Traditional knowledge about medicinal plant in the remote areas of Wari Tehsil, Dir Upper, Pakistan

Abstract Traditional medicine is cheaper and easily available to local people, to care for most frequent diseases in the Northern parts of Pakistan. Our study aimed at inventorying medicine from local plants, documenting their uses, and assessing their market value in 2015-2018 during spring, summer, and winter seasons. A total of 15 trips were made, 5 in each season. Semi-structured interviews with 165 inhabitant’s age range between 20-80 years were conducted, analyzed the data is analyzed using Relative frequency of citation(RFC), Use Value(UV), Fidelity Level(FL), Informants consensus factor(ICF), and Jaccard index(JI) to find the most frequent and well-known used species in the area. A total of 86 species belonging to 39 vascular plant families, 33 genera were documented as medicinally important. Family Asteraceae was observed as the dominant family among all the families with 10 species, the leaf was the most used parts and decoction 36% was the most preferred preparation type. Herb was the predominant life form (67%). The maximum UV (0.92) was demonstrated by J. adhatoda L. species, while A. sativum L. shows maximum RFC (0.58), the highest ICF value represented by diarrhea and dermatitis 0.92, and high FL value is recorded 100%. According to our collections, wild species were 45%, invasive species were 38% and cultivated 17% recorded, dicots species were recorded more 81%. Seven 7 medicinal species is being economically important and export to the local and international market of the world, whereas P. integrima L. species were the most exported species according to the local dealers. The investigated area is rural and the local people depend on the area's plants for their health needs, and other uses like a vegetable, fuelwood, fodder, etc. The current result of RFC, UV, ICF, FL, and JI shows that medicinal flora needs to be pharmacologically and phytochemically investigated to prove their efficacy. The documentation of medicinal knowledge is important to preserve this precious old knowledge before it is lost forever, due to technological and environmental changes in the world.


Introduction
Ethnobotany is a useful relationship between human beings and vegetation within their environment and its medicinal uses. Ethnobotany is the study of a particular culture and region and the uses of plants for various purposes like medicine, food, shelter, and clothing, etc. (Shuaib et al., 2014) uses in the ethnobotanical society. Both highlight the relationship between societies and their environments. The indigenous use of medicinal flora is very important culturally and scientifically as well (Murad et al., 2012).
Traditional medicine was used in most countries of the World for thousands of years (Seifu, 2004). According to the World Health Organization's [WHO] report, 60% of the World's populations depend on herbal and traditional medicine, and 85% of the World's developing countries use traditional medicine in caring for diseases. Traditional medicine is used mostly in rural communities and underdeveloped countries. Plants are the basis for traditional medicine in developing countries all over the World. Plantbased medicine goes back 100,000 years (Razzaq et al., 2013). Throughout the World, herbal medicine has been used for the mitigation, prevention, treatment and management of various ailments since prehistoric times.
Ethnobotany of Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [KPK]: Pakistan occupies a unique position among all the developing countries and it has a great many different varieties of medicinal plants due to various adoption and climatic factors (Shuaib et al., 2019). Pakistan is bestowed with precious biodiversity which is categorized into nine major ecological zones. All these zones contain a lot of precious medicinal flora (Abbasi et al., 2010). It has been reported that about 12% of all the vascular plants in Pakistan are medicinally utilized (Shinwari, 2010;Ali et al., 2019b). There are also varieties of medicinal plants in the Northern and Western parts of Pakistan. Pakistan has diverse flora and about 7000 plant species are present 1, 70,000 plant species are identified. Pakistan has more than 6000 varieties of higher plants (Ali and Qaiser, 2009). Many Pakistani floras are medicinally important and are used in caring for various diseases. In early Pakistan, around 1950, 87% of the population of Pakistan was dependent on traditional medicine (Ali et al., 2019a).

