Usos etnomedicinais e tradicionais das samambaias de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Irfan, M.; Jan, G.; Murad, W.; Jan, F. G.; Rauf, A.; Alsayari, A.; Almarhoon, Z. M.; Mabkhot, Y. N.

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.250256 copiar

Usos etnomedicinais e tradicionais das samambaias de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

As samambaias são frequentemente usadas pelos indígenas em Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Este estudo foi desenhado para coletar o conhecimento etnomedicinal e tradicional desses moradores sobre este grupo de plantas vasculares. Quarenta táxons pertencem a dezenove gêneros, e dez famílias são utilizadas no tratamento de diferentes doenças. Pteridaceae foi a família mais representativa com doze táxons (30%), seguida por Athyriaceae e Dryopteridaceae com seis táxons cada (30%), e Thelypteridaceae com cinco táxons (12,5%). Em relação aos gêneros, Adiantum, Asplenium e Dryopteris ficaram em primeiro lugar com quatro táxons cada (30%), seguidos por Aleuritopteris, Diplazium, Pteris e Equisetum com três táxons cada (30%), e Athyrium, Oeosporangium, Polystichum e Pseudophegopteris com dois táxons cada (20%). Estes táxons foram comumente usados no tratamento de distúrbios respiratórios, isto é, asma, bronquite, enfisema, pneumonia; úlcera intestinal, estômago, doenças urinárias e doenças da pele pelos métodos de decocção e infusão. O conhecimento tradicional sobre plantas etnomedicinais é uma fonte valiosa e essencial para a descoberta de medicamentos alopáticos, fitoterápicos e homeopáticos.

Palavras-chave:
etnomedicinal; ferns; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Paquistão; tradicional

