Phytochemical screening of <i>Cordia glabrata</i> (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities

Debiasi, B. W.; Raiser, A. L.; Dourado, S. H. A.; Torres, M. de P. R.; Andrighetti, C. R.; Bonacorsi, C.; Battirola, L. D.; Ribeiro, E. B.; Valladão, D. M. S.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.248083

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 83 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.248083 copy

Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities

Triagem fitoquímica de extratos de Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. e sua potencial atividade antioxidante, fotoprotetora, antimicrobiana e antiviral

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL^-1), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL^-1), and ferulic (0.58 mgL^-1) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS⁺ (2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL^-1 (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 μgmL^-1, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV₅₀ value <0.195 μgmL^-1 and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC₅₀ / CV₅₀) greater than 448. The results obtained in this study suggest that extracts of leaves of C. glabrata in their adult phenological stage have potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activity, considering in vitro test results.

Keywords:
chromatography; metabolites; HSV-2; HPLC; polyphenols

	EtOHa extracts
	YL	AL	SL
Plant material weight (g)	50	50	50
Extract weight (g)	0.574	0.681	0.577
Yield (%)	1.148^a	1.362^b	1.154^c

Phytochemical classes	Reactions	EtOHa extracts
		YL	AL	SL
Flavonoids	TLC	+	+	+
Tannins	TLC	+	+	+
Terpenes	TLC	+	+	+
Coumarins	TLC	-	-	-
Coumarins	KOH	-	-	-
Saponines	TLC	-	-	-
Saponines	Foam index	-	-	-
	TLC	-	-	-
	Dragendorff	-	-	-
Alkaloids	Mayer	-	-	-
	Bertrand	-	-	-
	Bouchardat	-	-	-
Anthraquinones	Borntraeger	-	-	-

Codes	Phenols	Phenols	Flavonoids	Flavonoids
	(mgEAG.g^-1)	(µgmL^-1)^* * microgram of gallic acid equivalent per mL of extract; (µgmL-1);	(mgEQ.g^-1)	(µgmL^-1)^ microgram of quercetin equivalent per mL of extract; (YL) Young Leaves; (AL) Adult Leaves; (SL) Senescent Leaves. Values with different letters demonstrate statistical diffrence (p <0.05).
YL	91.16 ± 1.39^a	22.79 ± 0.35^d	6.81 ± 0.03^g	10.22 ± 0.04^j
AL	104.17 ± 0.74^b	26.04 ± 0.18^e	6.86 ± 0.01^h	10.30 ± 0.02^k
SL	68.51 ± 1.95^c	17.13 ± 0.48^f	3.90 ± 0.00ⁱ	5.85 ± 0.00^l

Peak No.	Compound	RT (min.)	Transitions Ions	Amount in the adult leav extract (mg L^-1)
1	Gallic acid^a a Based on standart; (L.Q) Value below the quantification limit of the method (0.1 mgL-1)	4.8	168.7 - 124.7	<L.Q
2	Caffeic acid^a	5.7	178.7 - 134.7	3.89
3	P-cumaric acid^a	6.5	162.7 - 118.7	6.13
4	Ferulic acid^a	7.8	192.9 - 133.9	0.58
5	Quercetin^a	9.5	284.9 – 116.8	<L.Q
6	Kaempferol^a	11	284.9 – 92.9	<L.Q
7	Apigenin^a	11.5	269 – 116.7	<L.Q
8	Pinobanksin^a	10	272.7 – 226.8	<L.Q
9	Pinocembrin^a	13.5	256.7 – 152.9	<L.Q

	FATTY ACID	Adult Leaves
	FATTY ACID	Area	%
1	Capric acid	15681	0.12
2	Lauric acid	50763	0.39
3	Myristic acid	1050174	8.16
4	Palmitoleic acid	111659	0.87
5	Palmitic acid	6582208	51.17
6	Linoleic acid	1237771	9.62
7	Oleic acid	362694	2.82
8	Stearic acid	2615964	20.34
9	Arachidic acid	399612	3.11
10	Erucic acid	297	N.D.
11	Beenic acid	524	N.D.
12	Lignoceric acid	436882	3.40
	Total	12864229	100

Codes	EC₅₀ (µgmL^-1)	ABTS (mM)
YL	54.63 ± 1.06^a	44.21 ± 1.69^a
AL	49.79 ± 0.47^b	55.40 ± 0.616^b
SL	58.09 ± 0.39^c	57.93 ± 3.56^b

	Phenols	Flavonoids	DPPH	ABTS
	(µgmL^-1)	(µgmL^-1)	(µgmL^-1)	(mM)
Phenols (µgmL^-1)	1
Flavonoids (µgmL^-1)	0.9358	1
DPPH (µgmL^-1)	-0.9468	-0.8124	1
ABTS (mM)	0.5499	0.3394	-0.5118	1

Sample		Growth inhibition (%)
Sample	62.5	125	250	500	1000	2000	MIC
	µgmL^-1	µgmL^-1	µgmL^-1	µgmL^-1	µgmL^-1	µgmL^-1	µgmL^-1
AL	5.7 ± 0.0	10.9 ± 0.0	12.3 ± 2.3	14.3 ± 0.3	33.8 ± 3.4	100.0 ± 5.2	2000

Sample	CC₅₀	% of inhibition*	CV₅₀
	µgmL^-1		µgmL^-1
AL	87.43 ± 17.26	29.98 ± 5.82	< 0.195
Aciclovira (15 µM)	-	100	-

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