Biomethane production from vinasse in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors inoculated with granular sludge

Barros, Valciney Gomes de; Duda, Rose Maria; Oliveira, Roberto Alves de

doi:10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.021

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Brazilian Journal of Microbiology

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Environmental Microbiology • Braz. J. Microbiol. 47 (3) • Jul-Sep 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.021 copy

Biomethane production from vinasse in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors inoculated with granular sludge

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the anaerobic conversion of vinasse into biomethane with gradual increase in organic loading rate (OLR) in two upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, R1 and R2, with volumes of 40.5 and 21.5 L in the mesophilic temperature range. The UASB reactors were operated for 230 days with a hydraulic detection time (HDT) of 2.8 d (R1) and 2.8-1.8 d (R2). The OLR values applied in the reactors were 0.2-7.5 g _totalCOD (L d)⁻¹ in R1 and 0.2-11.5 g _totalCOD (L d)⁻¹ in R2. The average total chemical oxygen demand (_totalCOD) removal efficiencies ranged from 49% to 82% and the average conversion efficiencies of the removed _totalCOD into methane were 48-58% in R1 and 39-65% in R2. The effluent recirculation was used for an OLR above 6 g _totalCOD (L d)⁻¹ in R1 and 8 g_totalCOD (L d)⁻¹ in R2 and was able to maintain the pH of the influent in R1 and R2 in the range from 6.5 to 6.8. However, this caused a decrease for 53-39% in the conversion efficiency of the removed _totalCOD into methane in R2 because of the increase in the recalcitrant COD in the influent. The largest methane yield values were 0.181 and 0.185 (L) CH₄ (g_total COD removed)⁻¹ in R1 and R2, respectively. These values were attained after 140 days of operation with an OLR of 5.0-7.5 g _totalCOD (L d)⁻¹ and _total COD removal efficiencies around 70 and 80%.

Keywords:
Biogas; Mesophilic anaerobic treatment; Methane; Organic loading rate; Startup

Examination and determination	Frequency	Bibliographic
Influent and effluent		Reference
pH	Twice a week	(Method: 4500 – B)¹⁴14 APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2005.
Total ( _total COD), dissolved ( _diss COD), and suspended ( _ss COD) chemical oxygen demand	Twice a week	(Method: 5220 – B)¹⁴14 APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2005.
total (TA), partial (PA), and intermediary (IA) alkalinity	Twice a week	¹⁴14 APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2005. ^, ¹⁷17 Jenkins SR, Morgan JM, Sawyer CL. Measuring anaerobic sludge digestion and growth by a simple alkalimetric titration. J Water Pollut Control Fed. 1983;55(5):448-453.
Total (TSS), volatile (VSS), and fixed (FSS) suspend solids	Twice a week	(Method: 2540 – C e 2540 – E)¹⁴14 APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2005.
Total volatile acids (TVA)	Twice a week	¹⁸18 DiLallo R, Albertson OE. Volatile acids by direct titration. J Water Pollut Control Fed. 1961;33:356-365.
Kjeldahl nitrogen (KN)	Twice a week	(Method: 4500-N-C)¹⁴14 APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2005.
Total phosphorus ( _total P)	Twice a week	(Method: 4500-P-C)¹⁴14 APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2005.

Sludge
Total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS)	Biweekly	(Method 2540 – B and 2540 – E)¹⁴14 APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2005.

Biogas
Production	Daily	(Method: gasometer)¹⁹19 de Oliveira RA [thesis] Efeito da concentração de sólidos suspensos do afluente no desempenho e características do lodo de reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura. São Carlos, Brasil: Escola de Engenharia, USP; 1997, 359 pp.
Composition	Weekly	14 (Method: gas chromatography)

Attributes	R1				R2
OLR (g _totalCOD (L d)⁻¹)	0.2–2.5	2.5–5.0	5.0–7.5	7.5	0.2–2.5	2.5–5.0	5.0–7.5	7.5–11.5	11.5
Operation days	(0–115)	(116–147)	(148–186)	(187–229)	(0–115)	(116–147)	(148–172)	(173–193)	(193–229)

pH
Influent	6.94	6.51	6.80	6.80	6.94	6.51	6.80	6.80	6.48
vc	2.7	0.3	4.4	2.8	2.7	0.3	4.4	2.9	8.8
Effluent	7.41	7.88	7.89	7.82	7.52	7.88	7.93	7.98	7.71
vc	4.5	2.8	1.8	7.8	4.5	2.4	1.4	1.0	3.3

TA (mg L ⁻¹ CaCO ₃ )
Influent	216	781	2349	4828	216	781	873	2284	4386
vc	38	31	46	17	38	31	25	40	28
Effluent	532	2529	4280	6100	558	2517	3394	4090	6288
vc	64	20	20	29	57	34	24	18	20

TVA (mg L ⁻¹ CH ₃ COOH)
Influent	158	943	1599	3050	158	943	1262	2596	4663
vc	77	44	37	6	78	44	30	11	10
Effluent	60	388	623	1728	61	328	499	454	2722
vc	48	67	23	23	43	56	15	16	48

IA/PA
Effluent	0.32	0.18	0.24	0.35	0.32	0.16	0.36	0.23	0.86
vc	76	28	16	26	69	31	30	33	70

TVA/TA
Effluent	0.13	0.15	0.14	0.31	0.12	0.13	0.15	0.11	0.50
vc	34	47	13	45	36	39	15	8	58

Attributes	R1				R2
OLR (g _totalCOD (L d)⁻¹)	0.2–2.5	2.5–5.0	5.0–7.5	7.5	0.2–2.5	2.5–5.0	5.0–7.5	7.5–11.5	11.5
Operation days	(0–115)	(116–147)	(148–186)	(187–229)	(0–115)	(116–147)	(148–172)	(173–193)	(193–229)

