Ethnobotany and traditional medicine of the inhabitants of the Pantanal Negro sub-region and the raizeiros of Miranda and Aquidauna , Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil

A survey on the use of medical plants was carried out in the rural communities of the Rio Negro sub-region of the Pantanal and the raizeiros from Aquidauana and Miranda municipalities, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in order to recover the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological knowledge of these communities. Structured questionnaires were run with the residents of eight farms and 12 raizeiros. The results reveal 25 botanical families, 45 genera and 48 species of medicinal plants used, six of which are indicated for kidney disturbances, six for urinary disturbances, five for inflammation treatment, 13 for stomach aches, 10 for respiratory disturbances, four for treating sprains, four for healing wounds, four as anti-diarrheaic and one as antipyretic, among other illnesses. The main family was Asteraceae, with 12 species used. The principal preparation methods of the medicinal herbs in the Rio Negro sub-region and surrounding areas were infusion (35) and, mostly, mixed with “chimarrão” or “mate quente”, traditional beverage. Nineteen exotic species are used by the raizeiros, (39.58%), which indicates a strong influence of the urban environment. The traditional pantaneiros have greater knowledge of medicinal plants than the raizeiros, and they cited only five exotic species (16.1%).


Etnobotânica e medicina tradicional dos habitantes da sub-região do Pantanal do Negro
e raizeiros das cidades de Miranda e Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
Thus, this biome is an important vegetation complex for the study of medicinal herbs, covering a diversity of species with great potential for ethnobotanical studies (e.g.Conceição and Paula, 1986;Pott and Pott, 1994;Bortolotto, 1999;Souza and Guarim-Neto, 1999;Pott and Pott, 2000;Schwenk and Silva, 2000;Campos Filho, 2002).It is also occupied by a native population with great cultural importance, adapted to the intermittent cycles of flood and drought of the region, the pantaneiros or marsh-dwellers (Nogueira, 2002).
The use of plants for therapeutic purposes in the Pantanal region has long been reported in various Indian tribes.Since the first colonisation of the region, especially during the Paraguay War (1864-1870), extractivist activities have been intensified in other communities and are now part of the 'pantaneiros' lives, either for medicinal ends or just to bring comfort in the face of their daily adversities (WHO, 2002).
The knowledge of the correct use of plant species normally belongs to restricted groups of the population, known as raizeiros (generally people with little formal education, who through the knowledge transmitted by their parents or other people with empirical knowledge, use plants for disease treatment), benzedeiras (usually women, who treat distinct diseases through prayer and herbs) and other, usually elderly, people, who received medicinal information from their ancestors (Guarim-Neto, 2006).As these groups are restricted and often threatened by environmental changes, which alter their lifestyle and culture, the recovery of this ethnobotanical knowledge is fundamental in rescuing traditions that may soon be lost.
Considering the information gaps in the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological knowledge of the traditional pantaneiros from Rio Negro sub-region and the raizeiros of the municipalities of Aquidauana and Miranda, this work aims to identify the plants used in folk medicine and their respective utilisation.

Introduction
The use of plants in the treatment of several diseases is reported in different populations (e.g., Berg and Silva, 1988;Bird, 1991;Verger, 1995;Guarim-Neto, 2006;Kunwar et al., 2006).The knowledge of medicinal plants often represents the only therapeutic option for many communities and ethnic groups.Revene et al. (2008) point out that traditional medicine in poor countries is the most accessible practice and, in certain situations, the only treatment available.
According to Maciel et al. (2002), the use of plants to treat and cure diseases is as old as the human species and today in the poorest regions of the country and even on the outskirts of large Brazilian cities, medicinal plants are sold in street markets and fairs and found in the backyards of residences.The World Health Organization (WHO) states that approximately 80% of the population use traditional medicine in primary health care (WHO, 2002).The discovery and disclosure of medicinal flora properties, through the knowledge of traditional populations, is, therefore, an important tool in preserving the cultural richness of different regions.
In Brazil, the use of herbs for medicinal purposes is a widespread practice, enhanced by cultural differences, deriving from colonisation by the European and African populations, in addition to traditional indigenous knowledge (Gomes et al., 2008).According to Martins et al. (2000), the use of plants to treat diseases has, fundamentally, influences from several different cultures that include the Indians who use phytotherapy in a mystical way: the shaman or witch doctor of the tribe often uses herbs with narcotic and/or hallucinogenic effects to dream about spirits.These reveal the herb or the procedure to be followed to cure the sick person, or the shaman may observe animals that look for certain plants when they are sick.Black populations descended from African slaves have also introduced new species with curative intent, seeking to "expel" the disease through rituals and natural products, including those of animal origin.
This mixture of traditions, associated with the high plant diversity in Brazil, has led to a traditional medicine based on different plants and methods of treatment and researchers (e.g., such as Correa, 1926Correa, -1978;;Rizzini and Mors, 1976;Berg, 1993;Ming, 1995;Agra, 1996) demonstrate the richness of medicinal flora in different Brazilian regions.
Among the Brazilian biomes, the Pantanal is a region with associated vegetation formations and, according to Pott and Pott (1994), the colonisation of species from regions like Chaco, Cerrado, Amazon and Atlantic forest has allowed the occurrence of wide distribution species and low endemism.Alho (2008a,b) and Oliveira (2007Oliveira ( , 2008) ) affirm that each sub-region of Pantanal wetland (a periodically flooded area), shows vegetation characteristics associated with different environmental factors such as soil type, flood level and slope, which influence species distribution and provide great floristic diversity.herbarium for identification and deposit.The classification system used was APG II (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2003).

