Biochemical characterization for determination of genetic distances among different indigenous chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) varieties of North-West Pakistan

Shah, S. M. S.; Ullah, F.; Munir, I.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.232747

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 81 (4) • Oct-Dec 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.232747 copy

Biochemical characterization for determination of genetic distances among different indigenous chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties of North-West Pakistan

Caracterização bioquímica para determinação de distâncias genéticas entre diferentes variedades indígenas de grão-de-bico (Cicer arietinum L.) do noroeste do Paquistão

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Genetic distances among different chickpea varieties and evaluation of their free amino acid profiles were determined on the basis of Sodium dodecyle sulphate polyacrylamide gels electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Total soluble proteins were resolved on 10% SDS Polyacrylamide gel. Low variability in tested varieties was observed. Dendogram based on electrophoretic data clustered the genotypes into 2 groups. The results showed that the average protein content of all the varieties was 26.01% within the range 22.8% for Thal-2006 to 34.06% Sheenghar-2000 of dry seed weight. On the basis of total protein content Bittal-98, Dasht and Sheen Ghar-2000, Karak-3 and CM-98, Paidar -91 and Fakhr-e-Thal, C-44, Balaksar and KK-1showed similar concentrations for protein contents among each other but showed variation from the rest of the varieties. Different proteins were separated on the basis of changes in their molecular weights by means of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Dasht, CM-98, and Sheen Ghar showed 100% similarity. Balaksar and Fakhr-e- Thal, KK-2 and Chattan and KC-98, KK-1 and Lawaghar were 100% similar among each other but showed variation from the rest of the accessions. The overall dendrogram showed high and low level of variation among the accessions. The concentration of free amino acids varied among the 16 chickpea varieties. A significant difference of both essential and non-essential amino acids was found among the chickpea cultivars. The total concentration of essential amino acid was recorded 40.81 g/100 g protein while non-essential was recorded 59.18343 g/100 g protein in the given cultivars. The highest concentration of essential amino acids was found in C-44 followed by KK-2, KK-1 and Fakhr E Tal while the lowest concentration was recorded in Cm-98, Paidar-91 and Sheen Ghar-2000 respectively. Cultivars TAL-2006, Chattan and Karak-3 showed maximum concentration of both essential and endogenous amino acids. In conclusion; for broadening the genetic pools in breeding programs or to search for exotic characters, for instance new disease resistance alleles, accession with low similarity coefficients (Lawaghar and Battal-98) may be utilized. Furthermore the information acquired from this study could be used to device a proficient breeding approach intended at improving nutritional as well as broadening the genetic base of this essential food crop of Pakistan.

Keywords:
Chickpea; amino acid profile; SDS-PAGE; protein; genetic distances; free amino acids; genetic pool; plant breeding program

Lineage	Cluster	Percentage in total population	Genotype
L1	C1	6.25%	Bittal-98
L1	C2	25%	Paidar-91, Dasht, CM-98, Sheenghar-2000,
L2	C3	12.5%	Balaksar, Fakhr-e-Thal
	C4	25%	Karak-3, C-44, Pb-91, Thal-2006
	C5	31.25%	KK-2, Chattan, KC-98, KK-1, Lawaghar