Study area
The study area is called Wari and is situated in the East of District Dir upper. Wari is the name of an administrative division called tehsil which comprises villages and mountains; among the major villages are Matar, Jagam, Cheaper, Nehagdara, Proper Wari, and two mountains Skyland and Karoo. Tehsil Wari is located at 34 o 59'52.73" N 72 o 04'22.62"E, with an average altitude of 975m and 3200feets Figure 1. The study area is rural and has no education and health facilities. The district headquarters hospital (DHQ) is about 60 kilometers from the current area of tehsil Wari. The two universities are at a distance of 140 and 200 Kilometers from the local area. Dir upper has a total of 6 tehsils and our work is focused on tehsil Wari. District Dir lies in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province KPK, Pakistan. The village of Dir was called the headquarters of former rulers. District Dir was divided into two districts in 1996, Dir Lower and Dir Upper. Districts Dir Upper lies between 35-04 degrees and 35-46 degrees North latitude, and 71-32 to 72-22 degrees East longitude. The total area of Dir Upper is 3,699Km 2 and the total population is about 760,000. Dir Upper has boundaries on its East side with District Swat, Northside, District Chitral, on the Southside, District Dir Lower, and the Westside, Bajaur Agency. Dir Upper has two main subdivisions called Dir and Wari. This variable and unique habitat have diverse geological climatic and ecological conditions, with its traditions and culture. Geographical features of the reported area resulted in its constant dependence on natural resources and indigenous knowledge to fulfill the needs of its people. The current study aims to documents the diverse indigenous knowledge on the medicinal flora of the previously unexplored area of tehsil Wari upper Dir viz, Matar, Jagam, Cheapar, Nehagdara, Proper Wari, and two mountains Skyland and Karoo.

Socioeconomic background of participants
The inhabitants of the study area are Pathans and speaking Pushto language, and belong to Yousafzai tribes, who come as invaders from Afghanistan in the sixteenth century (Barth, 1981). The inhabitants in plain zones are genuinely educated and the youthful era in specific is outfitting in such manner. The plain zones are similarly more created furnished with better education and hospitals. In the mountains, areas are true without essential facilities like hospitals, education, and transport. By and large, the general populations of the study area are for the most part ranchers and dependent on wild plants as vegetables, fruits significantly as a drug. The most imperative products of the territory are wheat, maize, rice, onion, and some other vegetables. Among the vegetable spinach, mustard, turnip, radish, okra, and gourds are imperative. Peach, plum and persimmon are imperative business products of the range. Occupants of the zone Figure 1. Map of the study area tehsil Wari, and details mentions all the collection areas. use wild organic products, for example, types of Pyrus, Rubus, Ficus, and Ziziphus and so forth for neighborhood and business utilize. Additionally, types of numerous genera, for example, Medicago, Chenopodium, Amaranthus, Nasturtium, Dryopteris, Rumex, Stellaria, and Malva are to a great extent utilized as wild vegetables and sent out to the nearby market.

Data collection and identification
Tehsil Wari is repeatedly visited in 2015-2018, for the collection of plant specimens, the collections of medicinal, ethnobotanical, conservation and plant biodiversity data. The research projects were completed in two phases, a) Field and hill trips for plant collection and b) documentation of the data obtained on the trips. During the trips to the fields and hills, random visits were completed to observe the flora, interviews of native people were also conducted with proper questionnaires, and plant biodiversity was observed in Wari, Dir Upper. Muhammad Shuaib author of paper belongs to the local area doing the fields and mountains trips and collected the species. Dr. Fida Hussain (Taxonomist) and Dr. Ikramullah Khan identifies the species. The plant nomenclature is updated using the world checklist of the selected families (Kew Science WCSP, 2021) in the present paper follows the flora of Pakistan (Tropics, 2021). The online database "The Plant List" were used for the validation of accepted and updated Latin names of species and their families (The Plant List, 2013). To understand the plant diversity within the Wari, all the available species i.e. fungi, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, were collected throughout the field survey. The collected flora was pressed and mounted, while fungi and pteridophytes were preserved in bottles, after thorough washing and cleaning. All the species were identified with the available literature (Ali and Qaiser, 1993;Nasir and Ali, 1971;Stewart, 1967).

