Impacto de <i>Pteridium arachnoideum</i>(Kaulf) no banco de sementes do Cerrado

Xavier, R. O.; Alday, J. G.; Marrs, R. H.; Matos, D. M. S.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.21814

R. O. Xavier ^**e-mail: filosxavier@yahoo.com.br

Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CP 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

J. G. Alday

School of Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Marine Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK

R. H. Marrs

School of Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Marine Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK

D. M. S. Matos

Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CP 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

*e-mail: filosxavier@yahoo.com.br

Figuras (3)
Tabelas (3)

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Figure 1
Boxplots of variables related to seed bank structure in sites of Cerrado invaded by Pteridium arachnoideum compared with reference uninvaded areas in two different seasons. (a) Total seed densities; (b) richness; (c) Simpson diversity (1-D). The output from generalized linear mixed-effects models () is presented. Pte- invaded sites. Ctrl- control sites. Wet-rainy season. Dry- dry season. Asterisks (*) indicated significant differences between uninvaded and invaded sites in each season (*P<0.05).

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Figure 2
Density of the five commonest families in the seed bank of sites of Cerrado invaded by Pteridium arachnoideum, compared to uninvaded adjacent sites. Data are showed both to the rainy and dry season. (a) Melastomataceae. (b) Poaceae. (c) Asteraceae. (d) Rubiaceae. The output from generalized linear mixed-effects models runned to each family () is presented. Pte- invaded sites. Ctrl- control sites. Wet-rainy season. Dry- dry season. Significance to a the comparison between uninvaded and invaded sites in each season, or between invaded and uninvaded sites when the interaction between season and invasion was not significant: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

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Figure 3
Density of the most common exotic (a-b) and native species (c-e) in the seed bank of sites of Cerrado invaded by Pteridium arachnoideum, compared to uninvaded adjacent sites in two different seasons. Output from generalized linear mixed-effects models performed to each species () is presented. Pte- invaded sites. Ctrl- control sites. Wet-rainy season. Dry- dry season. Significance of a comparison between uninvaded and invaded sites in each season, or between invaded and uninvaded sites when the interaction between season and invasion was not significant: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

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Table 1
Species composition and seed abundance in the soil seed bank in the three sites invaded by Pteridiumaracnoideum (P1, P2 and P3) and in the three uninvaded sites (C1, C2 and C3) of Cerrado in the Southeast Brazil in both the rainy and dry season. Families and species within families are showed in decreasing order of total abundance in the soil seed bank. Species origin and status abbreviation: nat- native, rud-ruderal, ex-exotic, inv- invasive.

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Table 2
Results of General Linear Mixed-Effects Models assessing the effects of Pteridium arachnoideuminvasion on soil seed bank composition in both the dry and rainy seasons in Cerrado sensustricto vegetation in Brazil, based in different dependent variables. (a) Total abundance, richness and species diversity; (b) Total abundance and of the five major plant families; (c) abundance of the most common exotic and native species. All models assumed a negative binomial distribution, except to species diversity, where we assumed a Gaussian distribution.

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Table 3
Best linear models of the relationship between seed bank structure and biomass production related variables in Cerrado sites invaded by Pteridium arachnoideum in the southeast of Brazil. Dependent variables are the overall abundance and richness of the seed bank, as well as the abundance of the most common families and exotic species, and independent variables are the litter biomass from P. arachnoideum e other species.

