INFLUENCE OF SEROTONERGIC TRANSMISSION AND POSTSYNAPTIC 5-HT 2 C ACTION ON THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF Coturnix japonica ( GALLIFORMES : AVES )

We investigated the role of 5-HT2C receptors and serotonergic transmission in the feeding behavior control of quails. Administration of serotonin releaser, fenfluramine (FEN) and 5-HT2C agonists, mCPP and MK212, 1.0 and 3.3 mg/Kg induced significant inhibition of food intake in previously fasted fowls (0.71 ± 0.18 g and 0.47 ± 0.2 g; 0.49 ± 0.22 g and 0.48 ± 0.29 g; 0.82 ± 0.13 g and 0.71 ± 0.16 g, respectively). Control groups ranged from 2.89 ± 0.21 g to 2.97 ± 0.22 g, 60 min after reintroduction of food, P < 0.0001). Similar results were obtained with normally fed quails. Both serotonin releaser and 5-HT2C agonists, in a 3.3 mg/Kg dose, induced hypophagy (FEN, 0.78 ± 0.08 g; mCPP, 0.89 ± 0.07 g; MK212, 1.25 ± 0.17 g vs. controls, 2.05 ± 0.12 g, 120 min after food was presented, P < 0.0001 to P < 0.01). Previous administration of 5-HT2C antagonist, LY53857 (5.0 mg/Kg) blocked the hypophagic response induced by 5-HT2C agonists 60 min after food was reintroduced. Current data show a modulatory role of serotonin release and postsynaptic 5-HT2C receptors in the feeding behavior of quails.


INTRODUCTION
Previous studies involving mammals, particularly murines, implicated the brain serotonergic system in the control of appetite and satiety.Early investigations in this field showed that increased circulating tryptophan availability (initial precursor of serotonin synthesis), and the subsequent increasing brain serotonin content, constitute physiological parameters for activation of satiety and modulation of appetite (Fernstrom & Wurtman, 1971a, 1971b;Fernstrom, 1983;Tyce, 1990).Feeding response in rats is accompanied by an increase in serotonin release in the lateral hypothalamic area, a region involved with coordination of feeding behavior (Shimizu et al., 1992).
Traits of serotonergic control of the feeding behavior are probably already present to a high degree in birds, since the topographical and functional organization of the serotonergic system preserves similarities with that of reptiles and mammals (Dubé & Parent, 1981;Parent, 1981;Parent et al., 1981;Duchala et al., 1984;Sako et al., 1986;Cozzi et al., 1991;Challet et al., 1996;Gruss & Braun, 1997).Nevertheless, the biochemical, pharmacological and behavioral characterization of serotonin receptors has been little investigated (Gleeson et al., 1992;Saadoun & Cabrera, 2002).
Studies of the participation of 5-HT2C receptors and serotonin release in the control of feeding behavior have not been reported, although binding sites in bird brains for classical serotonergic agonists have been described (Stephenson & Andrew, 1994;Saadoun & Cabrera, 2002).
Observations in our laboratory revealed evidence of serotonergic involvement in the control of quail feeding behavior (Reis et al., 2005).In this report, we demonstrate that dietary supplementation of tryptophan (initial precursor of serotonin synthesis) inhibits food intake, although a much larger concentration than that required to produce the same anorectic response in mammals is necessary.
When 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, the immediate precursor of serotonin synthesis, was administered by the systemic route, the response elicited was hypophagy associated with intense thirst.However, the role of synaptic transmission and the relevance of the postsynaptic action of serotonin releasers and serotonergic agonists on the feeding behavior of quails are still unknown.
Thus, this paper examines the influence of treatment with the serotonin releasers fenfluramine and 5-HT2C agonists mCPP and MK212 on the feeding behavior of fasted and normally fed quails.

Animals and materials used
Adult male quails weighing 130-160 g were kept in special cages equipped with drinking fountains and individual food containers.Throughout the birds' adaptation period to the laboratory conditions they had ad libitum access to food and water (Purina, 20% raw protein for quails) and were exposed to a 12/12 h light/dark cycle and a room temperature of 25 to 30 °C.Food intake was evaluated with a precision electronic scale.The drugs used here, i.e., fenfluramine, releaser of serotonin (FEN) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and mCPP [1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine] (Research Biochemical Inc., USA) and MK212 [6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinil) pyrazine] (Merck Sharp & Dohme, USA), 5-HT2C agonists were all administered by subcutaneous (sc) route 30 min before food was offered.The 5-HT2C antagonist LY53857 (Eli Lilly, USA) was administered 30 min, sc, before injection of the 5-HT2C agonists.

