First record of Conostigmus Dahlbom, 1858 (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) from Brazil and description of the female of Conostigmus binasutus Dessart & Cancemi, 1986.

Conostigmus Dahlbom, 1858 (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) is reported for the first time from Brazil. Here, we provide a diagnosis of Conostigmus binasutus Dessart & Cancemi, 1986 and the description and illustration of the female, previously unknown. The analyzed material was collected utilizing Malaise traps, in Manaus, Amazon, Brazil and deposited at the Invertebrate collection of INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia) of Manaus. A identification key and distribution map to the Neotropical species of Conostigmus is provided.


Introduction
Megaspilidae Ashmead, 1893 is easily recognized and separated from other families of Hymenoptera for presenting fore wing usually with large stigma and mesoscutum commonly with three longitudinal furrows or rarely reduced to a narrow sclerite (Goulet and Huber, 1993). Little data are available about the biology of Megaspilidae. Are generally ectoparasitoids which attacking, primarily on Diptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Mecoptera and also as hyperparasitoids of Hymenoptera (Dessart, 2006).
Conostigmus Dahlbom, 1858 differs of other genres of Megaspilidae by the following characteristics: ocelli forming an isosceles triangle with a narrow base, or an equilateral triangle (Dessart, 2006). Conostigmus is the second richest genus of Megaspilidae, comprises 163 species and has a worldwide distribution (Johnson and Musetti, 2004). It is more diverse in the Palearctic region (Mikó et al., 2016). For the Neotropical region there are two species known: Conostigmus binasutus Dessart & Cancemi, 1986 from Ecuador, and Conostigmus yunquensis Ogloblin, 1957 from Chile (Dessart and Cancemi, 1986;Dessart, 1995). The main objective of this work is to record the first occurrence of Conostigmus from Brazil and provide the diagnosis, description and illustration of the female of C. binasutus previously unknown.
Photographs were taken using a Nikon AZ100M stereomicroscope and NIS-Elements Advanced Research software and enhanced using Adobe Photoshop CS5 software. A map with the distribution of Neotropical Conostigmus species was constructed. Coordinates of localities were obtained from specimen labels, using Google Earth  application. The distribution map was constructed in Simple Mappr (Shorthouse, 2010).

Diagnosis of C. binasutus
Head black, narrower than the mesosoma, with sparse pubescence. Two prominences (frons and clypeus). Eyes with few long setae scattered on surface, orbits deep and faveolate. Ocelli forming an almost equilateral triangle. Preoccipital lunula very strong, concave. Preoccipital groove widely faveolate ( Figure 1A and F). Antenna dark brown, with fairly thin scape ( Figure 1A-C). Mesosoma black, slightly elongated. Mesoscutum transverse, reduced and narrow. Median groove and especially notauli deeply faveolate. Scutellum elongated and limited by a strongly faveolate edge. Scutellum with prominent concave spur at posterior edge ( Figure 1B and D). Dark legs, only anterior and middle tibia and tarsus, posterior trochanter and tarsus light brown. Legs slender and basal tarsomeres very long ( Figure 1B). Fore wings slightly brownish, stigma more than 2 x as long as wide, poststigmal vein 1.5 x as long as stigma. (Figure 1B and G). Metasoma dark brown. Gaster long and narrow, tergite I with well-defined grooves at basal portion ( Figure 1A, B, E).

Male
Holotype with incomplete antenna. Antennae with scape 5x as long as wide. Pedicel light brown. First flagellomere more than 4x as long as wide. First flagellomere more than 4x as long as wide. Other flagellomeres 2x as long as wide (Dessart and Cancemi, 1986).

Description of the female
Body color and the morphological features of head, mesosoma, wings and metasoma are the same as male, except the antennal segments. Specimen with one damaged antenna.
Antennae with scape more than 4x as long as wide. Pedicel light brown. Pedicel and first flagellomere: 2x as long as wide. Second to eighth flagellomere: 2x as wide as long. Flagellomere 9 the same length of flagellomeres 7 and 8 together. Setae shorter than width of flagellomeres ( Figure 1A-C).

Comments
The specie Conostigmus uninasutus Alekseev, 1994, collected in Vietnam is the most similar to C. binasutus. The characteristics that distinguish the two species are: C. uninasutus (head with only one prominence in the frons; grooves gastral reaching 33% length gastral tergite III; yellow legs) and C. binasutus (head with two prominences in the frons and clypeus; grooves gastral surpassing 50% length gastral tergite III; brown legs).
Identification key and distribution map (Figure 2) to the Neotropical species of Conostigmus is presented (Adapted from Pezzini and Köhler, 2017).