Observation and documentation of the research data
Extensive field trips were made to get insight into the practices of the local community, regarding the uses of local flora. During the field surveys, we observed much about the local flora, plant diversity, conservation, mode of collection, drying techniques, methods of preservation, mode of administration, harvesting times, parts used, medicinal uses, ethnobotanical uses, and how plants were processed. The local men, women, herbalists, marketers, and others who were familiar with the local flora were interviewed during the fieldwork; the data is shown in (Table 1). The participatory and qualitative data were collected through questionnaires, regarding the plant uses and their manner of consumption. The information collected on each plant included botanical name, local name, family, partly used, habit, species habitat, harvesting season, mode of utilization and medicinal uses. Thus the knowledge of the native people regarding their plant assets, the plant uses, religious and cultural aspects, and the conservation status of the flora was documented.

Economic value of Dir Upper Wari
Wari Dir Upper is rich in varieties of flora and has a diverse habitat. The flora is economically very important to the local people, who use it in caring for various diseases. Herbalists make traditional medicines which are the most common way available for caring for the most frequent diseases. The regional plant dealers sell the plants to local markets and export them to the International market as a way of earning money.

Relative frequency citation (RFC)
The collected ethnobotanical data were quantitatively analyzed using the Relative Frequency Citation (RFC) index. This indicator shows the local importance of each species and is calculated from the frequency of citation (FC, the number of informants mentioning the usage of the species) divided by the total number of informants in the survey (N), without considering the use categories (Kayani et al., 2014).
The value ranges from zero (none of the informants cites the plant as useful) to one (every informant report the plant to be useful) (Sadeghi et al., 2014).

Use Value (UV)
The Use Value (UV) demonstrates the relative importance of locally known plants (Ong and Kim, 2014). It is calculated using Formula 2 Where Ui is the number of use mentioned by each informant for a given species and N is the total number of informants

Informants consensus factor (ICF)
ICF is used to measure the homogeneity of information among the informants regarding particular types of ailment categories in Formula 3 (Kadam and Bhalerao, 2010).
Where "nur" denotes the number of users report for particular ailment categories. "nt" the number of taxa used for a particular use category by all informants. The ICF results range from 0 to 1. The high value close to 1 means that taxa are used by large proportions of the informants for numbers of related broad categories, whereas the low value close to 0 means the plant species is randomly chosen for few or single conditions or the informants did not share information about the use of plants (Sharma et al., 2012).

Fidelity Level (FL)
Since many plant species may be used for some disease, so it is important to find the most frequently used species (Musa et al., 2011) which is calculated through FL formulated by (Friedman et al., 1986) in Formula 4.
Where "I p " is the number of informants who provided information's about the use of species for particular ailment categories. And "I u " the number of informants starting the use of the plant for any ailment category. High FL value (near to 100%) obtained from the plant for which almost used report refer to the same category, whereas the low FL value obtained for the plant that is used for different disease category (Musa et al., 2011). Similarly, the high FL value confirms high usage of the plant species for a particular ailment. While low FL value confirms the wide range of medicinal uses but with a low frequency for each ailment.

Jaccard index (JI)
Ethnobotanists calculate the JI for comparison of the documented data with previously published data collected from the adjoining area (Zahoor et al., 2017). Jaccard index (JI) is calculated by using the following Formula 5.

( )
Where "a" is the number of species of area A (Matar, Jagam, Cheapar, Nehagdara, Proper Wari, and two mountains Skyland and Karoo) and "b" is the number of species in area B, which includes

