Owlet moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) associated with <i>Bt</i> and non- <i>Bt</i> soybean in the brazilian savanna

Luz, P. M. C.; Specht, A.; Paula-Moraes, S. V.; Malaquias, J. V.; Ferreira, L. F. M; Otanásio, P. N.; Diniz, I. R.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.179759

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 79 (2) • Apr-Jun 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.179759 copy

Owlet moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) associated with Bt and non- Bt soybean in the brazilian savanna

Noctuóides (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) associados a soja Bt e não-Bt no Cerrado brasileiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The use of GMO expressing Bt toxin in soybean production has increased significantly in the last years in Brazil in order to manage the damage caused by lepidopteran pests. In this study, we compared the richness and abundance of owlet moths (Noctuoidea) associated with Bt and non-Bt soybean. We determined the temporal variations as a function of phenology, and correlated the population variations of the most common species with meteorological variables. The research was conducted at the experimental area of Embrapa Cerrados. The collection method used was differentiated being suppressive and absolute. A total of 13 species were collected, of which eight occurred on Bt soybeans. The most representative taxa were Chrysodeixis includens (72.87%), Anticarsia gemmatalis (18.17%) and Spodoptera spp (5.22%). The number of larvae belonging to species targeted by the Bt technology was 10 times lower on Bt than on non-Bt soybeans. Utetheisa ornatrix and Elaphria deltoides were recorded on soybean for the first time, observing larvae of both species in non-Bt soybean and those of U. ornatrix also in Bt soybean. Only A. gemmatalis larvae correlated (p <0.05) negatively with precipitation. This study provided field information on the abundance and species richness of owlet moths on non-Bt soybeans, associated with the effects of Bt soybean. When considering the different levels of infestation between cultivars as a criterion, larvae monitoring is of substantial importance in order to develop the lost control program.

Keywords:
Anticarsia gemmatalis; Chrysodeixis includens; Cry1Ac toxin; Spodoptera spp

Collecting date	Phenological state of the soy ( Ritchie et al., 1985 RITCHIE, S.W., HANWAY, J.J. and THOMPSON, H.E., 1985. How a soybean plant develops . Ames: University of Science and Technology, Cooperative Extension Service, 20 p. Special Report, no. 53. ) ^a a Source adapted from: Ritchie et al., (1985) .	Phytosanitary Control Field
Before Sampling	Seed	Treatment: Carboxin + Thiram Vitavax-Thiram 200 SC + inoculant developed by Embrapa Cerrados.
Nov. 15 2015	Vegetative stage	Helmoxone® + Mineral oil
Dec. 01 2015	V₃. Third node, second trefoil open.	----------
Dec. 08 2015	V₄. Fourth node, third trefoil open.	Roundup Transorb R® + Mineral oil
Dec. 15 2015	V₅. Fifth node, fourth trefoil open.	----------
Dec. 22 2015	V₆.V₇. Sixth and seventh node, fifth and sixth trefoil open.	----------
Dec. 29 2015	V₈.V₁₀. Eighth to tenth node, seventh to tenth trefoil open.	----------
Jan. 05 2016	V₁₁.V₁₅. 11^th to 15^th node, 24^th trefoil open.	Aproach® Prima + Mineral oil
Jan. 12 2016	V₁₆.V₁₉. 16^th to 19^th node, 15^th to 18^th trefoil open.	Priori Xtra® + Mineral oil
Jan. 19 2016	V₂₀.V_21. 20^th to 21^st node, last trefoil open before flowering.	----------
Jan. 26 2016	R₁. Beginning of blooming: up to 50% of the plants with flowers.	----------
Fev. 02 2016	R₂. Full bloom.	Fox® and Cercobim® 500 SC + Mineral oil
Fev. 09 2016	R₃.R₄. End of blooming: flowers and pods up to 1.5-3 cm.	----------
Fev. 16 2016	R₄. R_5.1. Most pods on upper 1/3 measuring 4 cm, grains perceived by touch at 10% graining.	Opera® + Mineral oil
Fev. 23 2016	R_5.2. Most pods with 10%-25% graining.	Fox® + Mineral oil
Mar. 01 2016	R_5.3. Most pods with 25% - 75% graining.	----------
Mar. 08 2016	R_5.5. Most pods with 75% - 100% graining.	----------
Mar. 15 2016	R_6. Pods 100% graining and green leaves.	----------
Mar. 22 2016	R_7. From 50% to 76% yellowing of leaves and pods.	----------
Mar. 29 2016	R_8. More than 50% defoliation, pre-harvest.	----------