	C-44	KARAK-3	BITTAL-98	DASHT	SHEEN GHAR-2000	PAIDAR-91	CM-98	BALAKSAR	PB-91	THAL-2006	CHATTAN	KC-98	LAWAGHAR	KK-1	FAKHR E TAL	KK-2	AVERAGE
C-44	0.00																0.00
KARAK-3	0.08																0.08
BITTAL-98	0.46	0.42															0.44
DASHT	0.54	0.50	0.14														0.39
SHEEN GHAR-2000	0.54	0.50	0.14	0.00													0.30
PAIDAR-91	0.46	0.42	0.25	0.14	0.14												0.28
CM-98	0.54	0.50	0.14	0.00	0.00	0.14											0.22
BALAKSAR	0.23	0.31	0.69	0.67	0.67	0.58	0.67										0.55
PB-91	0.00	0.08	0.46	0.54	0.54	0.46	0.54	0.23									0.36
THAL-2006	0.00	0.08	0.46	0.54	0.54	0.46	0.54	0.23	0.00								0.32
CHATTAN	0.15	0.23	0.36	0.46	0.46	0.36	0.46	0.39	0.15	0.15							0.32
KC-98	0.08	0.15	0.42	0.50	0.50	0.42	0.50	0.31	0.08	0.08	0.08						0.28
LAWAGHAR	0.15	0.23	0.50	0.46	0.46	0.36	0.46	0.25	0.15	0.15	0.17	0.08					0.29
KK-1	0.23	0.31	0.46	0.40	0.40	0.30	0.40	0.33	0.23	0.23	0.25	0.17	0.09				0.29
FAKHR E TAL	0.31	0.39	0.40	0.33	0.33	0.40	0.33	0.42	0.31	0.31	0.33	0.25	0.18	0.10			0.31
KK-2	0.31	0.39	0.55	0.50	0.50	0.40	0.50	0.27	0.31	0.31	0.33	0.39	0.33	0.27	0.36	0.00	0.38

	C-44	KARAK-3	BITTAL-98	DASHT	SHEEN GHAR-2000	PAIDAR-91	CM-98	BALAKSAR	PB-91	TAL-2006	CHATTAN	KC-98	LAWAGHAR	KK-1	FAKHR E TAL	KK-2
ASP	0.61	0.99	0.54	0.80	1.05	0.66	0.38	0.84	0.55	0.26	1.11	0.36	1.13	1.11	0.97	0.93
THR	0.70	1.33	0.34	0.97	1.19	1.10	0.64	1.25	1.02	0.44	1.00	0.17	0.87	1.41	2.26	1.65
SCR	0.45	0.59	0.56	2.95	0.78	0.71	0.36	0.89	0.86	0.62	0.52	0.67	0.41	0.61	0.36	0.65
GLU	2.72	3.29	2.30	0.00	3.07	2.61	1.70	3.41	3.34	1.01	3.49	2.79	3.06	3.04	0.00	3.25
PRO	0.45	0.84	0.71	0.93	0.62	0.72	0.37	0.80	0.88	0.40	0.82	0.58	0.78	0.77	2.59	0.85
GLY	0.23	0.84	0.63	0.61	0.53	0.71	0.37	0.69	0.71	0.80	0.94	0.70	1.03	1.15	0.78	1.40
ALA	0.00	0.40	1.64	1.98	1.24	0.94	2.95	1.16	1.88	3.45	1.33	0.40	0.77	0.90	0.96	1.12
VAL	4.18	2.45	2.12	2.13	1.33	0.63	0.89	1.40	0.29	2.68	1.87	0.77	0.00	1.16	0.84	1.14
MET	3.26	1.05	0.00	0.40	0.00	0.32	0.32	0.50	0.22	0.65	0.24	1.42	1.26	1.84	1.22	0.23
ILE	0.70	0.13	1.47	0.11	0.12	0.00	0.49	0.50	1.45	0.83	1.21	0.14	2.49	0.33	2.02	0.62
LEU	0.17	0.38	0.24	0.25	0.55	0.15	0.15	0.57	0.45	0.69	0.55	0.88	0.24	1.33	0.42	1.39
TYR	1.14	0.13	0.07	0.66	0.55	0.32	0.00	0.54	0.77	0.00	0.00	0.39	1.60	0.22	1.31	0.34
PHE	0.23	0.30	0.23	0.38	0.40	0.33	0.22	0.42	0.51	0.50	0.00	0.22	0.33	0.24	0.29	0.30
HIS	0.59	1.18	1.26	0.63	0.53	0.33	1.02	0.66	0.62	2.59	1.13	0.48	2.71	0.36	0.54	0.39
LYS	0.34	0.93	1.07	0.81	0.60	0.54	0.49	0.72	1.17	0.44	1.57	1.33	0.00	1.52	0.32	1.68
NH3	0.61	0.08	0.16	0.70	0.92	0.55	0.13	0.84	1.06	1.28	0.42	0.21	0.00	0.54	1.70	0.43
ARG	0.28	1.77	3.32	2.38	3.20	6.06	6.20	1.49	0.90	0.00	0.44	5.15	0.00	0.12	0.09	0.30

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