Data analysis
The data about medicinal plant collect through a questionnaire from the local peoples and healers, then analyzed through FC, RFC, UV, ICF, Fl, and JI. The area map developed through GIS, and the figure developed through RAW GRAPHS (Mauri et al., 2017). Descriptive Statistics use for describing, presenting, summarizing and organizing data, either through numerical calculations or graphs or tables. RAW Graphs is an open-source data visualization framework built to make the visual representation of complex data easy for everyone. Mauri et al. (2017) Alluvial diagrams which allow representation flows and to see correlations between categorical dimensions, visually linking to the number of elements sharing the same categories. It is useful to see the evolution of a cluster (such as the number of people belonging to a specific group). It can also be used to represent bipartite graphs, using each node group as dimensions. Used a scatter plot, it is a type of mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis. This kind of plot is also called a scatter chart, scattergram, scatter diagram, or scatter graph. Used Dendrograms, they are tree-like diagrams used to represent the distribution of hierarchical clustering. The different depth levels represented by each node are visualized on the horizontal axes and it is useful to visualize a non-weighted hierarchy. Used a bar chart that presents grouped data with rectangular bars with heights proportional to the values that they represent.

Results and Discussion
The current investigations are one of the very populated ranges of Tehsil Wari which stayed unexplored in the past investigations. From Tehsil Wari, this is the first comprehensive documentation of medicinal species.

Demographic data of tehsil Wari
The ethnobotanical research was conducted in Tehsil Wari, Dir Upper in 2013-2015 during spring, Summer, and Winter seasons. A total of 15 fields and mountain trips were made, 5 in each season. In the present study, semi-structured interviews with 165 inhabitant's age range between 20-80 years were conducted in (Table 1). Among the 165 informants mostly were indigenous people, having 97% were local peoples and 3% were traditional health practitioner (herbalist), 70% male and 30% female represents (Table 1). At the age of 30 to 40 years represents more people having 30%. Due to Lack of educational facilities illiterate ratio was more in the local area having 36%. Many informants had an education with primary education 17%, middle and high secondary education were 12%, secondary education passed 16%, undergraduate education is 6%, and postgraduate education has less ratio 1.2% (Table 1). The local community of people is Muslims 100%, Hindu 0%, and Christian 0%. Majority of people in the local area is speaking Pushto Language. Despite the changing trends towards moderns synthetic medicine, most people like and prefer herbal medicine because to avoid the side effects of modern medicine (Gilani and Atta-ur-Rahman, 2005;Shah et al., 2016;Shinwari, 2010).

Medicinal plant diversity
The study area falls in the moist temperate climatic region having rich floral diversity. The area represents large numbers of medicinal species. The diversity shows 86 medicinal species out of that Dicots were recorded 81%, followed by Monocots 8%, Gymnosperms 5%, Pteridophytes 4%, and fungi 2% (Figure 2).

Parts of medicinal plants for curing diseases
In the current medicinal plants survey Whole plants were utilized most frequently for medicinal purpose 31(36%) uses were reported, followed by 25(31%) leave only uses, 14 (16%) fruit uses, 13(15%) uses of wood, 7(8%) uses of seeds, 6(7%) flower uses, 5(6%) uses of roots and shoot each, 4 (5%) uses of bark, 3(4%) each uses of stem and resins, 2(2%) each uses of cones, rhizome, and capsule, while 1(1%) each uses of frond, nuts, sap, achene, and grain Figure 3 and Table 2. A large number of human ailments were treated by the native healers, like dysentery, diarrhea, hepatitis, cough, malaria, stomach ache, constipation, jaundice, cancer, fever, and seizures.       Plant leaves were used for the treatment of enlargement of spleen, liver disorder, fever, and diarrheas. The plant also used as a liver tonic.
Root is used for stomach diseases, the seed is tonic, carminative, helpful in renal stones and chronic fever.

