SOIL CHEMICAL FACTORS AND GRASSLAND SPECIES DENSITY IN EMAS NATIONAL PARK ( CENTRAL BRAZIL )

Individual studies of grasslands on specific soil types suggest that different nutrients can limit biomass production and, hence, species composition and number. Whereas phosphorus influences grassland biodiversity (Janssens et al., 1998), the role of potassium is less clear. Similarly, the role of pH is also unclear: on the one hand, pH was the variable most highly correlated with species richness and diversity in the Netherlands, but, on the other hand, in some temperate regions of western and central Europe, it was not correlated with them at all (Janssens et al., 1998).


Introduction
In herbaceous communities, the number of species and, biomass appear to present a humped-back relationship (Al-Mufti et al., 1977;Grime, 1979).Biomass, in turn, depends on the production of the community and thus, on the fertility of the soil (Janssens et al., 1998).Therefore, one may expect a humped-back relationship between the number of species and soil fertility as well (Janssens et al., 1998).In this case, species richness would be higher where nutrients are in short supplyand, consequently, plants do not grow tall and compete for light -and where environmental stress is not too excessive (Grime, 1979;Moore and Keddy, 1989).Nutrient in three herbaceous vegetation forms -hyperseasonal cerrado, seasonal cerrado, and wet grassland -in ENP, a core cerrado site.In ENP, number of species is higher in the wet grassland and lower in the hyperseasonal cerrado (Batalha et al., 2005).But, is this pattern related to soil characteristics?That is, regardless of the vegetation form, is there a relationship between soil factors and the number of species in those herbaceous communities?Which soil factors are important in explaining variation in number of species in those grasslands?