Taxon	Family	Vernacular name	Part /s used	Method of application and Disease cured	UV	FL	RFC
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. subsp. adiantum-nigrum	Aspleniaceae	Sumbal	Yl	Ten grams extract of young leaves used orally for treatment of chest infections, i.e. asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia.	0.1	0.13	0.35
Asplenium ceterach L. subsp. ceterach	Aspleniaceae	Naroky	Yl, R	Young leaves extract used against enema in children. Women use rhizome decoction against miscarriage and infertility.	0.06	0.4	0.29
Asplenium dalhousiae Hook.	Aspleniaceae	Naroky	Yl	Decoction of young leaves used orally for ten days against hepatitis having anti-viral effects.	0.09	0.6	0.21
Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes	Aspleniaceae	Jenabil	Yl	Fifty grams leaves boiled mixed with coconut oil applied on skin for treatment of skin infections, i.e. leukoderma and psoriasis.	0.15	0.26	0.25
Athyrium atkinsonii Bedd.	Athyriaceae	Mangeti	Yl	Decoction of leaves mixed with gum Acacia powder used as an herbal tonic against body weakness.	0.9	0.5	0.21
Athyrium schimperi Moug. ex Fée subsp. biserrulatum (Christ) Fraser-Jenk.	Athyriaceae	Mangeti	Yl	Ten ml young leaves extract used to prevent ulcer and intestinal disorders.	0.3	0.1	0.25
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. subsp. fragilis	Athyriaceae	Kandad	Yl	Paste of young leaves mixed with mustard oil applied on hairs against dandruff, hair fall and maintains hair shine.	0.1	0.3	0.29
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw	Athyriaceae	Kunji saag	Yl	Young leaves palatable used as vegetable enriched with iron reduces iron deficiency and is diuretic.	0.4	0.6	0.32
Diplazium longifolium (D.Don) T.Moore	Athyriaceae	Kunji saag	Yl	Young leaves palatable used as vegetable enriched with iron and is purgative.	0.6	0.5	0.5
Diplazium maximum (D.Don) C.Chr.	Athyriaceae	Kunji	R	Decoction of rhizome used empty stomach removes intestinal worms.	0.6	0.33	0.6
Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai	Blechnaceae	Banjasa	R, Yf	Decoction of rhizome used orally at night after meal causes expulsion of intestinal worms. Infusion of young frond used to relieve stomach cramps and increase urine flow.	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dryopteris blanfordii (C.Hope) C.Chr. subsp. blanfordii	Dryopteridaceae	Mangeti	Yf	Paste of whole plant applied on skin against snake, scorpion and insect bites.	0.04	0.2	0.5
Dryopteris nigropaleacea (Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk.	Dryopteridaceae	Ratanjot	Yf, Yl	Fronds removes ghosts and unseen evils, leaves extract mixed with coconut oil applied on body to cure skin disorders, i.e. urticaria and sarcoma.	0.06	0.66	0.29
Dryopteris redactopinnata S.K.Basu & Panigrahi	Dryopteridaceae	Mangeti	R	Paste of rhizome mixed with olive oil used to cure eczema and stomachache.	0.08	0.46	0.41
Dryopteris stewartii Fraser-Jenk.	Dryopteridaceae	Mangeti	R	Decoction of rhizome used for twenty days orally against rheumatism.	0.09	0.33	0.61
Polystichum piceopaleaceum Tagawa	Dryopteridaceae	Kunji	Yf	Rhizome powder mixed with coconut oil and sugar used orally for healing of wounds.	0.1	0.53	0.15
Polystichum squarrosum (D.Don) Fée	Dryopteridaceae	Kunji	Yl	Fresh paste of young leaves used for curing of fire burns and skin disorders.	0.1	0.46	0.3
Equisetum arvense L. subsp. arvense	Equisetaceae	Bandaky	C	Decoction of strobilus used for seven days against bones weakness, arthritis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia and vitamin-D deficiency.	0.8	0.93	0.46
Equisetum arvense L. subsp. diffusum (D.Don) Frser-Jenk.	Equisetaceae	Bandaky	Wp	Whole Plant powder mixed with cow’s butter and sugar used as an incense to keep off fear in children.	0.6	0.96
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf.	Equisetaceae	Bandaky	C	Ten grams Strobilus powder mixed with 100 ml olive oil used in the treatment of stomach and intestinal disorders, i.e. ulcer.	0.8	0.32	0.68
Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn subsp. Crenatum	Hypodematiaceae	Kunji	R	Rhizome decoction used for one month orally against women infertility and menstrual disorders.	0.08	0.2	0.16
Marsilea minuta L.	Marsileaceae	Yah boty	Yl	Leaf poultice used as emollient for treatment of skin problems, i.e. swelling, irritation, inflammation, itching and scabies.	0.09	0.93	0.38
Adiantum capillus-veneris L.	Pteridaceae	Parshu shah	Yl	Ten grams of young leaves powder mixed with 100 grams of rice and sugar made into a cake, used against women sterility.	0.1	0.4	0.46
Adiantum incisum Forssk. subsp. incisum	Pteridaceae	Bishushah	Yf	Young frond 10 ml extract mixed with 100 ml mustard oil used against dandruff, hairs falling,baldness, i.e. alopecia areata and alopecia.	0.1	0.8	0.46
Adiantum tibeticum Ching	Pteridaceae	Parshushah	Yl	Ten ml young leaves extract mixed with boiled rice made into a cake used orally against gastroesophageal reflux, Celiac disease and gallstones.	0.12	0.6	0.19
Adiantum venustum D.Don	Pteridaceae	Sunrah	Y l	Ten grams Young leaves grinded powder mixed with sugar used orally for one week against common cold, Pertussis and seasonal influenza.	0.09	0.4	0.06
Aleuritopteris albomarginata (C.B.Clarke) Ching	Pteridaceae	Jenabil	Yl	Ten ml young leaves extract mixed with hot milk used once a day for three weeks to cure chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and dystonia.	0.08	0.94	0.07
Aleuritopteris formosana (Hayata) Tagawa	Pteridaceae	Jenabil	Yl	Young leaves extract mixed with honey used orally against body weakness and used as a herbal tonic.	0.07	0.9	0.21
Aleuritopteris grisea (Blanf.) Panigrahi	Pteridaceae	Jenabil	Yl	Ten grams young leaves extract mixed with cow butter, sugar used to enhance bones strength and reduce body weakness.	0.06	0.8	0.45
Oeosporangium nitidulum (Hook.) Fraser-Jenk.	Pteridaceae	Jenbil	Yl	Leaves extract used for treatment of cough, disorders of lungs, i.e. Bronchitis, Asthma and Pneumonia.	0.07	0.6	0.45
Oeosporangium subvillosum (Hook.) Fraser-Jenk. & Pariyar	Pteridaceae	Jenabil	Yl	Ten ml young leaves extract mixed with 100 ml olive oil used orally as herbal tonic.	0.1	0.53	0.26
Pteris cretica L. subsp. cretica	Pteridaceae	Thandi boty	Yf	Leaf poultice applied on skin for skin disorders, swelling, irritation and inflammation.	0.5	0.3	0.4
Pteris vittata L. subsp. emodi Fraser Jenk.	Pteridaceae	Ghwar boty	Yl	Young leaves extract mixed with 100 grams of black cow butter used orally once a day for one month against epilepsy.	0.6	0.13	0.35
Pteris vittata L. subsp. vittata	Pteridaceae	Zbarg boty	Yl	Young leaves paste used for treatment of body wounds and fire burns.	0.8	0.5	0.5
Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel.	Thelypteridaceae	Banjabsa	Yf	Ten grams young frond extract mixed with yoghurt used for treatment of crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome.	0.05	0.6	0.39
Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy	Thelypteridaceae	Kunji	R	Rhizome grinded powder mixed with coconut oil and sugar used orally against female infertility.	0.9	0.2	0.45
Phegopteris connectilis (Michaux) Watt	Thelypteridaceae	Banjasa	R	Young leaves extract mixed with two drops of honey and applied in nostrils twice a day effective in migraine.	0.05	0.4	0.2
Pseudophegopteris levingei (C.B.Clarke) Ching	Thelypteridaceae	Konji	R	Rhizome decoction mixed with olive oil and applied on ear and nose jewelries wounds healing.	0.2	0.4	0.4
Pseudophegopteris microstegia subsp. laterepens (E.W. Trotter) Fraser-Jenk.	Thelypteridaceae	Jenabil	Yl	Leaf extract mixed with Memordica extract used against diabetes mellitus.	0.1	0.35	0.16
Woodsia glabella R.Br. ex Richardson	Woodsiaceae	Manji boty	Yl	Young leaves extract used orally in cough & cold disorders of lungs, chest, i.e. Asthma and bronchitis.	0.1	0.2	0.2

