Evaluation of the addition of ascorbic acid to the ration of cultivated Piaractus mesopotamicus (Characidae) on the infrapopulation of Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea)

Martins, M.L.

doi:10.1590/S0100-879X1998000500008

Abstract

Sixty Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (pacu) fry fed a diet containing 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg ascorbic acid/kg dry feed were studied to evaluate the effect on parasitic infestation by the monogenean Anacanthorus penilabiatus Boeger, Husak and Martins, 1995 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) for a period of 24 weeks. The temperature of the aquaria was measured daily and remained between 28 and 31oC. At the beginning of the experiment, fish showed 6.15 ± 0.33 cm standard length and 8.64 ± 1.62 g average body weight. A sample of fish was examined and showed 43 ± 17 monogeneans per fish. At the end of the experiment, the gills of control and vitamin C-treated fish were collected for parasite counts. Control fish had 42.5 parasites per fish, a significantly higher number (P<0.05) when compared with fish fed vitamin C, that showed 16.5 parasites per fish. Ascorbic acid fortification in the food promoted an increase in fish resistance to parasites. It is suggested that an optimum level of 139 mg/kg vitamin C supplementation either elicited better nutritional conditions by stimulating the appetite of the fish or improved the immune response.

ascorbic acid; monogenean; Anacanthorus penilabiatus; infestation; fish; Piaractus mesopotamicus

Braz J Med Biol Res, May 1998, Volume 31(5) 655-658 (Short Communication)

Evaluation of the addition of ascorbic acid to the ration of cultivated Piaractus mesopotamicus (Characidae) on the infrapopulation of Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea)

M.L. Martins

Centro de Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil

^Text

References

Abstract

Correspondence and Footnotes ^{Correspondence and Footnotes} Correspondence and Footnotes

Sixty Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (pacu) fry fed a diet containing 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg ascorbic acid/kg dry feed were studied to evaluate the effect on parasitic infestation by the monogenean Anacanthorus penilabiatus Boeger, Husak and Martins, 1995 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) for a period of 24 weeks. The temperature of the aquaria was measured daily and remained between 28 and 31^oC. At the beginning of the experiment, fish showed 6.15 ± 0.33 cm standard length and 8.64 ± 1.62 g average body weight. A sample of fish was examined and showed 43 ± 17 monogeneans per fish. At the end of the experiment, the gills of control and vitamin C-treated fish were collected for parasite counts. Control fish had 42.5 parasites per fish, a significantly higher number (P<0.05) when compared with fish fed vitamin C, that showed 16.5 parasites per fish. Ascorbic acid fortification in the food promoted an increase in fish resistance to parasites. It is suggested that an optimum level of 139 mg/kg vitamin C supplementation either elicited better nutritional conditions by stimulating the appetite of the fish or improved the immune response.

Key words: ascorbic acid, monogenean, Anacanthorus penilabiatus, infestation, fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus

With the intensification of fish farming in Brazil, nutritional problems and infectious and parasitic diseases began to appear. Monogenean infestation is especially important and can be normally present asymptomatically on the surface or gills of healthy fish. The confinement of fish under conditions of overcrowding, inadequate feed, high organic matter concentration and low water flow are factors that contribute to parasite reproduction. The importance of vitamin C in the immunological system of fish (1) is known. Better nutritional condition of the fish has led to a reduction of monogenean infestation (2). Nevertheless, a large number of fish susceptible to monogenean infestation and some fish with acquired immunity show a reduction in natural immunity during epidemic outbreaks (3). Therefore, it seemed important to report the present preliminary data regarding the effect of vitamin C on monogenean infestation.

The present study was carried out for a period of 24 weeks at the Fish Nutrition Laboratory of the Aquaculture Center, UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. Sixty Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (pacu) fry presenting 6.15 ± 0.33 cm standard length and 8.64 ± 1.62 g average body weight were analyzed. The animals were randomly assigned to twenty 100-liter aquaria, with 6 animals and 5 replicates per treatment. The temperature of the aquaria was measured daily and remained between 28.0 and 31.0^oC. Water quality was analyzed weekly(4), showing the following parameters: pH 7.05-8.40; dissolved oxygen, 3.50-6.10 mg/l; electric conductivity, 180.1-195.5 µS/cm, and alkalinity, 84.7-94.2 mg/l. The animals were fed diets containing 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg palmitate-coated ascorbic acid/kg dry feed. A sample of 20% of the fishes was examined at the beginning of the experiment for the presence of Anacanthorus penilabiatus Boeger, Husak and Martins, 1995 in the gills (5). At the end of the experiment, the fishes were killed and the gills were removed and placed in a glass flask with 1:4000 formalin solution, shaken in this liquid and allowed to rest for 2 hfor preservation in 5% formalin solution. Data were analyzed statistically using the "Statgraphic" software package.