Influence of the treatment with serotonin releaser FEN and the 5-HT2C agonists mCPP and MK212 on the food intake of fasted quails
The birds were fasted from 7:00 to 13:00 h, at which time they were fed.Food intake was measured during 60 min.To evaluate the influence of serotonin release on the birds' feeding behavior, they were given doses of 1.0 (N = 10) and 3.3 mg/Kg (N = 10) of FEN.The influence the of 5-HT2C receptors on the food intake behavior was evaluated by treating the birds with doses of 1.0 (N = 10) and 3.3 mg/Kg (N = 12) of mCPP and with doses of 1.0 (N = 10) and 3.3 mg/Kg (N = 12) of MK212.The control groups for all conditions were treated with isotonic saline (0.1 mL/100 g) (N = 10).

Influence of the treatment with serotonin releaser FEN or 5-HT2C agonists mCPP and MK212 on the food intake of normally fed quails
Food intake was also evaluated in a group of normally fed birds treated with a dose of 3.3 mg/Kg (N = 10 for each group) of FEN, mCPP and MK212 for 120 min.A control group of normally fed quails was treated with saline (0.1 mL/100 g) (N = 11).

Statistical analysis
The results of these treatments are expressed as mean ± standard error.The values obtained were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Student "t" test.Differences among mean values were considered significant when P < 0.05.
A previous injection of the 5-HT2C antagonist LY53857 (5.0 mg/Kg) blocked the hypophagic effect induced by mCPP and MK212, 60 min after food was offered.After 120 min, the blockage was maintained only with the mCPP treatment (Fig. 5).

DISCUSSION
These results suggest the existence of serotonergic receptors in quails involved in the regulation of feeding behavior mediated by the activation of 5-HT2C receptors.In addition, the results attained with the serotonin releaser FEN indicate that serotonergic transmission is critically involved in the regulation of food intake by quails.
The agonists mCPP and MK212 also elicit an anorectic response in mammals by stimulation of the 5-HT2C receptor (Blundell, 1984;Blundell & Hill, 1987;Curzon, 1990;Halford et al., 1997).These receptors are distributed in forebrain structures, particularly in the hypothalamus, which are known to be implicated in appetite control.Thus, the anorectic responses achieved with mCPP and MK212, which are powerful 5-HT2C agonists, provide evidence of the central mediation of appetite by serotonin.
The literature contains no report concerning the distribution and involvement of 5-HT2C receptors in the control of food intake by quails.Thus, our data represent the second report of indirect evidence of the involvement of a serotonergic system in the feeding behavior of quails.In the first report, Reis et al. (2005) demonstrated inhibition of food intake by quails treated with initial (tryptophan) and immediate (5-hydroxytryptophan) precursors of serotonin synthesis.
Current observations of the effects of FEN provide further evidence of the role of serotonergic transmission and serotonin release in the modulation of quail feeding behavior.Derivatives of that substance, which are used as anorexics for human obesity control, are also powerful anorexics for other mammals (Blundell, 1984(Blundell, , 1991;;Halford & Blundell, 2000).In this context, FEN has been widely used in humans to ascertain the release of brain serotonin in depressed patients with possible serotonergic hypofunction (Meltzer & Lowy, 1987).
Data on FEN suggest that the neurotransmission and release system of this indoleamine preserves molecular and functional characteristics found in mammals.The same observations apply to the results achieved with 5-HT2C agonists.Serotonin release and 5-HT2C postsynaptic activation in vertebrates probably constitute  neurobiological substrata preserved since their evolutionary beginnings.
Along the evolutionary path, the preservation of molecules in these highly homologous systems possibly means that appetite modulation by serotonin constitutes a homeostatic mechanism that has long been related with the control of energetic equilibrium.This reasoning is compatible with the assumption that topographic and functional phenotypes of the serotonergic system are Braz.J. Biol., 65( 4 Current data allow us to postulate that the functional characteristic of the neuronal system of serotonin transmission, namely serotonin release, and 5-HT2C postsynaptic activation, have been preserved from birds to mammals.

Fig. 1 -
Fig.1-Effect of the administration of the serotonin releaser, fenfluramine (FEN, 1.0 and 3.3 mg/Kg, sc), on the food intake of fasted quails.Data represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.0001 compared with controls.
are implicated in the control of adaptive functions during increased afflux of metabolic/nutritional and viscerosensory signals to the brain.