CYTOGENETICS OF THE BRAZILIAN WHIPTAIL LIZARD Cnemidophorus littoralis ( TEIIDAE ) FROM A RESTINGA AREA ( BARRA DE MARICÁ ) IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL

Chromosomes of Cnemidophorus littoralis, a new species of teiid lizard recently described, were studied. The animals are from a restinga area in Barra de Maricá, RJ. The karyotype presents a diploid number of 2n = 46 chromosomes and a chromosomal sex determination mechanism of the type XX:XY. Nucleolar organizer regions, Ag-NORs, are at the sixth pair of chromosomes; there is variability of size and number of the Ag-stained nucleoli on the 50 interphase nuclei for each specimen analyzed. These nucleoli are related to NOR patterns that also demonstrated variability in size and number. This paper presents the first description of the karyotype of Cnemidophorus littoralis and of a chromosomal sex determination mechanism of the XX:XY type in the genus Cnemidophorus from Southeastern Brazil.


INTRODUCTION
Within the family Teiidae, chromosomes of Cnemidophorus and Ameiva genera have been intensively studied.Cnemidophorus contains 32 species with numerical and structural variability in the karyotypes, chromosomal numbers ranging from 46 to 52 in diploid species, 69 to 71 in triploids, and 92 in tetraploids (Peccinini-Seale, 1969;Gorman, 1970;Peccinini-Seale, 1981, 1989).The karyotype variation observed in this genus indicates that centric fusions and/or fissions and pericentric inversions have occurred.
The sex determination mechanisms in Sauria are not yet completely understood.Sex chromosome evolution in lizards is considered to be relatively recent and data from some families suggest that they have multiple origins (Beçak, 1983).There are species with chromosomal sex determination mechanisms ascribed to male heterogamety in the families Iguanidae (see Frost & Etheridge, 1989), Lacertidae, Teiidae, Scincidae, and Pygopodidae; female heterogamety is known in the families Gekkonidae, Varanidae, and Lacertidae (for a review, see Peccinini-Seale, 1981 and references therein).In the genus Cnemidophorus, Cole et al. (1969) and Bull (1978) reported a chromosomal sex determination mechanism of the type XX:XY for Cnemidophorus tigris.
The cogeneric Cnemidophorus lemniscatus from Brazilian Amazonia is apparently related to C. ocellifer, but they have never been seen in simpatry (Peccinini-Seale, pers. obs.).Several populations of C. lemniscatus have been intensively studied so as to clarify the nature and origins of parthenogenesis within the group (Peccinini-Seale, 1989;Sites et al., 1990, and references therein).Geographic variation exists in the karyotype; while no chromosomal sex determination mechanism has been found.Within South American lizards, only two other species of Cnemidophorus, besides those of the lemniscatus group, have been karyotyped: the bisexual species C. lacertoides (Cole et al., 1979) and the unisexual species C. nativo (Rocha et al., 1997).
Cnemidophorus nativo, previously considered as C. ocellifer, was recently described as a new species by Rocha et al. (1997).This was also the first description, within the ocellifer group, of a new unisexual population of lizards with diploid thelytok parthenogenesis and chromosomal structural heterozygosity.Recently, a new species called C. vacariensis of the lacertoides group has been described by Feltrim & Lema (2000).In addition, four new species from the ocellifer group have recently been described: C. littoralis, an endemic species from the coastal areas of Rio de Janeiro State in Southeastern Brazil (Rocha et al., 2000); C. abaetensis, which is endemic in the sand dune habitats of Salvador (Dunas de Abaeté) and the northern coast of Bahia State (Dias et al., 2002); C. parecis (Colli et al., 2003), and C. mumbuca (Colli et al., 2003).This study describes the karyotype and the meiosis of a population of the endemic C. littoralis from the locality type for the species (Restinga da Barra de Maricá in Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil), which presents a chromosomal sex determination mechanism of the type XX:XY.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The karyotype of a population of C. littoralis from a restinga area of Barra de Maricá (22º57' 50"S and 43º50'40"W), in Maricá County, Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil is described.Restingas are coastal salt-sand dune habitats covered with sparse herbaceous and shrubby vegetation common to the Brazilian coast (Suguio & Tessler, 1984).This species is endemic to Rio de Janeiro State, with a northern limit of distribution at Grussaí.The geographically nearest species of the genus is C. nativo whose distribution is restricted to Espírito Santo State, north of the Doce River, and Southern Bahia State (Rocha et al., 1997).
