Gm |
Massive to crudely stratified paraconglomerate, with clasts of granite, sandstone, gneiss, schist, and quartz, within sandy to muddy-sandy matrix; grain size varies from granules to cobbles, some of them striated and faceted. |
Deposition of concentrated density flows (Mulder and Alexander 2001Mulder T., Alexander J. 2001. The physical character of sedimentary density currents and their deposits. Sedimentology, 48(2):269-299. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00360.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001...
). |
Sm(g)
|
Fine to medium grained and massive sandstones, poorly sorted, with floating and extrabasinal granules to pebbles in muddy-sandy matrix. It can contain dish structures and large rip-up clasts at the base. |
Deposition of hyperconcentrated to concentrated density flows (Mulder and Alexander 2001Mulder T., Alexander J. 2001. The physical character of sedimentary density currents and their deposits. Sedimentology, 48(2):269-299. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00360.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001...
). |
Sm(f)
|
Very fine and massive sandstones, poorly sorted, with muddy-sandy matrix. |
Deposition of turbulent flow (Bouma 1962Bouma A.H. 1962. Sedimentology of some flysh deposits, a graphic approach to facies interpretation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p. 168., Mulder and Alexander 2001Mulder T., Alexander J. 2001. The physical character of sedimentary density currents and their deposits. Sedimentology, 48(2):269-299. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00360.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001...
). |
Sp/St |
Trough/planar cross-stratified, medium to coarse sandstones, moderately to poorly sorted. |
Migration of subaqueous dunes, bedload-dominated, hydrodynamic flows under lower flow regime (Miall 1978Miall A.D. 1978. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models of braided river deposits, a summary. In: Miall A.D. (Ed.). Fluvial sedimentology. Calgary: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, p. 597-604., 1996Miall A.D. 1996. The geology of fluvial deposits: sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology. New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 582., 2006Miall A.D. 2006. The geology of fluvial deposits: sedimentary facies, basin analysis, and petroleum geology. Berlin, Springer, pp. 582.). |
Sh/Sl |
Fine to medium sandstone with low-angle cross-stratification (< 15°) or plane bedding, moderately to well sorted, with silt and very fine sandy matrix content. |
Migration of subaqueous dunes, bedload-dominated, hydrodynamic flows under upper flow regime (Miall 1978Miall A.D. 1978. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models of braided river deposits, a summary. In: Miall A.D. (Ed.). Fluvial sedimentology. Calgary: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, p. 597-604., Tucker 2003Tucker M.E. 2003. Sedimentary rocks in the field. Chichester: Wiley, 250 p. (The Geological Field Guide Series.)). |
Shc |
Fine to medium sandstones, moderately to well sorted, with very fine and silt matrix content and hummocky cross-stratification. |
Deposition of oscillatory flows, in which migration of symmetric subaqueous dunes develop concave–concave truncation (Tucker 2003Tucker M.E. 2003. Sedimentary rocks in the field. Chichester: Wiley, 250 p. (The Geological Field Guide Series.)). |
Sd |
Fine sandstones, moderately sorted, with soft-sediment deformation. |
Penecontemporaneous deformation due to loading and fluid scape (Tucker 2003Tucker M.E. 2003. Sedimentary rocks in the field. Chichester: Wiley, 250 p. (The Geological Field Guide Series.)). |
Sr/Sr(w)
|
Very fine to medium sandstones, poorly to moderately sorted, with asymmetric (including climbing ripples) or symmetric ripples. The symmetric ripples contain muddy and organic drapes. |
Migration of subaqueous current or wave ripples, under lower flow hydrodynamic regime (Miall 1978Miall A.D. 1978. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models of braided river deposits, a summary. In: Miall A.D. (Ed.). Fluvial sedimentology. Calgary: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, p. 597-604.). |
Shl |
Very fine sandstones, moderately sorted, with planar lamination. |
Deposition of traction bedload-dominated hydrodynamic process under lower flow hydrodynamic regime (Miall 1996Miall A.D. 1996. The geology of fluvial deposits: sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology. New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 582.). |
Dm |
Massive rocks with rounded to angular, polymictic granules to boulders dispersed in a muddy to sandy-muddy matrix (diamictites). In places, shear surfaces are present. Clast compositions include gneisses, schists, quartzite, siltstone, sandstones, TBT, and plant fragments. |
Deposition of subaqueous mass movements characterized by complete homogenization of the mass flow (Eyles et al. 1983Eyles N., Eyles C.H., Miall A.D. 1983. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models: an alternative approach to the description and environmental interpretation of glacial diamictite and diamictite sequences. Sedimentology, 30(3):393-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1983.tb00679.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1983...
