Sorghum hybrids grown in hydroponics contrast for phosphorus use efficiency

Silva, K. J.; Santos, C. V.; Menezes, C. B.; de Sousa, S. M.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.253083

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.253083 copy

Sorghum hybrids grown in hydroponics contrast for phosphorus use efficiency

Híbridos de sorgo crescidos em hidroponia contrastam para eficiência de uso de fósforo

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) use efficiency is crucial for sorghum production. P acquisition efficiency is the most important component of P use efficiency. The early-stage evaluation of plant development is a useful tool for identifying P-efficient genotypes. This study aimed to identify sorghum hybrids that are efficient in P use efficiency and assess the genetic diversity among hybrids based on traits related to P acquisition efficiency. Thus, 38 sorghum hybrids and two inbred lines (checks) were evaluated under low and high P in a paper pouch system with nutrient solution. Biomass and root traits related to P efficiency were measured. There was no interaction between genotypes and P levels concerning all evaluated traits. The biomass and root traits, except root diameter, presented smaller means under low P than high P. Efficient and inefficient hybrids under each P level were identified. The genetic diversity assessment grouped these genotypes in different clusters. The hybrids AG1090, MSK326, AG1060, 1G100, AS 4639, DKB 540, and DKB 590 were superior under low-P and high-P. Hybrids SC121, 1236020 e 1167017 presented the lowest means than all other hybrids, under both conditions. The evaluated hybrids showed phenotypic diversity for traits related to P acquisition, such as root length and root surface area, which can be useful for establishing selection strategies for sorghum breeding programs and increasing P use efficiency.

Keywords:
abiotic stress; phenotyping; genetic variability; root morphology; Sorghum bicolor

Instituto Internacional de Ecologia R. Bento Carlos, 750, 13560-660 São Carlos SP - Brasil, Tel. e Fax: (55 16) 3362-5400 - São Carlos - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjb@bjb.com.br

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[1] *e-mail: sylvia.sousa@embrapa.br; cicero.menezes@embrapa.br

SV	DF	Mean square
SV	DF	RL	SA	RD	RV	SA1	SA2	SA3	RDW	SDW	RSR
		Low P
Genotype	39	15034.45**	1224.80**	0.01**	0.71**	452.38**	180.40**	7.01*	0.00007**	0.00003**	0.18**
Block	2	7448.64	282.61	0.01	0.07	33.82	39.17	0.44	0.00001	0.00001	0.18
Error	78	2894.08	242.80	0.00	0.17	74.51	77.04	4.20	0.00004	0.00002	0.02
Mean		368.55	101.23	0.88	2.23	48.58	36.43	4.91	0.02701	0.02346	0.91
h²		0.81	0.80	0.62	0.77	0.84	0.57	0.40	0.40370	0.43170	0.88
C.V.		14.60	15.39	6.18	18.24	17.77	24.09	41.74	23.34188	18.06008	16.11
		High P
Genotype	39	15219.18**	1237.79**	0.01**	0.74**	413.76**	207.04*	5.56^ns	0.00008**	0.00003**	0.067**
Block	2	58122.44	6245.93	0.01	4.08	1341.30	6.01	8.45	0.00001	0.00000	0.00
Error	78	2870.30	221.02	0.00	0.14	79.04	74.92	4.80	0.00003	0.00001	0.03
Mean		396.96	105.42	0.85	2.25	52.58	36.10	4.77	0.02916	0.02341	0.83
h²		0.81	0.82	0.72	0.81	0.81	0.64	0.14	0.60550	0.70280	0.61
C.V.		13.50	14.10	5.16	16.42	16.91	23.98	45.91	19.02373	13.68129	19.26