Cytogenetic analyses were conducted via techniques adapted for lizards by Peccinini-Seale & Almeida (1986).Chromosome preparations were obtained from suspensions of bone marrow cells from the femur and vertebral column and of intestinal epithelial cells.Meiotic chromosomal spreads were prepared from testis cell suspension adapted for lizards by Peccinini et al. (1971).We used conventional Giemsa staining to analyze mitotic and meiotic chromosomes.For each of the six male individuals from Barra de Maricá we analyzed at least 11-21 complete metaphases.Nucleolar organizer regions, Ag-NORs, were stained according to Peccinini-Seale & Almeida (1986), modified for lizards by Bloom & Goodpasture (1976) and Howell & Black (1980).The chromosome nomenclature follows Levan et al. (1964) and the karyotype description, Peccinini-Seale (1981).We made the photographs on a Zeiss microscope with 1250X magnification.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The male karyotype of C. littoralis from Barra de Maricá is shown in Fig. 1.Metaphase analyses showed a diploid number of 46 chromosomes (2n = 46), with 24 macrochromosomes, of which 5 were submetacentric and 19 were telocentric and subtelocentric; there were 22 microchromosomes, the majority of which were telocentric and subtelocentric.The karyotype of this population may be represented as 2n = 46 (5; 19; 22).The sixth pair is heteromorphic, suggesting the occurrence of sex chromosomes of XY type, in which X is a large submetacentric and Y is a medium-sized telocentric.This corresponds to the first description of a XX: XY sex determination mechanism in the genus Cnemidophorus in Southeastern Brazil.Silver staining showed Ag-NORs in the eighth pair of chromosomes in the telomeric region (Fig. 2).There was variability in number (2-3 nucleoli) and size (small, medium, and large) of nucleoli in the 50 interphase cells analyzed (Fig. 3).This could indicate variability in ribosomal DNA transcription by the nucleoli organizers (Ruiz et al., 1984).The study of male meiosis showed 23 bivalents in the diakinesis-metaphase I cells; 12 bivalents are macrochromosomes and 11 bivalents, microchromosomes (Fig. 4).The bivalent 12, however, is unpaired, suggesting the presence of a heteromorphic pair (arrow, Fig. 4).This unpaired bivalent may also indicate the presence of a chromosomal difference related to a XX:XY sexual pair, which may be considered additional evidence of the occurrence of an XX:XY chromosomal sex determination mechanism in this species.
A higher number of cells in diakinesis-metaphase I should be analyzed.However, the seven meiotic cells in diakinesis-metaphase I showed a partially paired bivalent between two chromosomes of different sizes.This bivalent may be related to chromosomes which differ in morphology and in the size of the sixth pair, which has one large submetacentric and one small telocentric, observed in metaphase cells from mitotic preparations.Earlier stages of meiosis, preleptotene, leptotene, zygotenepachytene, and also metaphase II were observed.
The karyotype described for C. littoralis in this study is different in number and morphology of chromosomes from all the studied karyotypes of Cnemidophorus.Within South American lizards, the other species of the genus Cnemidophorus with this karyotype description are: several populations of three species of the Brazilian C. lemniscatus group; a few populations of one species of the C. lemniscatus group from Guyana with cytotype F; that of C. lacertoides; and that of the unisexual C. nativo.The bisexual and parthenogenetic populations of the Brazilian C. lemniscatus group have diploid numbers of 48 and 50 chromosomes and five different cytotypes: A, B, C, unisexual; D, E, bisexual.The first pair of chromosomes is homozygote or heterozygote for a pericentric inversion (Peccinini-Seale, 1989).Cnemidophorus lacertoides has 50 chromosomes and the third pair of chromosomes is homozygote for a pericentric inversion (Cole et al., 1979).Cnemidophorus nativo has 48 chromosomes and the second, seventh, and thirteenth pairs of chromosomes are heterozygote for pericentric inversions; the homologues are heteromorphic, differing in total relative length and centromere position (Rocha et al., 1997).In comparing the karyotype of C. littoralis from Maricá with those of other species of Cnemidophorus from South America, an interspecific variation in the karyotypes is observed.There is a reduction in the diploid number in C. littoralis due to centric fusions of microchromosomes.In this species, pericentric inversions occurred in the first and second pairs of chromosomes, which are of the submetacentric type.The XX:XY sex chromosomes are the most striking difference in the C. littoralis karyotype; these are not found in any other Cnemidophorus species.
Silver staining technique showed different patterns of ribosomal gene activity in C. littoralis in accordance with differences found in the size of Ag-NORs.In five karyotypes of the C. lemniscatus group and in the C. nativo karyotype, the Ag-NORs are also found in the eighth pair of chromosomes along with variability in the size of Ag-NORs.
Cnemidophorus lizards may constitute a group of different species or disjunct populations of one species undergoing rapid speciation, as in the case of unisexual and bisexual populations of the Cnemidophorus lemniscatus group from Brazilian Amazonia (Peccinini-Seale, 1989).We may assume this, based on the cascading chromosomal speciation model proposed by Hall (1973), which is similar to the stasipatric model of White (1968).The overall situation here examined generally resembles one proposed by Bickham & Baker (1979), whereby chromosomal rearrangements may become fixed by genetic drift in small, inbred demes, which subsequently undergo range expansion which is assumed to result in a competitive advantage.

Fig. 3 -
Fig. 3 -Interphase nuclei of intestine epithelial cells with variability in the number (1 to 3) and size of nucleoli.(A) Conventional staining; (B, C) silver nitrate precipitate staining.