Form and mode of utilization
In this review, generally, plants were accounted for inward applications. The crude preparations of herbal medicine, medicinal plant parts were grouped into 10 categories. They were utilized either as decoction (36%), followed by Maceration (16%), Fresh (16%), Paste (9%), Juice and infusion (6%), Extract and syrup (4%), Pill (3%), and Cataplasm (2%) in Figure 6. This type of usage is basic in other parts of Pakistan especially and in the World by and large (Yineger et al., 2007). The decoction was made by heating the plant parts in

Life form and nature of species
During our ethnobotanical survey, a total of 86 species, belonging to 33 families, and 33 genera were collected from the survey area and explored. Informants reported that 58(67%) herbs were used the most used, followed by 16(19%) trees, 5(6%) climbers, and 5(6%) shrubs, while fungi represented by 2(2%) species (Figure 4). According to our collections, a total of 86 species includes 45% wild species, 38% invasive species, and 17% cultivated species ( Figure 5, Table 2).  water, while (44.44%) were prescribed for outer use as glue. The dominant parts of homegrown medications were set up from crisp plant material as opposed to dried material. The results show that large numbers of medicinal flora have been found to cure more than one disorder. Plant-like A. altissima, A. bracteosa, B. ciliate, C. intybus, M. azedarach, J. adhatoda, O. feroginia, P. somniferum, S. moorcroftiana, T. portulacastrum and Z. armatum were utilized for more than one disorder i.e. dysentery, diarrhea, cough, malaria, stomach ache, constipation, jaundice, cancer, fever, and seizures, which are very common in the reported area (Table 2). Various medicinal floras are used to treat such ailments by traditional healers (Simbo, 2010).

New medicinal uses (Novelty)
The current survey, reported 8 species, which were newly documented for their important medicinal uses these species include A. bracteosa (Blood purification, killing worms abdominal and intestine), I. rugosus (Expansive honey bee species), P. integrima Galls (Gas problems and Chest problems), N. officinale (Oil for relaxation of Knee Pain, increase sexual desire), M. azedarach, A. altissima and A. cepa (Inhabit biting swelling of various bees) and D. viscose (Wounds healing) Table 2. All these species have new uses in the local area. The plant species with new medicinal uses could be further studies to screen bioactive compounds and their phytochemical and pharmacological activities to introduce novel drugs, thus it provides fresh ethnomedicinal knowledge.

Market Value in local area
The local people of the area use indigenous medicinal flora for the treatment of many diseases and also sell many of them in the local market to earn their livelihood. About 7 medicinal plants were collected in the study area in Table 3, Figure 7. (Hamayun, 2007) also reported the important value of medicinal flora in National and International markets, corroborating what our report shows. Because many of the nomadic people and a large number of farmers in the mountains of the District Dir live near subsistence level, collection, and potentially cultivation, of these plants could become a more important source of supplementary income. The majority of the families in District Dir, in the area of our collection, are still living in poverty Sher and Hussain, 2009). Our report showed that the native people of the research area are so poor that they are dependent for their survival on the medicinal flora, to sell in National and International Markets Table 3, Figure 7. Although medicinal flora collection has a huge value in the local market, collectors usually do not know how to market their products, or how much money they could be worth. They are not aware of the importance of their products as shown in (Shinwari and Qaisar, 2011). In the Swat Valley area, this is also true. Findings in  report of the sale and export of medicinal flora from district Dir to local markets and International markets of various countries i.e. India, Europe, Afghanistan, Iran, Arab countries, and Germany.

Relative frequency citation (RFC)
Relative frequency citation (RFC) was calculated to determine the most common medicinal plants used in the local area for various diseases. The value of RFC is ranged from (0.58) to (0.2) Table 2 Shah et al., 2016)

Use Value (UV)
In the present study Use Value (UV) is ranged from 0.92 to 0.07. The highest Use Value (UV) is recorded for J. adhatoda   screening and pharmacological studies in future, and some species have zero UV i.e. X. stumarium, T. terrestris, P. wallichiana, V. negundo, and some low-value species, A. scoparia, and P. integrima 0.07, A. fatua 0.09, Q. incana 0.10, it means the local informants were not familiar with the plant species and their medicinal uses. Some quantitative results are shown by (Shah et al., 2016) it is impossible to match our current results with the other area because it is the first quantitative ethnomedicinal data from tehsil Wari, Dir upper.