Results and Discussion
In the present study 25 families, 45 genera and 48 species of medicinal plants of routine use were identified, 19 of which were exotic species (introduced in the region) and 29 (60.42%) were native (Table 1).The family with largest number of used species was Asteraceae (12), followed by the family Lamiaceae (7).
The herb "boldo" (P.barbatus), an introduced species, was the most cited (seven times), which indicates the strong native to the region, and Lorenzi and Matos (2002) were also consulted.
In this study, the interviews were designed for people born in the Pantanal region or who have spent most of their lives in the region, and interacted with the environment through the use of natural resources as a way of survival.To avoid embarrassment, the interviewees were free to speak according to their own situation and the interviews were carried out using regional language.
The species mentioned by the pantaneiros and raizeiros were collected in the indicated areas by the interviewees, and transported to the Anhanguera-Uniderp University Table 1.Family, popular and scientific name, citation number (CN) -"Pantaneiros" (P) and "raizeiros" (R), preparation method (PM), therapeutic indications (TI) and origin of the medicinal plants cited by the raizeiros of the municipalities of Aquidauana and Miranda and by the traditional pantaneiros of the Rio Negro sub-region, Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.species "boldo" (P.barbatus) was the most mentioned; this species is indicated for stomach aches and as digestive stimulant, similar results found by Guarim-Neto (1984) and Berg (1980).According to Costa et al. (2003), studies revealed that "boldo" has hypotensive, vasodilation, gastric hyposecretory, blood pressure reducing anti-dyspeptic properties.The second most cited species was "erva-de-Santa Maria" (C.ambrosioides) (native), used as a vermifuge.
Regarding the answers of traditional pantaneiros, 31 medicinal species were cited (Table 1), with only five exotic ones (16.1%), indicating a strong link with the local flora and little external influence on medicinal herb use.
Most of the interviewees (35-71.4%)carry out infusion preparations with the herbs, pouring hot water over selected parts of them and letting them steep for a few minutes.The medicinal herbs can be also added to "chimarrão" or "mate-quente", a traditional hot beverage prepared from steeping dried leaves of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.This hot beverage is normally drunk when neighbours or friends gather in the early morning or late afternoon to talk about daily issues, forming a particular social setting known as "rodas de prosa".
The latter method is commonly used by the population, due to easy handling of the medicinal plants, uniting the traditional habit of drinking "chimarrão" with the necessity of treating the sick.
The use of medicinal herbs in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul is reported by different researchers.Berg (1980) conducted a study in the cities of Cuiabá and Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, and reported 103 species used for medicinal purposes.Guarim-Neto (2006), in a compilation of his earlier research, reveals that 56 medicinal plants are used in the traditional medicine practices of pantaneiros, eight more than those reported for the Rio Negro sub-region.Berg and Silva (1988) performed a survey in the cities of Campo Grande, Aquidauana and Miranda, and in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul State, in which they listed 104 species considered as medicinal flora.Compared with the data obtained in the present study, 41 species identified in this research were not reported by Berg and Silva (1988).
The information obtained indicates that raizeiros interviewed are former residents of rural areas, who moved to the towns to seek a better life.However, they still keep up rural customs, cultivating herbs in the backyard, even when living close to pharmacies.These recent urban residents utilise natural medicine routinely, and share their vast knowledge of medicinal herbs with neighbours and close relatives.However, it was observed that the longer they had lived in the town, the greater was the difficulty to list a significant number of species that had been used in their previous rural life.
Furthermore, 39.58% of the species mentioned by the raizeiros are exotic, which indicates the strong influence of the urban environment on the utilisation of medicinal flora and the gradual loss of any connection with the rural environment and its medicinal species.The exotic