Taxa	Habit	Origin/	Rainy season											Dry season
		status	C1	C2	C3		P1		P2		P3		C1		C2	C3	P1		P2		P3
Melastomataceae
Tibouchina stenocarpa	tree	nat	24	43	19		4		58		46		1		8	108	2		44		176
Leandra aurea	shrub	nat	20	54	16		7		19		9		45		81	16	38		33		9
Miconia albicans	shrub	nat	9	0	3		3		1		0		15		3	0	3		0		2
Miconia rubiginosa	tree	nat	7	0	1		0		1		0		0		0	1	1		0		0
Miconia ligustroides	tree	nat	0	0	0		0		0		0		1		3	0	0		0		1
species 1			0	0	0		2		0		0		0		0	0	0		0		0
species 2			0	0	0		0		0		0		15		0	0	0		5		1
Undefined			1	0	0		0		0		0		6		7	13	3		12		2
Poaceae
Urochloa decumbens	herb	exo/inv	1	0	7		28		5		30		0		3	0	0		5		1
Melinis minutiflora	herb	exo/inv	21	3	4		89		2		18		96		121	97	1		10		1
Panicum campestre	herb	nat	1	0	1		0		2		0		0		6	17	0		0		13
Panicum sp.	herb		5	6	0		0		0		4		1		0	0	0		0		0
Paspalum pilosum	herb	nat	0	0	1		0		0		0		0		1	0	0		0		0
Axonopus capillaris	herb	nat/	0	0	0		0		0		0		0		0	1	0		1		0
species 1	herb		0	2	0		1		0		0		0		0	0	0		0		0
Eleusine indica	herb	nat/rud	0	0	0		0		0		0		0		0	0	0		0		1
species 2	herb		0	0	0		0		0		9		0		0	0	0		0		0
Undefined			4	20	0		1		0		0		0		1	0	3		3		1
Asteraceae
Baccharis linearifolia	shrub	nat	0	26	6		37		62		78		40		12	25	11		33		19
Mikania sp.	vine		10	4	5		11		4		11		3		2	8	8		17		4
Baccharis dracunculifolia	shrub	nat	3	0	2		0		9		6		1		15	0	0		4		1
Chromolaena sp.	shrub		1	0	8		0		0		0		0		2	4	0		1		2
species 1			1	0	0		2		0		0		0		0	0	0		0		0
species 2			0	0	0		1		1		0		0		0	0	0		0		1
Pterocaulon alopecuroides	herb	nat/rud	0	0	0		1		0		0		0		0	0	0		0		0
Rubiaceae
Spermacoce sp. 1	herb		76	3	1		1		17		9		57		6	0	5		5		16
Spermacace sp. 2	herb		33	2	1		3		38		15		3		24	42	2		8		14
Coccocypselum lanceolatum	herb	nat	0	0	0		0		0		0		2		0	0	0		1		0
Cyperaceae
Cyperus aggregatus	herb	nat/rud	0	0		0		0		0		0		7	9	13	0	4		0
Fimbristylis spp.	herb		0	0		0		0		0		0		5	0	0	0	0		26
Cyperus surinamensis	herb	nat	0	0		0		0		0		0		3	0	1	1	0		1
Undefined			1	0		7		0		2		2		2	12	10	1	0		0
Fabaceae
species 1			0	0		0		0		0		0		0	5	0	0	0		0
Zornia latifolia	herb	nat	0	0		0		0		0		0		0	2	0	0	0		0
Chamaecrista rotundifolia	herb	nat	0	0		0		1		0		0		0	0	0	0	0		0
Senna chrysocarpa	herb	nat	0	0		0		0		0		0		0	0	0	0	1		0
Undefined			1	0		0		0		0		0		1	0	0	0	1		0
Lithraceae
Diplusodon virgatus	shrub	nat	16	1		0		0		0		0		0	0	0	0	0		0
Cucurbitaceae
species 1	vine		0	0		0		0		1		0		0	0	0	0	0		0
Primulaceae
Rapanea umbellata	tree	nat	0	0		0		0		2		0		0	0	0	0	2		0
Rosaceae
Rubussp.	shrub		0	0		0		0		0		0		0	0	0	0	3		0
Euphorbiaceae
Maprounea guianensis	tree	nat	0	0		0		0		0		0		0	0	0	2	0		0
Indeterminated			5	54		2		3		0		0		1	2	2	18	16		4