Informant consensus factor (ICF)
ICF was determined for 10 various aliments i.e. Stimulant, Gastrointestinal, Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Tonic, Anathematic, Astringent, Antiseptic, Expectorant, and antibacterial. The ICF value for these ailments is range from 0.71 to 0.92 in Figure 9. ICF value depends on the availability and uses of species in the area Figure 9. The maximum ICF value is recorded for diarrhea and dermatitis 0.92, followed by gastrointestinal 0.90, Stimulant and tonic each 0.88, Anthelmintic 0.83. The ICF value shows that Diarrhea and dermatitis are the most common diseases in the study area and the local peoples have more knowledge about the care of these two diseases. The plant species that uses for these two diseases are A. sativum, A. altissima, V. thapsus, S. moorcroftiana, P. lanceolata, R. crispus, P. somniferum, Q. incana, O. feroginia, N. officinale, J. adhatoda, E. prostrate, D. viscose, C. deodara, A. sativa, and A. cepa. These 16 plant species is not only used in local area for diarrhea and dermatitis but also used in other regions of Pakistan like Swat (Akhtar et al., 2013), Lower Dir (Shuaib et al., 2014), Malakand (Barkatullah et al., 2015) Chitral and Khyber agency Peshawar . The minimum lowest ICF value is recorded for Biting (Astringent) and antibacterial (antiseptic) may this due to lack of communications and availability of species among the informants (Rajakumar and Shivanna, 2009).

Fidelity level (FL)
In our current study for Fidelity Level, we determined 10 Species that are used more by the local people. Generally FL of 100% for specific plants that all of the use reports mentions the same disease category (Srithi et al., 2009) In this study we have two species that have 100% FL value A. bracteosa and B. lyceum. The Fidelity Level FL value is ranged from (68% to 100%) in Figure 10. Maximum the value of FL more will the use of plant (Farnsworth, 1988 Figure 10. These plants are used by the informants for various diseases cure, the choice of informants dealing with the specific ailments that indicate a high FL value (Islam et al., 2014;Rajakumar and Shivanna, 2009). The highest Jaccard index JI value is recorded 29.8 and the lowest data is recorded is 4.72 Table 4. The highest similarity is shown in 55 and the lowest is shown in 6 in Table 4.

