Integrated Environmental Assessment of streams in the Sinos River basin in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Kieling-Rubio, MA; Benvenuti, T; Costa, GM; Petry, CT; Rodrigues, MAS; Schmitt, JL; Droste, A

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.1013

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Articles • Braz. J. Biol. 75 (2 suppl) • May 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1013 copy

Integrated Environmental Assessment of streams in the Sinos River basin in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Avaliação Ambiental Integrada de arroios da bacia do Rio dos Sinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The deterioration of environmental quality in the Sinos River basin is directly associated with the impacts of intense industrialization and urbanization. An integrated environmental assessment (IEA) was conducted in July and September of 2012, in areas along the sources of the EstânciaVelha/Portão, Pampa and Schmidt streams using physical, chemical and biological methods. The water in the three sampling sites was not proper for human consumption, presented a low toxic contamination index (TCI) and mesotrophic characteristics. One site was included in Class 4, and two, in Class 3, according to current legislation. The rapid assessment protocol (RAP) indicated a natural environmental condition for habitat diversity and environmental impact in the three sites. The Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. Hunt var. purpurea Boom biomarker showed water genotoxicity in two of the sites. The integrated diagnosis of water quality in these streams is fundamentally important to ensure the sustainable management of water resources and their multiple uses, as well to estimate their contribution to pollution in this river basin.

genotoxicity; water quality indices; source; rapid assessment protocol

Parameters/Streams	EstânciaVelha/ Portão	Pampa	Schmidt
1. Water body margin occupation¹ 1 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2 and 4 (minimal impact).	4	4	4
2. Anthropic changes¹ 1 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2 and 4 (minimal impact).	4	2	2
3. Vegetal coverage of water bed¹ 1 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2 and 4 (minimal impact).	4	4	4
4. Water odor¹ 1 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2 and 4 (minimal impact).	4	4	4
5.Water oiliness¹ 1 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2 and 4 (minimal impact).	4	4	4
6. Water transparency¹ 1 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2 and 4 (minimal impact).	4	4	4
7. Sediment odour (bottom) ¹ 1 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2 and 4 (minimal impact).	4	4	4
8. Bottom oiliness¹ 1 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2 and 4 (minimal impact).	4	4	4
9. Types of bottom¹ 1 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2 and 4 (minimal impact).	3	5	3
10. Types of substrate² 2 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2, 3 and 5 (minimal impact).	2	3	3
11. Mud deposition² 2 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2, 3 and 5 (minimal impact).	3	5	3
12.Changes in stream bed² 2 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2, 3 and 5 (minimal impact).	5	5	5
13. Margin stability² 2 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2, 3 and 5 (minimal impact).	3	5	3
14. Riparian forest length² 2 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2, 3 and 5 (minimal impact).	3	5	3
15. Aquatic plants² 2 scores 0 (maximal impact), 2, 3 and 5 (minimal impact).	5	5	3
Total score	56	63	53
Evaluation	Suboptimal	Optimal	Suboptimal

