New species of the Eiphosoma dentator ( Fabricius , 1804 ) species-group ( Hymenoptera , Ichneumonidae , Cremastinae ) from Brazil

A new species of Eiphosoma Cresson, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) is described based on five specimens collected in organic crops areas in Araraquara and Cravinhos municipalities, São Paulo State, Brazil. A diagnostic key to the neotropical Eiphosoma dentator species-group is also provided.


Introduction
Eiphosoma Cresson (1865) is a New World genus of Cremastinae (Ichneumonidae) comprising about 52 described neotropical species, 17 of which occur in Brazil (Costa Lima, 1953;Gauld, 2000;Yu et al., 2005;Fernández-Triana and Ravelo, 2007).The majority of Eiphosoma species occur in lowland habitats, and they are rarely encountered above 1500 m.The genus includes some of the commonest ichneumonid species to be seen and collected in open degraded habitats (Gauld, 2000).
Several species occur in agroecosystems and are important natural enemies of lepidopterous pests (Ashley et al., 1982;Gauld, 2000;Pozo, 2000;Fernández-Triana and Ravelo, 2007;Onody et al., 2009).Eiphosoma species are recorded as attacking a range of pyralid species like Diaphania hyalinata Linnaeus (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) (Gauld, 2000), although the species most commonly found E. laphygmae, attacks noctuids (Townes and Townes, 1966).There are multiple hosts reported in previous papers, but all require confirmation because the identification of species of Eiphosoma it is often suspected due to the fact that many species have many similarities between them (Gauld, 2000).
Whilst the genus Eiphosoma is very distinguishable and well-known, the species are difficult to identify (Gauld, 2000) due to the small number of taxonomic works and the recurrent use of coloration patterns.There have been three taxonomic reviews in the last century that treated New World tropics Eiphosoma species: Cockerell (1913), Costa Lima (1953) and Gauld (2000) (Fernández-Triana and Ravelo, 2007).
Eiphosoma gauldi sp.nov. is a new neotropical Eiphosoma species that belongs to the E. dentator speciesgroup.This group is characterised by the metapleuron densely punctate all over, straight ovipositor and uniformly hyaline fore wing.Only four neotropical species belonging to this group have been registered until now: E. dentator (Fabricius, 1804); E. mexicanum Cresson, 1874;E. yoron Gauld, 2000 andE. bioeco Fernández-Triana andRavelo, 2007.This paper describes Eiphosoma gauldi sp.nov., captured during a study carried out in agro-ecosystems in São Paulo state.A key to Neotropical Eiphosoma dentator species-group is also presented.

Material and Methods
This study is based on the examination of five Eiphosoma specimens that have been collected in agroecosystems, in Araraquara (21° 44,5' S and 48° 13,04' W) and Cravinhos (21° 18' 54" S and 47° 47' 39" W) municipalities, in São Paulo state, using Malaise and Moericke traps.The specimens collected were deposited in the collection of the Departmento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil (DCBU).The terminology follows Gauld (2000) and Fernández-Triana and Ravelo (2007).   of the occipital carina not meeting the hypostomal carina.However E. gauldi sp.nov.has a scutellum densely punctate all over, hind wing with only four distal hamuli and a longer malar space.

Description
Female-Large sized species (Figure 1), fore wing length 6 mm (Figure 3).Mandible weakly tapered towards distal end, with teeth more or less equal (Figure 4); clypeus, in profile, convex, malar space about 0.6 times as long as basal mandibular width (Figure 4); posterior ocellus separated from eye by 1× its own diameter.Pronotum with dorsal end of epomia raised; mesoscutum strongly punctate (Figure 5); scutellum more or less flat with punctures (Figure 5), mesopleuron with regularly punctate except in the black diagonal stripe; epicnemial carina reaching anterior end of pleuron about half way up pronotum; sternaulus strongly impressed anteriorly; metapleuron regularly punctate over entire surface (Figure 6); submetapleural carina present and moderately elevated (Figure 6).Propodeum usually smooth in the central furrow, laterally sparsely punctate; anterior and posterior tranverse carina complete (Figure 7); area basalis smooth, laterally often confluent with area postero externae.Hind leg with trochantellus, in dorsal view, 0.7× as long as the trochanter; hind tibia and tarsus densely spinose; hind tarsal claw with long stout pectinae to the end.Fore wing with areolet large, obliquely quadrate, shortly petiolate above (Figure 3).Hind wing with 4 distal hamuli.Ovipositor straight 1.1-1.3×as long as hind tibia; ovipositor sheath with long and dense pubescence.
Head yellow with frons centrally, interocellar area, part of occiput and gena black; mesosoma yellow with three longitudinal black marks on the mesoscutum, distal end of scutellum, a diagonal stripe and the anterior margin of metapleuron, anterior margin and median long stripe on propodeum black.Metasoma yellowish brown with apical tergite I and tergite II black.Anterior two pairs of legs yellow; hind legs yellow with spots on inner and outer sides of coxa, trochanter, apical and basal bands of femur, broad basal and apical bands on tibia and entire tarsus black.Wings hyaline, pterostigma dark brown.
• Male (Figure 2): Similar to female, but propodeum is more punctate.• Variation: The diagonal black stripe on mesopleuron sometimes is interrupted and the size of black marks near propodeal spiracles can be variable.• Host: unknown.