Jaccard index (JI) and comparison
The highest JI value is recorded 29.8, common species 55, and similarly used species were 37 and dissimilar uses were 18 shown with our current results, from Buner valley (Sher et al., 2011) documented total 216 medicinal plants Table 4, the common species shown with our current results are A. pindrow, A. inciscum, A. vensutum, A. altissima, A. bracteosa, A. cepa, A. sativum, A. viridis, A. visnaga, A. scoparia, B. lyceum, B. ciliate, B. campestris, C. album, C. botrys, C. arvensis, C. sativm, C. distans, D. lotus, D. viscose, E. prostrate, F. crica, F. indica, F. indica, I. heterantha, J. regia, J. adhatoda, L. cylindrical, M. azedarach, M. esculenta, M. alba, M. nigra, N. tazzeta, N. officinale, O. feroginia, O. corniculata, P. emodi, P. roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. integrima, P. lanceolata, P. oleraceae, Q. incana, R. hastatus, S. conidia, S. nigram, S. asper, T. officinale, T. terrestris, V. Thapsus, V. betonicifolia, V. negundo, W. somnifera, X. stumarium, and Z. armatum. The lowest JI value is 4.72 recorded with  Gilgit Baltistan. Total 47 records, 6 species are common, 2 species show similar uses and 4 species show dissimilar uses as shown in Table 4. To compare the reported medicinal flora uses with the previous research work in allied areas of Pakistan, almost 75 species were found that have been mentions as herbal medicine but in the present research new medicinal uses of 11 plant species were reported for the first time. These 11 species belong to 10 different families that are Simarubaceae, Labiatae, Alliaceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Iridaceae, Anacardiaceae, Polygonaceae, Brassicaceae. All the families present 1 species each except Labiatae which presented 2 species. The species were included A. Altissima which were reported for the honey bees visited for making honey which showed similar with . But the new medicinal uses which are reported for the first time of this species is Plant leave is used as cataplasm on swelling after biting a yellow fly.
A. bracteosa were heated in water and use for blood purification, reduce stomach acidity, headache and measles which were same with (Hazrat et al., 2011) for the first time it used for blood purification, Killing worms abdominal and intestine.
A. cepa is used as a vegetable, salad and also in skin problems. The bulbs are crushed and paste on boils . The new significant medicinal uses of its bulbs layers of an onion for the swelling of biting skins by various bees.
D. viscose plant used for ornamental, making broom ash of leaves used in snuff. But for the medicinally use as rheumatism, astringent and swelling (Shah et al., 2016). The fresh leave is used as bandages in the past which is reported for the first time.
F. crica were helped in controlling sugar, cancer, emollient, laxative and demulcent while also is used for thalassemia, carminative, stomachic, constipation (Shah et al., 2016). While the wood used as fuel, Sap also helps in controlling vitiligo disease which was not reported by the other researcher.
I. rugosus Extract sprayed in houses to kills fleas and termites. Leave is used for cleaning teeth and fodder for animals. A decoction of the herb is used for curing sore throat; coughing, hepatitis B, and C. Leaves help in remove fungal infection of the mouth. Also used as a fuel and urgent Snuff . The new medicinal is The flower was used in making honey, the most expensive honey is of I. rugosus which 3000 per Kg. Leaves help in to remove the fungal infection of the mouth. Also used as a fuel and urgent Snuff.
I. ensata plants were used as a blood purifier . While the first time it is reported for the making local green rice M. azedarach leaves were used as fodder. Leaves are also used for biting place. A bark is heating in water and used for dysentery, emetic and cathartic. Wood is used as fuel and wood products. The plant is used for burns, gonorrhea, gingivitis, piles, headache, diabetes, pyrexia, and spleen enlargement (Rehman et al., 2013). The first time its leave is used for swelling after biting of yellow fly biting.
N. officinale leaves are used as a vegetable, a salad which helps tetanus Khan et al., 2009). The new medicinal uses of this plant for the first time that oil is extracted from the seed and used (Massage) relaxing Body muscles and increase sexual desire.
P. integrima barks are boiled and its extract is used for the bronchial disorder  while its unknown medicinal uses are introducing is its gall is used for gas and chest problem.
R. crispus leaves are used as vegetable and fodder for animals. Fruit help in digestion and is mostly used in condiments  while it is introduced in the treatment of ear-burning infection special its spore powder.
The people of that research area mostly utilized herbs and trees for ethnological purposes and the result is in line with our research (Habib-Ul-Hassan et al., 2015). The majority of plants utilized for medicinal purposes in the research area are herbaceous plants. The informants the present report. Our survey shows that a huge number of medicinal floras are over-harvested for ethnobotanical purposes. Agriculture and livestock rearing in the research area is also a very common practice. This supports the lives of rural people. Another pressure on the medicinal flora of the survey area is overgrazing, with animals trampling the ground and causing soil compaction. Compacted soil retards germination, and slows seed growth and development. (Nogués-Bravo et al., 2008) reports the same result. Moreover, the rearing of goats is very common in the survey area, which causes huge damage to the flora through browsing.  reports the same effect of the animals as shown in our findings.

Future impact of the study
We hope this study will be valuable to develop a sense in the local communities, of the value economically and social of the local medicinal plants, and encourage them to care for them, for future generations. This valuable information hopefully will also encourage the local inhabitants to preserve the beauty of their valley. This can lead to increased tourism, which could have a positive effect on the local economy. With tourism could come to a greater awareness of the value and importance of the local medicinal plants, and lead to their marketing and export to the different countries of the world? That would also improve the local economy.