, Shanmugam 2006Shanmugam G. 2006. Deep-water processes and facies models, implications for sandstone petroleum reservoirs. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 476 p.). |
Dm(r)
|
Massive rocks with rounded to angular polymictic granules to boulders dispersed in a muddy to sandy-muddy matrix (diamictites). Structures of penecontemporaneous deformation (faults, shear surfaces, and folds) are present. Clast compositions include gneisses, schists, quartzite, siltstone, and sandstones. Allochthonous deltaic and TBT blocks occur as rafted blocks. |
Deposition of subaqueous mass movements (slides and slumps, Eyles et al. 1983Eyles N., Eyles C.H., Miall A.D. 1983. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models: an alternative approach to the description and environmental interpretation of glacial diamictite and diamictite sequences. Sedimentology, 30(3):393-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1983.tb00679.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1983...
, Shanmugam 2006Shanmugam G. 2006. Deep-water processes and facies models, implications for sandstone petroleum reservoirs. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 476 p.). |
Dm(s)
|
Homogeneous and sandy diamictites comprising floating clasts and subhorizontal anastomosing shear planes (millimetric spaced) and striated surfaces at the top. The clasts (granules and pebbles) are faceted and with basement affinity (granite and quartz). |
Debris deposition and homogenization by shear due to the advancing glacier configuring subglacial tillites (Evans et al. 2006Evans D.J.A., Phillips E.R., Hiemstra J.F., Auton C.A. 2006. Subglacial till: formation, sedimentary characteristics and classification. Earth-Science Reviews, 78(1-2):115-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.04.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006...
). |
Dm(d)
|
Sandy diamictites, roughly stratified, with flat base and asymmetric concave top layers in multiple lateral arrangements with dispersed granules and pebbles (of compositional affinity with the basement). |
Released sediments from iceberg building iceberg-dump structures; the depletion of the fines, by dispersion in water, would cause the partial particles sorting (Thomas and Connell 1985Thomas G.S.P., Connell R.J. 1985. Iceberg drop, dump and grounding structures from Pleistocene glaciolacustrine sediments, Scotland. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 55(2):243-249. https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8689-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8689-2B24-11...
). |
Fl/Fl(d)
|
Thinly laminated mudstones with or without dispersed clasts (dropstones). |
Mud settling is occasionally associated with the deposition of ice-rafted debris. |
Hl |
Discontinued alternation of mudstones and very fine sandstones, with current ripples, composing linsen heterolithic structures. |
Deposition of mud settling predominated over migration of subaqueous ripples, under lower flow hydrodynamic regime (Tucker 2003Tucker M.E. 2003. Sedimentary rocks in the field. Chichester: Wiley, 250 p. (The Geological Field Guide Series.)). |
Hw/Hw(w) |
Discontinued alternation of mudstones and very fine sandstones, with current and/or wave ripples, composing wavy heterolithic structures. |
Deposition of similar rates of mud settling alternating with migration of subaqueous current and/or wave ripples, under lower flow hydrodynamic regime (Tucker 2003Tucker M.E. 2003. Sedimentary rocks in the field. Chichester: Wiley, 250 p. (The Geological Field Guide Series.)). |
Hf/Hf(w) |
Discontinued alternation of mudstones and very fine sandstones, with current and/or wave ripples, composing flaser heterolithic structures. |
The result from the migration of subaqueous current and/or wave ripples, under lower flow hydrodynamic regime, predominated over mud settling (Tucker 2003Tucker M.E. 2003. Sedimentary rocks in the field. Chichester: Wiley, 250 p. (The Geological Field Guide Series.)). |
C |
Thinly laminated coal layers (vitrinite). |
Deposition on vegetated swamp (Miall 1978Miall A.D. 1978. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models of braided river deposits, a summary. In: Miall A.D. (Ed.). Fluvial sedimentology. Calgary: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, p. 597-604., 1996Miall A.D. 1996. The geology of fluvial deposits: sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology. New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 582.). |