Reproductive aspects of native and endangered wild Betta fish (<i>Betta dennisyongi</i> and <i>Betta rubra</i>) from Aceh waters, Indonesia

Nur, F. M.; Batubara, A. S.; Fadli, N.; Rizal, S.; Siti-Azzizah, M. N.; Muchlisin, Z. A.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.290436

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Review Article • Braz. J. Biol. 85 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.290436 linkcopy

Reproductive aspects of native and endangered wild Betta fish (Betta dennisyongi and Betta rubra) from Aceh waters, Indonesia

Aspectos reprodutivos de peixes Betta selvagens nativos e ameaçados de extinção (Betta dennisyongi e Betta rubra) das águas de Aceh, Indonésia

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Betta dennisyongi and Betta rubra are ornamental fish native to Aceh waters, facing a decline in population due to overexploitation and environmental changes. Therefore, this research aimed to obtain information regarding the reproduction of B. dennisyongi and B. rubra. The study was conducted from January to December 2020, with B. dennisyongi and B. rubra samples collected from Nagan Raya Regency and Aceh Besar, respectively. Approximately 1,099 Betta fish samples were successfully collected, comprising 600 B. dennisyongi and 499 B. rubra. The results showed that sex ratio (male:female) analysis had 1:5 and 1:6 for B. dennisyongi and B. rubra, respectively, indicating a predominance of female. Further analysis showed that only 15% of female B. dennisyongi samples had mature gonads out of 505 and 3.7% of male among 95 B. dennisyongi. Female of B. dennisyongi showed first mature gonads at a size of 3.86 cm, while male had maturity at 3.99 cm. For B. rubra, only 11.1% of female and 26.9% of male samples showed mature gonads out of 432 and 67, respectively. Female of B. rubra first matured gonads at a size of 3.86 cm, while male had maturity at 3.90 cm. Reproductive analysis showed that both species were continuous spawners in the year, as indicated by mature gonads in each month of observation, with fluctuating percentages. The peak spawning period for B. dennisyongi occurred in October, while B. rubra was observed in January. Consequently, it was recommended not to catch these species during their spawning months to maintain the sustainability of these endangered species.

Keywords:
Aceh Besar; Nagan Raya; reproduction; Sundaland

Species	n	Standard length (mm)		Total length (mm)		Weight (g)
Species	n	Range	Mean±SD	Range	Mean±SD	Range	Mean Mean±SD
Betta dennisyongi	600	3.95-32.62	20.11±5.57	5.04-57.81	25.97±7.68	0.001-0.85	0.22±0.17
Betta rubra	499	9.82-37.17	21.87±5.91	12.12-45.45	27.88±7.57	0.02-1.02	0.26±0.22

Month	Female (n)	Presentation of mature gonadal female Betta dennisyongi (%)							Spawning frequency (days)	GSI min-max (mean±SD)	Presentation of mature gonadal male Betta dennisyongi (%)							Spawning frequency (days)	GSI min-max (mean±SD)	Male (n)
		I	II	III	IV	V	Gonadal development (%)				I	II	III	IV	V	Gonadal development (%)
		I	II	III	IV	V	Immature	Mature			I	II	III	IV	V	Immature	Mature
January	40	95.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	5.00	100.00	0.00	0	0.02-1.21 (0.13±0.19)	90.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	10.00	100	0.00	0	0.07-0.91 (0.25±0.24)	10
February	45	44.44	28.89	13.33	11.11	2.22	75.56	24.44	4	0.03-6.13 (0.89±1.77)	40.00	60.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100	0.00	0	0.04-1.04 (0.47±0.50)	5
March	46	63.04	8.70	17.39	6.52	4.35	76.09	23.91	4	0.02-6.72 (0.76±1.49)	75.00	25.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100	0.00	0	0.09-0.17 (0.12±0.04)	4
April	44	77.27	9.09	2.27	4.55	6.82	93.18	6.82	15	0.03-9.17 (0.57±1.44)	83.33	0.00	0.00	0.00	16.67	100	0.00	0	0.06-1.03 (0.40±0.42)	6
May	46	73.33	13.33	2.22	0.00	11.11	97.78	2.22	45	0.02-2.46 (0.51±0.56)	80.00	0.00	20.00	0.00	0.00	80	20.00	5	0.20-2.46 (0.79±0.94)	4
June	48	47.92	18.75	10.42	12.50	10.42	77.08	22.92	4	0.05-6.08 (0.95±1.37)	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100	0.00	0	0.34--43 (0.39±0.06)	2
July	47	72.34	8.51	10.64	4.26	4.26	85.11	14.89	7	0.03-7.57 (0.89±1.65)	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100	0.00	0	0.11-0.14 (0.13±0.02)	3
August	50	54.00	18.00	10.00	8.00	10.00	82.00	18.00	6	0.03-12.29 (1.47±3.01)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
September	49	59.18	14.29	6.12	10.20	10.20	83.67	16.33	6	0.05-12.04 (1.75±3.07)	0.00	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100	0.00	0	0.61	1
October	27	51.85	7.41	25.93	14.81	0.00	59.26	40.74	2	0.009-9.95 (3.13±3.60)	91.30	8.70	0.00	0.00	0.00	100	0.00	0	0.10-1.21 (0.35±0.27)	23
November	29	79.31	3.45	10.34	0.00	6.90	89.66	10.34	10	0.06-6.30 (0.77±1.49)	80.95	9.52	0.00	0.00	0.00	90	0.00	0	0.07 -0.64 (0.30±0.16)	21
December	34	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00	0.00	0	0.03-0.33 (0.10±0.07)	93.75	0.00	0.00	0.00	6.25	100	0.00	0	0.04-0.25 (0.12±0.06)	16