Conclusion
There is a great relationship between plants and humans. Plants play a vital role in the life of humans. Human life is impossible without plants. Plants are necessary to balance ecosystems. Plants trap the sunlight and create energy and then transfer it to animals and humans. All life forms on Earth depend on plant energy. The Wari Valley in Northern Pakistan is rich in plants with economic, commercial, pharmaceutical, medicinal and ethnobotanical uses. We hope our research work will generate widespread interest in the local communities to protect and conserve the medicinal flora for future generations. The native people of Dir Upper Wari have been dependent on medicinal plants to fulfill their day-to-day health care needs. The traditional healers and herbalists have centuries-old knowledge, about the uses of plants. The local inhabitants know some of the uses for plants, but they don't know the proper ways of the collection, collection time, parts used preservation and proper storage. The local area has an illiterate population, with poor ways of plant collection, unscientific ways of storage of medicinal plants, corrupt forest officials, with the smuggling of timber wood. These were big factors that could lead to the extinction of many medicinal plants. Many plant species are at risk due to over-collection in the local area. The important and high-value plants are decreasing in number and could become extinct. Education in proper ways of collection and conservation could lead to the preservation of these valuable plants for future generations. Medicinal plants are an important component in the agriculture sector and contribute a great share in the economic development of a country.
felt it takes more time and effort to harvest plants from woody medicinal flora. This could also relate to the fact that herbaceous plants are more easily accessible in the nearby areas, than trees and shrubs. The dominant use of herbaceous material as medicinal flora in our research agrees with other ethnobotanical research into medicinal flora inventories, done in Pakistan, and in the entire world (Adnan et al., 2012;Giday et al., 2010;Ibrar and Hussain, 2009;Murad et al., 2011;Yineger et al., 2007) reported on ethnobotanical studies of medicinal flora of Batkhela district which were in line with the research. This study examined what parts of the medicinal flora were utilized for various purposes. The local people mostly harvest the whole plant for ethnobotanical purposes. Harvesting the whole plant greatly reduces the number of plants in existence, and causes a great threat of extinction to these medicinal floras. Harvesting the medicinal flora in excess may destroy the sustainable utilization of this highly valued plant biodiversity. Our research is in line with an ethnobotanical survey of Naran Valley, Pakistan (Khan et al., 2013b). Leaves are used more frequently in the research area. The huge utilization of the leaves may be due to the easy availability. The excessive utilization of leaves might also be due to great medicinal value but more research is required to explore their medicinal properties (Barkatullah and Ibrar, 2011). The uses of leaves for medicinal value (Habib-Ul-Hassan et al., 2015) have been reported on as being a greater source of medicine than the present research shows. The frequent utilization of leaves is also reported on by various other ethnobotanists (Barkatullah and Ibrar, 2011).
This may be because some medicinal flora contains large numbers of secondary metabolites (Tolossa et al., 2013) and (Habib-Ul-Hassan et al., 2015) also report the same single species being used for various disorders in the same way as our present findings. The majority of medicinal recipes are taken orally in the research area. That may be because of the ease of utilization of additives like honey, milk, etc. as a carrier for administration of the remedies. This was also reported in (Lulekal et al., 2013) that oral ingestion was the preferred mode of administration of plant remedies. Ullah et al., 2006) also reported the same result. The medicinal flora of the study area is facing many threats of over-exploitation, like overgrazing, use as construction material, and the use for fuel and food. The native people of the area are very poor and the majority of these people are involved in collecting and exploiting plants for their needs, and the needs of their cattle. The grazing of their cattle is causing great damage to the medicinal flora of the research area. (Lulekal et al., 2013) also, many medicinal floras are shown to be over-exploited in our report. The most common fuel and fodder plants are A. altissima, C. deodara, D. viscose, F. crica, I. heterantha, M. azedarach, O. feroginia, P. roxburghii, Q. baloot, Q. incana. Due to the shortage of modern sources of fuel, the native people are over-harvesting the woody species to fulfill their basic heating requirements, without any awareness of their role in pushing the woody plants towards extinction. It was noticed that pressure on fuel woods increased greatly in winter because of cold weather. This finding is also reported in (Ahmed et al., 2013) Woody species from New Murree was used as fuel, as shown in