SV	DF	Mean square
SV	DF	RL	SA	RD	RV	SA1	SA2	SA3	SDW	RDW	RSR
Genotype (G)	39	27862.74**	2215.05**	0.012**	1.26**	804.77**	322.80**	8.32**	0.00013**	0.00006*	0.22**
P level (P)	1	48426.83**	1051.48*	0.059**	0.014^ns	959.40**	6.61^ns	1.14^ns	0.00028**	0.00001^ns	0.40**
G vs P	39	2390.89^ns	247.52^ns	0.0025^ns	0.19^ns	61.36^ns	64.63^ns	4.26^ns	0.00002^ns	0.00001^ns	0.03^ns
Error	158	3274.661	266.530	0.002	0.171	84.873	75.18	4.48	0.0000	0.0000	0.025
Mean		382.753	103.325	0.862	2.241	50.578	36.26	4.84	0.0281	0.0234	0.872
h²		0.88	0.51	0.17	0.45	0.57	0.52	0.41	0.6	0.6900	0.55
CVe (%)		14.95	15.80	5.78	18.43	18.22	23.91	43.73	20.8171	15.5572	18.02
CVg (%)		16.73	17.44	4.64	19.05	21.66	17.72	16.53	14.1952	11.8110	20.86
CVg/CVe (%)		1.12	1.10	0.80	1.03	1.19	0.74	0.38	0.6819	0.7592	1.16

