Taxonomic considerations on the genera Moneuptychia Forster

Euptychia soter Butler, 1877, the type species of Moneuptychia Forster, 1964, is compared to Satyrus paeon Godart, 1824, the type species of Carminda Dias, 1998. The male genitalia and wing design patterns of these species are dealt with. Some additional data from other species from both genera are also presented. The morphological comparisons carried out in this study indicate that Carminda is not a junior synonym of Moneuptychia. Thus, Carminda is revalidated.

respectively, with the same pattern observed on both the fore and hindwings.The ventral surfaces of both wings of M. melchiades have the same pattern, as illustrated by Hayward (1967).The ventral hindwing surface of the Carminda species has a conspicuous pattern that differs from that of the forewings.The latter are principally lightbrown, with a second median line present, whereas the first is reduced or absent (Figures 2-4).In the Carminda species, there are four small ocelli on the ventral hindwing surface, which are black and surrounded by an ocher ring and with some white scales (pupil) on the black area.These ocelli are located between the veins Rs -M1, M1-M2, CuA1 -CuA2 (the largest ocellus); Moneuptychia species also have ocelli between the M2 -M3 (generally two ocelli, which can be coalescent) and M3 -M4 veins.

Male genitalia
In the male genitalia of M. soter, in the dorsal view, the uncus is not laterally extended.In addition, the latero-posterior apophyses of tegumen are two short and conical projections (Figure 5) and the angular appendices are well developed and elongated (Figure 6).In the Carminda species, the uncus, in dorsal view, is extended or strongly extended laterally and the latero-posterior apophyses of tegumen are long, curved and tapered at the end, as illustrated by Ebert and Dias (1997).Furthermore, the angular appendices are not developed.As mentioned by Freitas (2007), the angular appendices are an important diagnostic characteristic of Moneuptychia, and they are not found in other Euptychiina.The male genitalia of M. melchiades, with visible angular appendices, was illustrated by Hayward (1967).Angular appendices were also illustrated by Freitas et al. (2010).Peña et al. (2006)

Wings
In the Carminda species, the outer margin of the hindwings is distinctly wavier than in the Moneuptychia species; in M. soter this margin is wavy, whereas it is only slightly wavy in M. itapeva and M. giffordi.In the Moneuptychia species, the outer margin of the forewings does not have waves, whereas in Carminda the waviness varies from wavy to slightly wavy.Both Moneuptychia and Carminda have hindwings with two undulating median lines, which are arranged from the costal margin to the anal margin.The first line crosses the discal cell near the center, and the second line crosses immediately after the apex of this cell.These lines are visible on the ventral hindwing surface, but only slightly visible on the dorsal surface.On the ventral hindwing surface of Carminda, these lines are extended as two transverse narrow or wide bands, which are wavy and distinctly angular, whereas the median lines are not so angular on the ventral hindwing surface of Moneuptychia.Moreover, the ventral hindwings of M. soter have wavy median lines, which are reminiscent of the Carminda species, but they are not angular; in M. itapeva and M. giffordi these lines are less wavy when compared with those of M. soter.On the ventral hindwing surface of the Carminda species, the staining located between the median lines does not differ from that observed on the rest of the wing, or it is clearer; in C. umuarama (Figure 2) this area is white with sparse gray scales, some of them grouped to form stains.The ventral forewing surface has an enlarged marginal line in C. paeon and C. umuarama, which is more noticeable in the latter.The ventral hindwing surface of the Carminda species has varied coloration, with dark-brown points that can be solid and coalescent, and there are also brown or ocher stains, which can be large and conspicuous.In the Moneuptychia species, the two median lines on the ventral hindwing surface are continuous with those on the forewings; the coloration on the ventral side is the same on both wings (Figure 1), and it is extremely variable, from light-brown to moderately dark, with sparse dark-gray points.In the M. soter, the presence of a yellowish band on both wings is not rare and it is located between the sub-marginal line and the second median line.Moneuptychia itapeva and M. giffordi also have variable staining on the ventral wing surfaces, as demonstrated by Freitas (2007) and Freitas et al. (2010)
The examined material belongs to the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP) and the Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR).

Table 1 .
The main characteristics for identifying the Moneuptychia and Carminda species.See text for additional explanations.