Material and Methods
Created in 1961, the Emas National Park is located in the Brazilian Central Plateau, in the cerrado core region.Recently, ENP was included by Unesco (2001) in the World Natural Heritage List as one of the sites containing flora, fauna, and key habitats that characterize the cerrado.Regional climate is humid tropical with wet summer and three dry months in the winter, classified as Aw according to Köppen's (1931).The cerrado in ENP comprises almost all physiognomies found in this vegetation type, from campo limpo (a grassland) to cerrado sensu stricto (a woodland).In ENP, open cerrado physiognomies are predominantcampo limpo, campo sujo (a shrub savanna), and campo cerrado (a savanna woodland) -occupying 78.5% of the total area.Other vegetation types, such as wet grassland, riparian forest, and seasonal forest, also exist within the reserve.There is, in the southwestern part of the reserve, a hyperseasonal cerrado area that occupies about 300 ha, waterlogged from February to April.
We established three 1 ha areas in the southwestern portion of the reserve, one composed of hyperseasonal cerrado (approximately, 18° 18' 07" S and 52° 57' 56" W), one composed of seasonal cerrado (approximately, 18° 17' 34" S and 52° 58' 12" W) and one composed of wet grassland (approximately, 18° 15' 40" S and 53° 01' 08" W).Physiognomically, these three vegetation forms are grasslands.In the hyperseasonal cerrado, there are two contrasting stresses during the year, waterlogging in summer and drought in winter; in the seasonal cerrado, there is drought in winter, but no waterlogging; whereas wet grassland is waterlogged throughout most of the year.
In each vegetation form, we placed randomly ten 1 m 2 quadrats, in February 2003, in mid-rainy season, and counted the number of individuals of each vascular plant species.We avoided sampling seedlings, due to their dynamic throughout the year.In the case of caespitose herbs, we considered as an individual the whole tuft.We collected botanical material and identified it to species level by comparison with reference vouchers collected by Batalha and Martins (2002), by using identification key based on vegetative characters (Batalha and Mantovani, 1999), or by comparison with lodged vouchers in the São Paulo Botanical Institute herbarium.When we could not identify the collected vouchers to species level, we classified them as morphospecies.We lodged limitation is, indeed, one of the most important factors affecting the structure of plant communities (Grime et al., 1997).
Individual studies of grasslands on specific soil types suggest that different nutrients can limit biomass production and, hence, species composition and number (Critchley et al., 2002a).Whereas phosphorus influences grassland biodiversity (Janssens et al., 1998;McCrea et al., 2001), the role of potassium is less clear.High potassium levels on former arable land are believed to diminish species diversity (Gilbert and Andersen, 1998), although high potassium additions do not alter the floristic composition of experimental hay plots (Elberse et al., 1983).Similarly, the role of pH is also unclear: on the one hand, pH was the variable most highly correlated with species richness and diversity in the Netherlands (Roem and Berendse, 2000), but, on the other hand, in some temperate regions of western and central Europe, it was not correlated with them at all (Janssens et al., 1998).
Savannas are tropical and subtropical formations where the grass layer is continuous, occasionally interrupted by shrubs and trees, and with the main growth patterns are closely associated with alternating wet and dry seasons (Bourlière and Hadley, 1983).Based on this seasonality, Sarmiento (1983) suggested a classification of the savannas from an ecological point of view, dividing them into four major categories: I) semi-seasonal savannas, which occur under a mostly wet climate, with one or two short dry seasons; II) seasonal savannas, characterized by an extended rainless season, in which drought and fire provide a neat rhythmicity in its functioning; III) hyperseasonal savannas, characterized by the alternation of two contrasting stresses during each annual cycle, one induced by drought and fire, the other by waterlogging; and IV) marshy savannas, in which the water excess may last most of the year, whereas a period of acute water shortage either does not exist or is very brief.
The Brazilian cerrado is the largest savanna region in South America, occupying formerly 2 million km 2 , especially in the Brazilian Central Plateau (Ratter et al., 1997).The cerrado vegetation is not uniform in physiognomy, ranging from grassland to tall woodland (Coutinho, 1990), but with most of its physiognomies within the range defined as tropical savannas.Hyperseasonal cerrado areas normally appear in interfluvial regions with poorly drained soils (Sarmiento, 1983), being very restricted within the Cerrado domain, whose cerrado areas are almost seasonal.Nevertheless, Batalha et al. (2005) found a small area, composed of cerrado species, which is the first occurrence of a hyperseasonal cerrado, in Emas National Park (ENP), central Brazil.
Several explanations for the occurrence of savannas, in general, and of the cerrado, in particular, involve soil either as a primary cause or as an indirect factor (Askew and Montgomery, 1983).Given that soil chemical factors are important in the distribution of the vegetation forms within the Cerrado domain and could influence the number of species, we analyzed some soil characteristics ceous communities by Al-Mufti et al. (1977) and Grime (1979).
Differences among species in their abilities to exploit limiting resources affect the coexistence of species (Tilman, 1982).Since some plant species have special adaptations to low nitrogen availability and others to low phosphorus availability, the type of nutrient limitation may affect species composition and richness through its effect on productivity (Venterink et al., 2003).The nutrient mosaic theory states that the mechanism that could help maintain high plant species density involves differentiation in the use of various materials, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and so on; according to this argument, each plant species has its own peculiar set of requirements (Pianka, 1994).
Even if there were significant relationships between species density and soil at all depths, we found a higher correspondence with surface soil, as expected (Amorim and Batalha, 2006;Ruggiero et al., 2002).There is an intimate relationship between the properties of the surface soil horizons and the nature and abundance of plant species, which affects nutrients, as well as water absorption, and retention in the biomass and upper rhizosphere (Furley, 1976).The vegetation itself influences soil characteristics at upper layers, by, for example, transferring organic matter through nutrient cycling (Ruggiero et al., 2002).
In the grasslands we studied, aluminum and pH were the best predictors of species density, as in The Netherlands (Venterink et al., 2003).In temperate regions, grassland plant species density is generally higher on neutral or basic soils than in acidic soil (Marrs, 1993).For instance, Roem and Berendse (2000) and Critchley et al. (2002b) found a positive relationship between pH and species density in Europe.Low pH reduces the mineralization of soil organic matter and other nutrient reserves, inhibiting root growth and, consequently, adsorption of nutrients (Vermeer and Berendse, 1983).In tropical grasslands, such as in Australia, on the other hand, plant species density is negatively correlated with soil pH (Morgan, 1998), corroborating our results.Local relationships between plant species number and soil pH are related to evolutionary history, thus, the relationship between them should be positive in those floristic regions where the evolutionary center is on high pH soil -that is, higher latitudes -and negative where the evolutionary center is on low pH soil -that is, lower latitudes (Pärtel, 2002).
Exchangeable aluminum decreases the nutrient availability to the plants by lowering phosphorus absorption or its precipitation in intercellular spaces (Malavolta et al., 1977).Aluminum also causes a decrease in magnesium and calcium absorption (Marschner, 1989) and induces a larger decrease in anion uptake -particularly NO -3 -by plant roots (Calba and Jaillard, 1997).Thus, we could expect a negative relationship between aluminum and species density.However, we found a positive relationship in the grasslands we studied.Braakhekke the collected material at the Federal University of São Carlos herbarium.
In each point, we also collected soil samples at four depths (0-0.05,0.05-0.25,0.4-0.6, and 0.8-1.0m) for chemical analyses, which were conducted at the Soil Sciences Laboratory of the University of São Paulo.We analyzed soil factors according to the procedures described by Raij et al. (1987): air dried soil samples were sieved (2.0 mm) and analyzed for total organic matter (OM) by spectrophotometry after oxidation with sodium dichromate in the presence of sulfuric acid and a subsequent titration with ammonic ferrous sulfate; phosphorus (P) was determined by spectrophotometry after anion exchange resin extraction; exchangeable aluminum (Al) and potassium (K) were extracted with 1 mol c l -1 KCl, cation exchange resin, and buffer SMP, respectively; and soil pH was determined in CaCl 2 (0.01 M) solution.
For each quadrat, we counted the number of species, which gave us the species density.Thus, we had a matrix with the number of species and soil chemical factors for each one of the 30 quadrats and for each one of the four depths.To test the relationships between species density and soil chemical factors at each depth, we used linear multiple regressions (Jongman et al., 1995).In these analyses, species density was the response variable and the soil chemical factors -pH, organic matter, phosphorus, aluminum, and potassium -were the explanatory variables.We used analyses of variance to test whether the partial regression coefficients were equal to zero.