Code	Hybrids	RL				SA				RD				SA1				SA2				SA3				RSR
Code	Hybrids	Low-P		High-P		Low-P		High-P		Low-P		High-P		Low-P		High-P		Low-P		High-P		Low-P		High-P		Low-P		High-P
1	BRS 373	384.6	a	415.9	a	108.2	a	103.4	b	0.89	a	0.79	b	50.0	a	55.5	b	27.2	b	30.9	b	3.8	b	3.5	a	0.9	a	0.8	a
2	BRS 330	313.7	b	349.9	b	84.5	b	92.7	b	0.86	b	0.86	a	38.3	b	46.0	b	31.9	b	29.9	b	3.7	b	2.9	a	1.0	a	1.0	a
3	BRS 332	318.2	b	375.3	b	85.9	b	100.0	b	0.86	b	0.84	a	43.7	a	51.8	b	41.4	a	27.8	b	7.4	a	4.1	a	0.8	a	0.8	a
4	1G 100	433.3	a	508.8	a	123.7	a	137.9	a	0.91	a	0.87	a	56.0	a	72.4	a	44.9	a	47.3	a	6.9	a	5.0	a	1.1	a	0.8	a
5	1G 220	234.3	b	275.9	c	60.6	c	70.3	c	0.82	b	0.81	b	29.9	b	35.1	c	41.1	a	38.4	a	5.2	b	5.9	a	0.9	a	0.8	a
6	1G244	375.8	a	405.5	a	92.2	b	95.8	b	0.79	b	0.76	b	47.3	a	51.7	b	41.7	a	39.5	a	5.3	a	4.6	a	0.9	a	0.8	a
7	1G 282	375.4	a	374.3	b	102.9	a	99.9	b	0.86	b	0.85	a	50.5	a	50.1	b	35.5	b	38.4	a	4.8	b	4.1	a	0.8	a	0.8	a
8	50A10	357.2	a	363.6	b	100.6	a	106.0	a	0.90	a	0.93	a	44.2	a	46.8	b	47.8	a	41.8	a	6.0	a	5.7	a	1.0	a	0.9	a
9	50A50	408.4	a	423.9	a	114.8	a	101.1	b	0.89	a	0.75	b	56.6	a	59.1	a	36.7	b	44.9	a	5.5	a	6.1	a	0.9	a	0.8	a
10	50A70	410.3	a	357.4	b	116.2	a	98.2	b	0.90	a	0.88	a	55.3	a	46.7	b	31.5	b	36.2	a	3.3	b	5.4	a	0.7	a	0.8	a
11	AG 1040	371.1	a	451.7	a	109.3	a	124.3	a	0.94	a	0.87	a	48.6	a	59.3	a	30.2	b	30.6	b	4.0	b	4.6	a	0.9	a	0.8	a
12	AG 1060	432.9	a	514.8	a	124.1	a	152.7	a	0.92	a	0.94	a	57.3	a	62.7	a	48.3	a	43.8	a	7.7	a	5.7	a	0.9	a	0.7	a
13	AG 1080	393.0	a	417.4	a	112.9	a	111.2	a	0.92	a	0.86	a	52.9	a	55.6	b	19.8	b	16.8	b	3.4	b	2.1	a	0.9	a	0.7	a
14	AG 1090	486.7	a	487.3	a	135.6	a	127.2	a	0.89	a	0.82	b	73.2	a	70.3	a	35.6	b	28.9	b	6.4	a	4.4	a	0.9	a	0.8	a
15	AS 4615	372.0	a	450.4	a	102.7	a	121.0	a	0.88	a	0.86	a	45.1	a	60.1	a	33.7	b	42.6	a	5.1	b	6.3	a	0.8	a	0.7	a
16	AS 4625	372.8	a	437.5	a	102.8	a	116.1	a	0.88	a	0.85	a	53.5	a	61.1	a	31.3	b	42.6	a	3.5	b	8.7	a	0.9	a	0.8	a
17	AS 4639	422.7	a	457.5	a	115.2	a	119.4	a	0.86	b	0.83	b	57.1	a	63.7	a	49.0	a	49.3	a	7.2	a	8.6	a	0.9	a	0.7	a
18	DKB 540	403.0	a	437.7	a	110.1	a	122.6	a	0.87	a	0.88	a	54.4	a	57.2	a	47.0	a	46.3	a	8.7	a	4.9	a	0.8	a	0.9	a
19	DKB 550	332.3	a	443.4	a	82.9	b	110.2	a	0.79	b	0.79	b	41.2	a	61.0	a	41.0	a	45.4	a	6.6	a	5.5	a	0.7	a	0.7	a
20	DKB 590	439.1	a	456.4	a	121.1	a	123.2	a	0.88	a	0.86	a	64.2	a	62.8	a	34.5	b	49.3	a	4.5	b	4.3	a	0.7	a	0.7	a
21	MSK 120	317.3	b	350.0	b	89.6	b	93.0	b	0.91	a	0.84	a	37.9	b	43.0	b	43.3	a	49.0	a	6.0	a	6.3	a	0.7	a	0.7	a
22	MSK 326	475.7	a	498.8	a	134.0	a	134.1	a	0.90	a	0.85	a	66.6	a	65.4	a	33.9	b	34.9	b	4.0	b	4.0	a	0.8	a	0.7	a