Month	Female (n)	*Presentation of mature gonadal female Betta rubra* (%)**							Spawning frequency (days)	GSI min-max (mean±SD)	*Presentation of mature gonadal male Betta rubra* (%)**							Spawning frequency (days)	GSI min-max (mean±SD)	Male (n)
		I	II	III	IV	V	Gonadal development (%)				I	II	III	IV	V	Gonadal development (%)
		I	II	III	IV	V	*Immature*	*Mature*			I	II	III	IV	V	*Immature*	*Mature*
January	19	15.79	15.79	21.05	21.05	26.32	57.89	42.11	2	0.14-9.11 (1.84±2.57)	0.00	33.33	33.33	0.00	33.33	66.67	33.33	3	0.18-0.48 (0.33±0.15)	3
February	24	66.67	12.50	12.50	8.33	0.00	79.17	20.83	5	0.05-18.15 (2.08±4.08)	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00	100.00	0.00	0	0.28	1
March	48	66.67	14.58	4.17	4.17	10.42	91.67	8.33	12	0.06-5.12 (0.79±1.01)	0.00	50.00	0.00	0.00	50.00	100.00	0.00	0	0.19-0.33 (0.26±0.10)	2
April	43	76.74	16.28	4.65	2.33	0.00	93.02	6.98	14	0.05-3.36 (0.50±0.66)	42.86	28.57	14.29	14.29	0.00	71.43	28.57	4	0.07-2.96 (0.57±1.05)	7
May	50	82.00	14.00	0.00	2.00	2.00	98.00	2.00	50	0.06-9.89 (0.61±1.40)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	n/a	n/a
June	38	60.53	26.32	5.26	2.63	5.26	92.11	7.89	13	0.04-5.79 (0.86±1.19)	33.33	22.22	22.22	11.11	11.11	66.67	33.33	3	0.04-0.34 (0.23±0.09)	9
July	26	46.15	23.08	7.69	7.69	15.38	84.62	15.38	7	0.11-13.16 (1.30±2.83)	9.09	9.09	27.27	27.27	27.27	45.45	54.55	2	0.13-1.92 (0.43±0.51)	11
August	47	78.72	2.13	12.77	6.38	0.00	80.85	19.15	5	0.03-8.59 (0.95±1.62)	33.33	33.33	0.00	33.33	0.00	66.67	33.33	3	0.18-0.76 (0.36±0.27)	3
September	44	84.09	11.36	0.00	4.55	0.00	95.45	4.55	22	0.05-4.34 (0.55±0.85)	0.00	83.33	0.00	16.67	0.00	83.33	16.67	6	0.24-0.67 (0.44±0.16)	6
October	37	83.78	8.11	2.70	5.41	0.00	91.89	8.11	12	0.05-4.95 (0.56±0.93)	69.23	7.69	7.69	15.38	0.00	76.92	23.08	4	0.07-0.69 (0.24±0.18)	13
November	44	70.45	11.36	4.55	4.55	9.09	90.91	9.09	11	0.05-11.80 (0.89±1.99)	66.67	0.00	0.00	0.00	33.33	100.00	0.00	0	0.19-1.76 (0.53±0.61)	6
December	12	58.33	16.67	8.33	8.33	8.33	83.33	16.67	6	0.10-2.52 (0.79±0.79)	11.11	22.22	11.11	0.00	22.22	55.56	11.11	9	0.09-0.92 (0.34±0.32)	6

Month	Betta dennisyongi				Betta rubra
	Sex (Ind)		Ratio sex		Sex (Ind)		Ratio sex
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
January	10	40	1	4	3	19	1	6.33
February	5	45	1	9	1	24	1	24
March	4	46	1	11.5	2	48	1	24
April	6	44	1	7.33	7	43	1	6.14
May	4	46	1	11.5	0	50	0	50
June	2	48	1	24	9	38	1	4.22
July	3	47	1	15.67	11	26	1	2.36
August	0	50	0	50	3	47	1	15.67
September	1	49	1	49	6	44	1	7.33
October	23	27	1	1.17	13	37	1	2.85
November	21	29	1	1.38	6	44	1	7.33
December	16	34	1	2.13	9	12	1	1.33
Total	95	505	1	5	70	432	1	6.17

Species	∑ Ind (n)	Standard length	Total length	Weight (gram)	Total fecundity (eggs/individual)	Relative fecundity (eggs/gram of fish)
Species	∑ Ind (n)	(mm)	(mm)	Weight (gram)	Total fecundity (eggs/individual)	Relative fecundity (eggs/gram of fish)
Betta dennisyongi	64	20.20-32.62 (27.11±3.24)	24.80-42.36 (35.04±4.30)	0.18-0.77 (0.43±0.15)	20-68 (37.47±7.43)	0.01-7.53 (2.38±1.95)
Betta rubra	46	23.80-34.93 (30.49±2.86)	30.04-45.06 (39.24±3.47)	0.35-1.02 (0.64±0.61)	30-73 (46.57±9.69)	0.06-8.55 (2.12±1.81)

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