_total COD ^a a Unit: mg L−1.
Influent	1866	10,377	17,554	21,971	1866	10,377	16,239	24,800	28,543
vc	94	22	13	3	94	22	9	15	17
Effluent	415	2037	5637	10,904	378	1888	3748	4404	10,540
vc	59	40	37	10	58	45	14	7	11

_total COD ^a a Unit: mg L−1.
Influent	1568	8897	15,344	18,809	1568	8897	14,569	21,430	24,103
vc	91	27	13	7	91	27	10	13	19
Effluent	335	1705	4852	9689	308	1579	3110	3765	9122
vc	75	33	37	13	74	34	13	10	16

TSS ^a a Unit: mg L−1.
Influent	139	480	1001	1869	117	480	775	1582	1910
vc	129	36	53	11	89	36	50	51	17
Effluent	30	201	731	1150	28	143	427	668	1100
vc	109	46	48	9	121	50	32	35	19

VSS ^a a Unit: mg L−1.
Influent	96	355	785	1385	88	355	663	1182	1556
vc	113	38	49	13	102	38	51	41	20
Effluent	19	137	428	696	14	102	285	339	706
vc	98	48	38	16	69	58	40	45	24

Attributes	R1				R2
OLR (g _totalCOD (L d)⁻¹)	0.2–2.5	2.5–5.0	5.0–7.5	7.5	0.2–2.5	2.5–5.0	5.0–7.5	7.5–11.5	11.5
Operation days	(0–115)	(116–147)	(148–186)	(187–229)	(0– 115)	(116–147)	(148–172)	(173–193)	(193–229)
_totalCOD	67	81	67	49	69	82	77	82	60
vc	32	5	13	10	30	5	4	4	15
_diss.COD	72	81	68	47	73	82	78	82	60
vc	26	3	13	13	22	3	5	3	17
TSS	64	59	24	38	65	73	46	54	41
vc	40	38	80	25	39	31	122	20	24
VSS	71	50	41	49	65	60	54	70	54
vc	44	85	51	10	48	72	21	12	12

Attributes	R1				R2
OLR (g _totalCOD (L d)⁻¹)	0.2–2.5	2.5–5.0	5.0–7.5	7.5	0.2–2.5	2.5–5.0	5.0–7.5	7.5–11.5	11.5
Operation days	(0–115)	(116–147)	(148–186)	(187–229)	(0– 115)	(116–147)	(148–172)	(173–193)	(193–229)

P1
VS/TS	0.67	0.74	0.68	0.75	0.65	0.75	0.73	0.69	0.74
vc	19	2	14	4	20	1	0	2	2

P2
VS/TS	0.58	0.76	0.68	0.71	0.56	0.71	0.74	0.66	0.76
vc	13	0	15	2	1	6	0	5	1
P3
VS/TS	0.63	0.73	0.68	0.69	0.58	0.69	0.74	0.61	0.65
vc	1	3	13	11	3	8	0	7	0

P4
VS/TS	0.58	0.64	0.68	0.66	0.57	0.55	0.63	0.54	0.63
vc	18	18	4	11	24	6	0	2	4
P5
VS/TS	0.58	0.56	0.59	0.53	–	–	–	–	–
vc	14	4	7	28	–	–	–	–	–

OLS (g _tot COD (g VS d) ⁻¹ )	0.16	0.27	0.38	0.42	0.15	0.27	0.34	0.68	0.67

Attributes UASB reactor	OLR (g _totalCOD (L d)⁻¹)	Volumetric methane production^* (L CH₄ (L d)⁻¹)		Specific methane production^* (L CH₄ (g _totalCOD removed)⁻¹)		Mass balance (removed _totalCOD converted into CH₄)^*
			vc		vc	(%)
R1	0.2–2.5	0.087	80	0.133	48	58
	2.5–5.0	0.440	43	0.175	30	51
	5.0–7.5	0.597	18	0.181	20	48
	7.5	0.554	4	0.172	35	48

R2	0.0–2.5	0.120	57	0.145	33	65
	2.5–5.0	0.550	34	0.179	22	52
	5.0–7.5	0.829	21	0.185	14	53
	7.5–11.5	0.989	15	0.138	25	39
	11.5	0.938	22	0.115	30	42

Attributes	R1				R2
OLR (g _totalCOD (L d)⁻¹)	0.2–2.5	2.5–5.0	5.0–7.5	7.5	0.2–2.5	2.5–5.0	5.0–7.5	7.5–11.5	11.5
Operation days	(0–115)	(116–147)	(148–186)	(187–229)	(0–115)	(116–147)	(148–172)	(173–193)	(193–229)

KN
Influent	56	144	345	470	56	144	261	428	476
vc	56	28	48	22	56	28	29	25	15
Effluent	44	99	280	365	40	113	200	341	367
vc	39	33	53	20	40	18	25	43	14
E	33	40	36	27	36	33	32	34	30
vc	54	60	33	53	41	49	77	45	41

_total P
Influent	18	52	65	52	18	52	79	56	63
vc	26	27	37	49	26	27	12	43	48
Effluent	10	22	16	8	16	52	59	28	48
vc	96	5	47	43	109	7	22	53	45
E	61	30	41	58	49	15	41	48	38
vc	66	134	75	43	78	79	72	59	74

K
Influent	4	17	25	8	4	17	26	5	9
vc	53	47	66	32	52	47	30	52	13
Effluent	4	13	22	9	4	14	27	5	8
Vc	52	69	81	23	56	36	33	23	30

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E-mail: bjm@sbmicrobiologia.org.br

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[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail: raoder@fcav.unesp.br (R.A. de Oliveira).