Parameters	EstânciaVelha/Portão stream			Pampa stream			Schmidt stream			Standard (Class 1) CONAMA 357/2005
Parameters	July	September	Mean	July	September	Mean	July	September	Mean	Standard (Class 1) CONAMA 357/2005
Alkalinity (mg L^–1)	50.10	46.20	48.15	67.60	43.40	55.50	49.50	23.80	34.65	NI^a a Not in the resolution.
Total coliforms (MPN 100 mL^–1)	3.00×10³	3.20 ×10³	3.1 ×10³	2.40×10²	1.00 ×10³	6.20 ×10²	3.60×10⁴	2.80 ×10⁴	3.2 ×10²	NI
Thermotolerant coliforms (fecal E. coli) (MPN 100 mL^–1)	absent	absent	absent	absent	absent	absent	2.00×10³	2.00 ×10³	2.00 ×10³	200
Chlorides (mg L^–1)	3.90	3.80	3.85	2.40	6.30	4.35	5.10	1.90	3.50	250
Conductivity (µS cm^–1)	154.25	121.05	137.65	145.50	112.40	128.95	131.25	88.10	109.68	NI
Colour (uH)	100.00	93.00	96.50	30.00	11.00	20.50	70.00	62.00	66.00	0
Chromium VI (Cr VI mg L^–1)	n.d.^b b Not detected.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	NI
BOD₅ (mg O₂ L^–1)	<5.00	6.00	5.50	<5.00	<5.00	<5.00	8.00	<5.00	6.50	3.0
COD (mg O₂L^–1)	20.20	17.80	19.00	6.40	6.00	6.20	9.50	4.00	6.75	NI
Hardness (mg CaCO₃ L^–1)	63.00	51.00	57.00	70.50	45.00	57.75	53.50	37.50	45.50	NI
Total phosphorus (mg L^–1)	0.080	<0.012	0.040	0.030	0.080	0.055	0.020	0.030	0.025	0.1
Nitrate (mg L^–1)	n.e.^c c Not evaluated.	n.d.	n.d.	n.e.	1.58	1.58	n.e.	1.35	1.35	10
Nitrite (mg L^–1)	n.e.	0.019	0.02	n.e.	0.027	0.03	n.e.	0.05	0.05	1
Ammoniacal nitrogen (mg L^–1)	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.5-3.7^d d Limit concentration according to the pH: 3.7 mg L–1 for pH≤7.5; 2.0 mg L–1 for 7.5<pH<8.0; 1.0 mg L–1 for 8.0<pH<8.5; 0.5 mg L–1 for pH>8.5.
Total nitrogen (Kjeldahl) (mg L^–1)	0.55	0.78	0.67	1.75	1.96	1.86	1.10	1.76	1.43	NI
Oils and fats (mg L^–1)	n.e.	7.10	7.10	n.e.	0.00	0.00	n.e.	n.d.	0.00	0.0
Dissolved oxygen (mg L^–1)	10.49	6.79	8.64	10.00	7.18	8.59	5.69	7.74	6.72	> 6.0
pH	7.15	7.30	7.23	6.48	7.03	6.76	7.53	7.03	7.28	6 to 9
Total dissolved solids (mg L^–1)	189.00	101.00	145.00	232.00	160.00	196.00	151.00	156.00	153.50	500
Total suspended solids (mg L^–1)	28.30	12.40	20.35	7.40	2.80	5.10	13.70	14.00	13.85	NI
Sulphates (mg L^–1)	n.e.	n.d.	n.d.	n.e.	5.68	5.68	n.e.	n.d.	n.d.	250
Turbidity (NTU)	n.e.	41.10	41.40	n.e.	32.4	32.40	n.e.	25.20	25.20	40
Cadmium (Cd mg L^–1)	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.002	n.d.	0.002	0.001
Lead (Pb mg L^–1)	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.e.	n.d.	n.d.	0.011	n.d.	0.011	0.01
Copper (Cu mg L^–1)	0.006	n.d.	0.006	0.005	0.003	0.004	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.009
Total Chromium (mg L^–1)	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.05
Iron (Fe mg L^–1)	2.267	1.741	2.004	2.140	1.617	1.879	0.451	1.254	0.853	0.3
Manganese (Mn mg L^–1)	0.076	0.073	0.075	0.019	0.012	0.016	0.077	0.043	0.060	0.1
Nickel (Ni mg L^–1)	0.019	0.009	0.014	0.015	0.010	0.013	0.010	0.008	0.009	0.025
Zinc (Zn mg L^–1)	0.016	0.019	0.018	0.024	0.015	0.020	0.006	0.016	0.011	0.18

Parameters	Streams
Parameters	EstânciaVelha/Portão	Pampa	Schmidt
Water class^a a according to CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 (Brasil, 2005).	Class 4	Class 3	Class 3
TCI^b b toxic contamination index.	Low	Low	Low
TSI^c c trophic state index.	54.96	56.61	52.52

Streams	Rainfall¹ 1 Accumulated rainfall four days before and on exposure day. (mm)		MCN (July)	MCN (September)	T	P
Streams	July	September	(mean ± SD)	(mean ± SD)	T	P
EstânciaVelha/Portão	33.8	56.7	3.85±1.45b^* * Asterisk indicates significant difference between means on the same line.	2.04±0,48ab	3.127	0.016
Pampa	52.3	36.5	1.71±0.70a	2.28±0.62b	-1.608	0.134
Schmidt	1.2	0.7	1.71±0.40a	2.14±0.32ab	-2.183	0.050
Negative control			2.0±0.44a	1.5±0.53a	-1.698	0.115
			F = 9.988 P < 0.001	F = 2.920 P = 0.050

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