(a)
Variables	Factor	Estimate	SE	z	P	Significance ^* ***** =P<0.001. ns ^* * =P<0.05. ^* * =P<0.05. ^* *** =P<0.001. ns ns ns ^* ******* =P<0.001. ns ns ns
Total abundance	(Intercept)	2.995	0.149	20.08	<0.001
	Pa.inv	0.064	0.194	0.33	0.741
	Dry.S	0.502	0.218	2.30	0.021
	Pa.inv x Dry.S	–0.626	0.269	–2.33	0.020
Richness	(Intercept)	1.778	0.113	15.77	<0.001
	Pa.inv	–0.089	0.112	–0.79	0.430
	Dry.S	–0.007	0.110	–0.06	0.955
	Pa.inv x Dry.S	–0.018	0.157	–0.11	0.910
Simpson 1-D	(Intercept)	0.677	0.031	21.79	<0.001
	Pa.inv	–0.078	0.041	1.88	0.063
	Dry.S	–0.047	0.049	-0.97	0.335
	Pa.inv x Dry.S	0.092	0.058	1.59	0.110
(b)
Melastomataceae	(Intercept)	1.957	0.229	8.55	<0.001	^* *** =P<0.001. ^ =P<0.01. ns ns ^* ***** =P<0.001. ns ^* ***** =P<0.001. ^* ******* =P<0.001.
	Pa.inv	–0.722	0.272	–2.65	0.008
	Dry.S	0.393	0.249	1.58	0.110
	Pa.inv x Dry.S	0.575	0.355	1.62	0.105
Poaceae	(Intercept)	1.035	0.288	3.60	<0.001
	Pa.inv	0.806	0.388	2.07	0.038
	Dry.S	1.405	0.385	3.65	<0.001
	Pa.inv x Dry.S	–2.957	0.551	–5.36	<0.001
Asteraceae	(Intercept)	0.856	0.263	3.26	0.001	^ =P<0.01. ^ =P<0.01. ns ^* * =P<0.05. ^ =P<0.01. ns ns ns
	Pa.inv	1.103	0.335	3.29	0.001
	Dry.S	0.234	0.400	0.58	0.559
	Pa.inv x Dry.S	–1.212	0.494	–2.45	0.014
Rubiaceae	(Intercept)	1.594	0.572	2.78	0.005
	Pa.inv	–0.480	0.483	–0.99	0.321
	Dry.S	–0.102	0.632	–0.16	0.871
	Pa.inv x Dry.S	–0.447	0.710	–0.63	0.529
(c)
Origin	Variable	Factor	Estimate	SE	z	P	Significance
Exotic	+Melinis minutiflora	(Intercept)	–0.058	0.438	–0.13	0.895	ns
		Pa.inv	1.230	0.512	2.40	0.016	^* * =P<0.05.
		Dry.S	2.446	0.537	4.55	<0.001	^* ***** =P<0.001.
		Pa.inv x Dry.S	–4.518	0.749	–6.03	<0.001	^* ***** =P<0.001.
	+Urochloa decumbens	(Intercept)	–1.216	0.506	–2.40	0.016	^* * =P<0.05.
		Pa.inv	1.958	0.625	3.13	0.002	^ =P<0.01.
		Dry.S	–1.086	0.841	–1.29	0.197	ns
		Pa.inv x Dry.S	–1.265	1.062	–1.19	0.233	ns
Native	Baccaris linearifolia	(Intercept)	0.170	0.413	0.41	0.680	ns
		Pa.inv	1.605	0.549	2.93	0.003	^ =P<0.01.
		Dry.S	0.773	0.555	1.39	0.164	ns
		Pa.inv x Dry.S	–1.957	0.762	–2.37	0.018	^* * =P<0.05.
	Leandra aurea	(Intercept)	1.080	0.357	3.03	0.002	^ =P<0.01.
		Pa.inv	–1.168	0.351	–3.33	<0.001	^* ***** =P<0.001.
		Dry.S	0.274	0.325	0.84	0.398	ns
		Pa.inv x Dry.S	0.611	0.464	1.31	0.188	ns
	Tibouchina stenocarpa	(Intercept)	1.063	0.346	3,07	0.002	^ =P<0.01.
		Pa.inv	-0.611	0.413	-1.48	0.139	ns
		Dry.S	–1.372	1.012	-1.36	0.175	ns
		Pa.inv x Dry.S	1.523	0.593	2.57	0.010	^* * =P<0.05.

Model components	intercept			P. arachnoideum litter			other species litter			r²adj
Variables	SE	t	p	SE	t	p	SE	t	p
Total abundance	12.72	1.39	0.177	0.02	0.51	0.615	0.05	2.25	0.033^* * p<0.05.	0.11
Melastomataceae	8.10	0.26	0.798	0.01	0.82	0.418	0.03	0.48	0.636	0.04
Poaceae	4.29	2.23	0.035^* * p<0.05.	0.01	2.48	0.020^* ***** p<0.001.	0.02	3.79	<0.001^* ***** p<0.001.	0.41
Asteraceae	6.53	0.90	0.377	0.01	0.55	0.590	0.03	2.06	0.049^* * p<0.05.	0.09
Rubiaceae	2.46	1.00	0.328	0.00	1.05	0.305	0.01	2.18	0.038^* * p<0.05.	0.13
M. minutiflora	3.23	2.04	0.051	0.00	2.37	0.026^* * p<0.05.	0.01	3.08	0.005^ p<0.01.	0.33
U. decumbens	2.19	0.63	0.536	0.00	1.02	0.318	0.01	3.33	0.003^ p<0.01.	0.28
Richness	1.57	3.60	0.001^* ***** p<0.001.	0.00	0.05	0.964	0.01	0.24	0.810	0.07

[1] *e-mail: filosxavier@yahoo.com.br

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Impacto de Pteridium arachnoideum(Kaulf) no banco de sementes do Cerrado

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