Family	Subfamily	Species	Non-Bt	% ⁽¹⁾	Bt	% ⁽²⁾	Total	% ⁽³⁾
Erebidae	Eulepidotinae	Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818	192	18.15	17	18.48	209	8.13
	Erebinae	Mocis latipes Guenée, 1852	8	0.76	0	0.00	8	0.00
	Arctiinae	Utetheisa ornatrix (Linnaeus, 1758)	12	1.13	4	4.35	16	25.00
Noctuidae	Heliothinae	Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, 1809	6	0.57	1	1.09	7	14.29
	Noctuinae	Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766)	2	0.19	0	0.00	2	0.00
		Elaphria agrotina (Gueneé, 1852)	6	0.57	2	2.17	8	25.00
		Elaphria deltoides (Möschler, 1880)	1	0.09	0	0.00	1	0.00
		Spodoptera albula (Walker, 1857)	8	0.76	0	0.00	8	0.00
		Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858)	5	0.47	3	3.26	8	37.50
		Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782)	28	2.65	10	10.87	38	26.32
		Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797)	4	0.38	2	2.17	6	33.33
	Plusiinae	Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858])	785	74.20	53	57.61	838	6.32
		Rachiplusia nu Gueneé, 1852	1	0.09	0	0.00	1	0.00
		Total	1058	-----	92	-----	1150	8.00

Phenological	non-Bt			Bt
Stage	$\bar{X}$ ± DP	CV %	χ²	$\bar{X}$ ± DP	CV %	χ²	P
	*All species*
V20-V21	0.2 ± 0.37	141	6.19	0.0 ± 0.05	173.21	3.50	^* * = significant at 5%,
R1	0.4 ± 0.47	101	19.40	0.00	0	0.00	^ = significant at 1%.
R2	2.4 ± 0.60	25	84.19	0.0 ± 0.11	173	3.29	^ = significant at 1%.
R3-R4	4.8 ± 2.15	44	116.94	0.5 ± 0.05	10	3.29	^ = significant at 1%.
R4-R5.1	10.1 ± 3.43	33	330.95	0.4 ± 0.66	153	24.80	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.2	7.5 ± 1.45	19	233.57	0.4 ± 0.69	173	29.73	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.3	4.1 ± 1.51	36	109.69	0.3 ± 0.05	15	1.83	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.5	3.2 ± 0.05	1	53.06	0.7 ± 0.65	93	11.15	^ = significant at 1%.
R6	1.1 ± 0.37	33	12.33	0.3 ± 0.15	41	3.14	^ = significant at 1%.
*Chrysodeixis includes*
V20-V21	0.2 ± 0.37	141	11.09	0.0	0	0.00	^ = significant at 1%.
R1	0.4 ± 0.47	101	19.40	0.0	0	0.00	^ = significant at 1%.
R2	2.1 ± 0.58	27	79.77	0.0 ± 0.05	173	1.63	^ = significant at 1%.
R3-R4	4.5 ± 2.23	48	116.08	0.0 ± 0.05	12	3.42	^ = significant at 1%.
R4-R5.1	7.7 ± 1.42	18	253.47	0.0 ± 0.49	147	16.02	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.2	5.2 ± 0.66	12	161.43	0.3 ± 0.51	173	20.70	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.3	2.3 ± 1.28	54	64.60	0.2 ± 0.10	50	0.85	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.5	2.1 ± 0.20	9	34.71	0.4 ± 0.56	121	15.39	^ = significant at 1%.
R6	0.5 ± 0.37	66	5.48	0.2 ± 0.00	0	1.22	^* * = significant at 5%,
*Anticarsia gemmatalis*
R3-R4	0.1 ± 0.11	86	5.54	0.0	0	0.00	^* * = significant at 5%,
R4-R5.1	1.2 ± 1.03	86	32.91	0.1± 0.17	173	9.69	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.2	1.6 ± 0.66	40	49.14	0.1 ± 0.17	173	9.44	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.3	1.5 ± 0.72	48	54.13	0.0 ± 0.05	173	1.32	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.5	1.0 ± 0.20	20	19.81	0.1± 0.15	91	4.33	^ = significant at 1%.
R6	0.5 ± 0.32	60	7.70	0.1 ± 0.15	114	5.19	^* * = significant at 5%,
Spodoptera spp.
V20-V21	0.0	0	0.00	0.0 ± 0.057	173	0.00	--
R1	0.0	0	0.00	0.0	0	0.00	--
R2	0.0	0	0.00	0.0	0	0.00	--
R3-R4	0.0	0	0.00	0.1 ± 0.10	100	4.15	^* * = significant at 5%,
R4-R5.1	0.6 ± 0.5	79	26.34	0.1 ± 0.10	100	0.00	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.2	0.6 ± 0.17	28	24.95	0.0 ± 0.05	86	0.00	^ = significant at 1%.
R5.3	0.1 ± 0.10	100	0.00	0.1 ± 0.10	100	0.00	ns
R5.5	0.0 ± 0.05	173	0.33	0.0 ± 0.05	86	1.04	ns
R6	0.0 ± 0.05	173	0.00	0.0 ± 0.05	173	0.00	ns

Species	Variables
Species	Mean temp.	Radiation	U.R.	Wind	Precipitation
Anticarsia gemmatalis	0.270ns	0.292 ns	-0.252ns	-0.065 ns	-0.509 ^* * = significant at 5%,
Chrysodeixis includens	-0.254ns	-0.041 ns	0.220 ns	0.143 ns	-0.141 ns
Spodoptera spp.	0.201 ns	0.284 ns	-0.196 ns	-0.105 ns	-0.289 ns

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[1] * e-mail: alexandre.specht@embrapa.br