Results
Contrary to the expected, we did not find humpedback relationships for none of the analyzed soil chemical factors (Figure 1 -only data for surface soil are shown).Species density varied from 3 to 24 spp m -2 (Table 1).We found significant relationships between the number of species and soil chemical factors for all depths.The depth with the highest coefficient of determination was the superficial one (R 2 = 0.68, F = 10.179,P < 0.001).In this depth, aluminum and pH were the best predictors of species density, the former positively related to species density and the latter negatively related (Table 2).

Discussion
Humped-back relationships between species density and soil factors may be expected, at least for major soil nutrients, such as phosphorus and potassium (Janssens et al., 1998).Contrary to temperate grasslands (Janssens et al., 1998), the relationship between species density and major soil nutrients may be more complex in tropical grasslands, than in those grasslands within the Cerrado domain.Since we did not find a humped-back relationship between species density and soil factors, we cannot expect a humped-back relationship between species density and biomass in the grasslands we studied as well, contrary to what was found in other herba-the positive relationship aluminum and species density we found is because the grassland species in ENP are limited by several nutrients.This positive relationship between aluminum and species density does not mean that high concentration of aluminum in soil implies high (1980) and Tilman (1982) suggested that species number is greater in sites where plant growth is limited by several nutrients.Since aluminum decreases nutrient availability, plant growth would be limited by several nutrients in aluminum-rich soils.Thus, we may postulate that ) d by our The influence of organic matter on species density, on its turn, could be indirect by its control of the soil available nitrogen, primarily determined by the mineralization of organic nitrogen in the soil, which depends on the amount of soil organic matter (Roem and Berendse, 2000).Nitrogen is one of the main limiting factors of grassland richness (Janssens et al, 1998) and may be a good predictor of species density in tropical grasslands.
Vegetation and soils are dynamic systems, and relationships between particular vegetation characteristics and soil factors at one time may not always reflect the suitability of plant species present to that set of soil conditions (Critchley et al., 2002b).Our study is limited in time and there may be variations in soil characteristics and number of species in the three environments throughout the year due to the seasonal variations, such Table 1.Species density and soil chemical factors, at 0-0.5 m deep, in grassland communities in Emas National Park, central Brazil (18° 15'-18° 18' S and 52° 57-53° 01' W), February 2003; species density (sd -spp m -2 ), pH, organic matter (OM -g.kg -1 ), phosphorus (P -mg.kg -1 ), aluminum (Al -mmolc.kg - ), potassium (K -mmolc.kg - ).

Quadrat
Vegetation Although phosphorus may influence grassland biodiversity (Janssens et al., 1998;McCrea et al., 2001) in temperate regions, it was not significantly related to species density in ENP's grasslands.Since the influence of phosphorus could be indirect by its control on the soil available nitrogen quantities (Janssens et al., 1998), it is possible that others factors were influencing the available nitrogen quantities in ENP.Low quantities of organic matter, for instance, reduce phosphorus limiting effect (Janssens et al., 1998) and may explain our results.Whereas high potassium levels diminished species diversity on former arable land (Gilbert and Andersen, 1998), potassium additions did not alter the floristic composition of hay plots (Elberse et al., 1983), what was corroborated as the temporary waterlogging in the hyperseasonal cerrado that would result in changes of chemical soil features (Gopal and Masing, 1990).These changes may imply differences in species density during the waterlogging when compared to the other seasons of the year.Nevertheless, even taking into account these limitations, species density in ENP's grasslands may be predicted by two soil factors: pH and aluminum.Since the predictable variation in species density is important to determining areas of conservation (Pärtel, 2002), we may postulate that these two soil factors are indicators of high species density areas in tropical grasslands, which could be used for assigning priority sites for conservation.