Reported areas	Total no. of taxa	Taxa with same uses	Taxa with different uses	Taxa common in both areas	% of taxa with same uses	% of taxa with different uses	JI	Citation
Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India	30	04	02	06	13.33	6.66	2.57	Upreti et al. (2009)UPRETI, K., JALAL, J.S., TEWARI, L.M., JOSHI, G.C., PANGTEY, Y.P.S. and TEWARI, G., 2009. Ethnomedicinal uses of Pteridophytes of Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. The Journal of American Science, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 167-170.
Different parts of India	66	13	05	18	19.70	7.57	-1.0	Kumar et al. (2003)KUMAR, M., REMESH, M. and SEQUIERA, S., 2003. Medicinal pteridophytes of Kerala, South India. Indian Fern Journal, vol. 20, pp. 1-28.
Rajasthan India	16	05	02	07	31.25	12.50	5.50	Parihar and Parihar (2006)PARIHAR, P. and PARIHAR, L., 2006. Some Pteridophytes of medicinal importance from Rajasthan, India. Natural Product Radiance, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 297-301.
Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Orissa, India	33	06	03	09	18.18	9.09	3.33	Rout et al. (2009)ROUT, S.D., PANDA, T. and MISHRA, N., 2009. Ethnomedicinal studies on some pteridophytes of similipal biosphere reserve, Orissa, India. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 192-197.
Arunachal pardesh, North eastern india	51	06	02	08	11.76	3.92	0.79	Benniamin (2011)BENNIAMIN, A., 2011. Medicinal ferns of North Eastern India with special reference to Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 516-522.
Vindhyan Region (M.P.) India	16	03	01	04	18.75	6.25	3.14	Pathak et al. (2011)PATHAK, A., SINGH, A. and Singh, A.P., 2011. Ethnomedicinal uses of pteridophytes of Vindhyan Region (M.P.). International Journal of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 496-498.
Western Ghats, India	57	07	03	10	12.28	5.26	0.31	Benjamin and Manickkam (2007)BENJAMIN, A. and MANICKKAM, V.S., 2007. Medicinal Pteridophytes from Western Ghats. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 611-618.
Kolli Hills, Namakkal District,Tamil Nadu, India	10	04	01	05	40	10	5.0	Perumal (2010)PERUMAL, G., 2010. Ethnomedicinal Use of Pteridophyte from Kolli Hills, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu,India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, vol. 14, pp. 161-172.
Banajalaya conserved forest area of Shimoga District, Karnataka, India	19	01	00	01	5.26	00	0.69	(Deepa et al., 2014DEEPA, J., ASHWINI, S. and PARASHURAMA, T.R., 2014. Enumeration of pteridophytes in Banajalaya conserved forest area of Shimoga District, Karnataka. Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 448-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2014.1.4.23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2014.1.... )

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