.E., 1989. Yohimbine reversal of ketamine-xylazine immobilization of raccoons (Procyon lotor). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 169-174. http://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-25.2.169 PMid:2716096.
» http://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-25.2.169 - FANTONI, D.T. and CORTOPASSI, S.R. 2002. Medicação pré-anestésica. In: D.T. FANTONI, ed. Anestesia em cães e gatos. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Roca, pp. 151-158.
-
GILLOOLY, J.F., BROWN, J.H., WEST, G.B., SAVAGE, V.M. and CHARNOV, E.L., 2001. Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science, vol. 293, no. 5538, pp. 2248-2251. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061967 PMid:11567137.
» http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061967 -
KOLLIAS, G.V. and ABOU-MADI, N. 2014. Procyonids and mustelids. In: E.C. RAMSEY, D. HEARD and N. CAULKETT, eds. Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia. Ames: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 607-617. http://doi.org/10.1002/9781118792919.ch42
» http://doi.org/10.1002/9781118792919.ch42 -
LIN, H.C., BRANSON, K.R., THURMON, J.C., BENSON, G.J., TRANQUILLI, W.J., OLSON, W.A. and VÄHÄ-VAHE, A.T., 1992. Ketamine, Telazol®, Xylazine and Detomidine: a comparative anesthetic drug combinations study in ponies. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 109-115. http://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547317 PMid:1502994.
» http://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547317 - LUKASIK, V., 1999. Premedication and Sedation. In: C. SEYMOUR and R. GLEED, eds. Manual of small animal anaesthesia and analgesia Cheltenham: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, pp. 71-87.
-
MILLER, B.F., MULLER, L.I., DOHERTY, T., OSBORN, D.A., MILLER, K.V. and WARREN, R.J., 2004. Effectiveness of antagonists for tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine immobilization in female white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 533-537. http://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.533 PMid:15465721.
» http://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.533 - RASSY, F.B., 2010. Contenção química com dexmedetomidina associada à cetamina em quatis (Nasua nasua) e a reversão dos efeitos sedativos pela ioimbina e o atipamezole. Botucatu: Universidade Estadual Paulista, 90 p. Dissertação de mestrado em Medicina Veterinária.
- RESEARCH RANDOMIZER [online], 2024 [viewed 6 August 2024]. Available from: www.randomizer.org
- SINCLAIR, M.D., 2003. A review of the physiological effects of alpha2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 885-897. PMid:14664351.
-
WALZER, C. and HUBER, C., 2002. Partial antagonism of tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in cheetah. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 468-472. http://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.2.468 PMid:12038151.
» http://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.2.468
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
14 Feb 2025 -
Date of issue
2025
History
-
Received
06 Aug 2024 -
Accepted
18 Dec 2024