23	MSK 330	430.3	a	358.1	b	123.5	a	95.2	b	0.92	a	0.84	a	61.3	a	46.6	b	49.8	a	40.3	a	4.9	b	4.6	a	0.8	a	0.8	a
24	Jade	415.0	a	375.5	b	106.6	a	93.1	b	0.82	b	0.79	b	58.7	a	50.7	b	34.1	b	43.1	a	3.7	b	5.7	a	1.0	a	1.0	a
25	A 6304	353.7	a	417.3	a	93.9	b	111.0	a	0.84	b	0.84	a	48.5	a	58.9	a	35.0	b	37.0	a	3.7	b	5.8	a	0.9	a	0.9	a
26	XB 6022	447.9	a	431.8	a	116.4	a	106.2	a	0.83	b	0.78	b	52.6	a	60.5	a	23.8	b	31.4	b	6.2	a	4.5	a	1.0	a	0.9	a
27	80G80	338.1	a	380.4	b	104.5	a	108.2	a	1.00	a	0.90	a	43.4	a	47.8	b	28.1	b	27.1	b	4.0	b	3.7	a	0.7	a	0.7	a
28	AGN8040	397.5	a	409.1	a	107.2	a	106.6	a	0.85	b	0.83	a	54.2	a	55.5	b	43.1	a	38.5	a	5.3	a	5.7	a	0.9	a	0.9	a
29	AGN 70635	373.0	a	420.5	a	98.4	a	101.2	b	0.84	b	0.76	b	51.1	a	59.1	a	32.5	b	29.1	b	2.7	b	3.4	a	0.9	a	0.9	a
30	BM 737	359.7	a	402.7	a	100.0	a	115.8	a	0.88	a	0.92	a	49.3	a	53.0	b	44.4	a	31.2	b	5.7	a	5.0	a	1.0	a	0.9	a
31	Buster	373.2	a	371.7	b	91.2	b	93.8	b	0.78	b	0.81	b	51.3	a	53.8	b	41.0	a	40.9	a	4.8	b	5.5	a	0.8	a	0.7	a
32	Bravo	337.9	a	386.5	b	88.2	b	105.7	a	0.83	b	0.86	a	44.6	a	51.4	b	41.9	a	35.2	b	4.2	b	4.8	a	0.7	a	0.7	a
33	FOX	310.6	b	330.2	b	79.8	b	81.7	b	0.81	b	0.79	b	34.1	b	43.8	b	35.5	b	37.1	a	3.5	b	4.8	a	0.7	a	0.7	a
34	A 9721 R	374.8	a	402.3	a	106.5	a	111.1	a	0.90	a	0.89	a	52.9	a	55.4	b	42.0	a	37.0	a	7.7	a	3.8	a	0.9	a	0.8	a
35	A 9735 R	441.9	a	470.7	a	117.7	a	129.0	a	0.85	b	0.87	a	60.7	a	64.0	a	37.6	a	23.0	b	3.5	b	2.8	a	0.8	a	0.7	a
36	1167092	387.6	a	392.8	a	116.0	a	109.1	a	0.95	a	0.89	a	54.9	a	53.1	b	31.9	b	27.4	b	4.3	b	3.2	a	0.8	a	0.9	a
37	1236020	226.4	b	340.4	b	66.3	c	97.4	b	0.94	a	0.91	a	19.3	c	22.4	c	34.0	b	31.7	b	3.9	b	3.7	a	0.7	a	0.4	b
38	1167017	263.0	b	231.2	c	77.7	b	62.5	c	0.96	a	0.86	a	19.9	c	23.8	c	27.9	b	30.7	b	3.1	b	4.3	a	0.4	c	0.4	b
39	SC121	113.9	c	147.0	d	33.3	d	40.3	c	0.95	a	0.89	a	14.4	c	19.0	c	28.7	b	32.9	b	3.6	b	4.0	a	0.6	b	0.6	a
40	KAT83369	367.8	a	356.7	b	92.3	b	88.6	b	0.80	b	0.79	b	48.0	a	46.8	b	18.5	b	15.8	b	2.8	b	3.2	a	0.6	b	0.6	a

Traits	Low-P			High-P
Traits	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC1	PC2	PC3
Total root length (cm)	-0.54	0.19	0.05	-0.51	0.19	0.04
Total surface area (cm²)	-0.49	0.23	0.26	-0.49	0.23	0.28
Root diameter (mm)	0.11	0.21	0.81	0.03	0.18	0.84
Root surface area (0-1 mm) (cm²)	-0.51	0.17	0.00	-0.52	0.14	-0.14
Root surface area (1-2 mm) (cm²)	-0.19	-0.68	0.13	-0.22	-0.64	0.20
Root surface area (>2 mm) (cm²)	-0.24	-0.62	0.24	-0.20	-0.67	0.12
Root-to-shoot ratio	0.35	-0.00	0.44	0.34	0.01	0.37
Explained variance (eigenvalue)	1.84	1.24	1.07	1.80	1.27	1.08
Proportion of total variance (%)	48.68	22.05	16.61	46.69	23.17	16.85
Cumulative variance (%)	70.72	87.33	94.93	46.59	68.76	86.61