First records of melanistic Euglossa ( Hymenoptera : Apidae ) : evolutionary implications

Neotropical orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossina) are conspicuous due to their vivid and metallic colors. Nevertheless, except for a few comments, usually concerning the appropriateness of using coloration as a taxonomic character (e.g. Rebêlo and Moure, 1996; Nemésio, 2005, 2009; Bembé, 2007), virtually nothing is known about color production and evolution in orchid bees. Based on studies on other organisms, it is hypothesized that orchid-bee setae are primarily pigmentcolored, whereas integument due its color to chemical (pigments) and physical (light refraction or reflection) factors (Nemésio, 2009). Very few color aberrations have been noticed among orchid bees, most of them concerning color alteration of setae, especially in Eulaema (e.g. Nemésio, 2002). No integumental color alteration has been reported in orchid bees to date. During surveys of orchid bees in northeastern Brazil (states of Paraíba and Pernambuco), two aberrant specimens of Euglossa carolina Nemésio, 2009 were collected. All characters (overall size, shape of metatiba, shape of mesotibial tufts, length of paraocular ivory markings and ivory markings on the scapes, punctation see Figures 1 and 2) clearly correspond to those of ordinary E. carolina specimens, except integument coloration. The specimen from Pernambuco (Figure 1) is entirely blackish, whereas the specimen from Paraíba (Figure 2), presents blackish coloration especially on frons, mesosoma and metasoma (Figure 2A-C). On each tergum, only a tiny distal stripe of green coloration remains (Figure 2A-B).

Neotropical orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossina) are conspicuous due to their vivid and metallic colors.Nevertheless, except for a few comments, usually concerning the appropriateness of using coloration as a taxonomic character (e.g.Rebêlo and Moure, 1996;Nemésio, 2005Nemésio, , 2009;;Bembé, 2007), virtually nothing is known about color production and evolution in orchid bees.Based on studies on other organisms, it is hypothesized that orchid-bee setae are primarily pigmentcolored, whereas integument due its color to chemical (pigments) and physical (light refraction or reflection) factors (Nemésio, 2009).Very few color aberrations have been noticed among orchid bees, most of them concerning color alteration of setae, especially in Eulaema (e.g.Nemésio, 2002).No integumental color alteration has been reported in orchid bees to date.
During surveys of orchid bees in northeastern Brazil (states of Paraíba and Pernambuco), two aberrant specimens of Euglossa carolina Nemésio, 2009 were collected.All characters (overall size, shape of metatiba, shape of mesotibial tufts, length of paraocular ivory markings and ivory markings on the scapes, punctation -see Figures 1 and 2) clearly correspond to those of ordinary E. carolina specimens, except integument coloration.The specimen from Pernambuco (Figure 1) is entirely blackish, whereas the specimen from Paraíba (Figure 2), presents blackish coloration especially on frons, mesosoma and metasoma (Figure 2A-C).On each tergum, only a tiny distal stripe of green coloration remains (Figure 2A-B).
Among Apini, vivid metallic colors are usually considered an apomorphy of Euglossina (Oliveira, 2006).Nevertheless, members of Eulaema usually lack metallic colors and present black integument, except for some metallic hues on terga of members of the subgenus Eulaema and on the distal three terga of Eulaema (Apeulaema) nigrita Lepeletier, 1841.It is noticeable, however, that Eulaema has never been considered a basal clade within Euglossina (see Kimsey, 1982Kimsey, , 1987;;Michener, 1990;Engel, 1999;Oliveira, 2006;Ramírez et  al., 2010).On the contrary, genera comprising only species with metallic colors have usually been presented as potential basal clades, as Aglae (see Kimsey, 1982;Oliveira, 2006) and Exaerete (see Ramírez et al., 2010).If our current knowledge is correct, it is highly possible that the common ancestor of all orchid bees presented metallic coloration, and the blackish integument of Eulaema, some Eufriesea and even some Euglossa belonging to the E. decorata Smith, 1874 reveals the loss of this character in most (Eulaema) or in some parts (Eufriesea and E. decorata and allies) of their integuments.
The record of these mutant blackish E. carolina is the first evidence that reversion of metallic green to blackish integument is possible and occurs naturally, supporting the current view tha Eulaema is possibly a derived clade within Euglossina.Hopefully, this finding can call attention to this mostly unexplored and outstanding feature of orchid bees: production and evolution of colors.
The specimens here reported are currently deposited at the Entomological Collection of the `Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais', with the following label data: