Description of the female , pupa and gall of Pisphondylia brasiliensis Couri and Maia , 1992 ( Diptera : Cecidomyiidae , Schizomyiina ) with new

The gall of Pisphondylia brasiliensis on Guapira opposita, its female and pupa are described and illustrated. The geographic distribution of this species is now widened to Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). For the first time, a female of the genus is described.


Introduction
Guapira opposita Vell (Reitz) (Nyctaginaceae) is an arboreous-arbustive species of wide distribution, occurring all over Brazil, in diverse habitats from rain forests to rupestrian fields.The species exhibits large phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental variation (Furlan, 1996).This species is a superhost for galling insects within which Pisphondylia brasiliensis Couri and Maia, 1992 can be found (Maia, 2005).
Abdomen (Figure 4): tergites 1-7 rectangular, with complete row of posterior setae, several lateral setae, some setae at midlength, two basal trichoid sensilla and elsewhere with scattered scales.Tergite 8 laterally notched, with complete row of posterior setae.Sternites 2-6, with setae more abundant at midlength, complete row of posterior setae, several lateral setae, two basal trichoid sensilla and elsewhere with scattered scales.Sternite 7 with many scattered setae at distal 4/5 distal (bare at basal 1/5) and 1.7-2.0times as long as sternite 6. Sternite 8 not sclerotised.Ovipositor protrusible, elongated, pliable, with long ventral, sparse dorsal setae and tiny cercus (Figure 5); plastic pots layered at the bottom with damp cotton and covered by a fine mesh.These pots were checked daily.To obtain pupae and perform gall microscopical analysis, part of the samples was dissected under a stereoscopic microscope.
All insect material was deposited in the Diptera collection of Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ), and plant material at the BHCB Herbarium.

Gall description
Pisphondylia brasiliensis induces galls on the apical and axillary buds of young shoots of the host -Guapira opposita .These galls are round or elliptic, and covered with densely disposed small leaves (Figure 11).Gall induction also alters growing patterns, resulting in a rosette of small leaves.They are commonly monothalamous, but when oviposition sites are close enough, galls may coalesce creating 1-6 larval chambers.Gall coalescence causes great differences in size final gall.Before pupating, larva feeds on plant tissues, widening the chamber and opening an escape channel up to gall epidermis.The small leaves just around the exit hole created by the larva typically senesce.
The gall covering system is formed by the epidermis of small leaves.The ground system consists of a large mass of parenchyma cells within which a great number of vascular bundles differentiate.Schlerenchyma may limit the larval chamber (Figure 12).Even though P. brasiliensis galls induced on G. opposita are essentially monothalamous -with just one larvae per chamber -, some galls collected at Brumadinho, MG, exhibited two larvae per chamber.
when completely protracted 0.75 mm long (from caudal margin of tergite 8 to apex).
Galls from the two sampling areas are quite similar except for the coalescence and number of larval chambers, which may reveal differences in insect strategies for survival.For instance, Hinz (1998) found a higher probability of parasitoid attack in multi-chambered galls than in singlechambered ones.When females oviposit at the same site, their offspring might compete for vital resources, which is not essentially positive for species success.For the host plant, this oviposition behaviour may result in wider galls, and be more harmful because of a more powerful sink of photossimilates to gall site.

Discussion
The galls of P. brasiliensis are very distint from those of P. salvadorensis.The former can be described as a rosette of small leaves, whereas the latter is a hemispherical or blister hairy gall on leaves.
The pupa of P. brasiliensis differs from that of P. salvadorensis by the following characteristics: 1) body length: 3.2 mm in P. brasiliensis; 2.6 mm in P. salvadorensis; 2) upper frontal horn: present in P. brasiliensis and absent in P. salvadorensis; 3) lower frontal horn: present in P. brasiliensis and absent in P. salvadorensis; 4) number of rows of dorsal spines on abdominal segments 2-9: two in P. brasiliensis and four in P. salvadorensis; 5) length of prothoracic spiracle: normal in P. salvadorensis (0.135 mm long) and reduced in P. brasiliensis; 6) number of facial lateral papillae: two pairs in P. brasiliensis and three pairs in P. salvadorensis; 7) lower facial papillae: one pair setose and other bare in P. brasiliensis and both pairs setose in P. Salvadorensis, and 8) length of dorsal spines: 0.050 mm in P. brasiliensis and 0.064-0.065mm in P. salvadorensis.

Figure 11 -
Figure 11-12.Gall of Pisphondylia brasiliensis.11)general aspect of external morphology evidencing cover of small leaves; and 12) diagram of internal structures with predominance of parenchyma cells interspersed with small vascular bundles.