At the beginning of the experiment, fishes showed 43 ± 17 parasites per fish, and at the end of the experiment control fish showed elevated levels of gill monogeneans, while fish fed a diet supplemented with 50, 100 and 200 mg ascorbic acid/kg dry feed showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in monogenean infestation (Table 1). The regression study showed a relationship between vitamin C (X) and monogenean number (Y) expressed by the equation: Y = 42.50 - 1.0746X + 0.0132X²- 0.000042X³. Our results suggest that, under laboratory conditions, 50 mg ascorbic acid/kg dry feed is sufficient to improve the growth of P. mesopotamicus but the optimum level is 139 mg/kg dry ration, as demonstrated by statistical analysis (Table 2). The relationship between vitamin C levels (X axis) and standard length (Y axis) can be described by the following equation: Y = 6.15 + 0.0379X - 0.000136X², R²= 0.8813.

Thumbnail

According to Wahli et al. (6), Salmo gairdneri supplemented with feed containing ascorbic acid showed an improvement in resistance against the ciliate protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The authors reported reduction of up to 84% of tomite infestation, indicating the presence of an immune response including specific anti-I. multifiliis antibodies due to the supplemented diet. The results, together with higher survival rates, suggested an influence of ascorbic acid on the immune response of the host, as also shown in our study. In Kuwait, mortality of Epinephelus tauvina and Acanthopagrus cuvieri caused by parasitic infestation of Cryptocaryon irritans and bacterial infections was observed, but was stopped by a diet containing 500 mg ascorbic acid/kg dry feed for one week (7).

The immunological mechanisms of fish receiving dietary vitamin C supplementation may be important to avoid the occurrence of monogeneans in fish farms. The present study confirmed previous reports showing that fish submitted to better nutritional conditions can decrease monogenean infestation (2). In the present study, fish receiving vitamin C showed better appetence when compared to control, a fact that possibly improved the nutritional status of pacu, as observed by the author in a previous study (8). Martins (8) studied the effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on the growth and behavior of pacu for a similar period.

Antibodies to copepod or monogenean parasites were not detected in serum samples of Leiostomus xanturus, suggesting that these parasites were not involved in the humoral immune response (9). Vladimirov (10) studied the immunological response in carp infected with Dactylogyrus vastator and observed that immunity depends on the intensity of infection, temperature conditions and fish species. The increase in the immunological resistance of infested fish is a consequence of the activation of their protective mechanisms and we suggest that vitamin C supplementation may improve fish health.

Important factors may be present in the cutaneous mucus (11) and serum that play an important role against the survival of Gyrodactylus stellatus(12). Nevertheless, studies with Parophrys vetulus infested with G. stellatus suggested that immunity may be a factor that, in association with favorable conditions for the parasite, such as temperature changes and lack of feeding, may allow the development of epizootics(13). A relative resistance to challenge infections with ectoparasitic gill monogeneans of the genus Pseudodactylogyrus has been observed (14).

Fishes were measured monthly. We observed that control fish started eating 24 h after food presentation, while vitamin C-supplemented fish ate the diet during the afternoon of the same day. A humoral immune reaction was not detected in this study, but Buchmann (15)showed only a very weak humoral immune reaction to ectoparasitic monogeneans in heavily infested eels. However, further studies with P. mesopotamicus, an economically important freshwater fish, and their parasites such as monogeneans are needed to explain the resistance of supplemented fish. Further data related to the humoral or mucus response are also needed.

We thank Deborah Ismael (Centro de Aqüicultura, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP) for correcting the translation of the manuscript.

Address for correspondence: M.L. Martins, Centro de Aqüicultura, UNESP, Rodovia Carlos Tonanni, km 5, 14870-000 Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.

Publication supported by FAPESP. Received December 2, 1996. Accepted February 27, 1998.

Acknowledgments

1. Thompson I, White A, Fletcher TC, Houlihan GF & Secombes CJ (1993). The effect of stress on the immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed diets containing different amounts of vitamin C. Aquaculture, 114: 1-18.
2. Paperna I & Kohn A (1964). Studies on the host-parasite relations between carps and populations of protozoa and monogenetic trematodes in mixed infestations. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 24: 269-276.
3. Nigrelli RF & Breder Jr CM (1934). The susceptibility and immunity of certain marine fishes to Epibdella melleni, a monogenetic trematode. Journal of Parasitology, 20: 259-269.
4. Golterman HL, Clymo RS & Ohnstad MA (1978). Methods for Physical and Chemical Analysis of Freshwater. 2nd edn. JNP Handbook, N. 8. Blackwell, Scientific Publications, Oxford.
5. Boeger WA, Husak W & Martins ML (1995). Neotropical Monogenoidea. 25. Anacanthorus penilabiatus n.sp. (Dactylogyridae: Anacanthorinae) from Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) cultivated in the State of Săo Paulo, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 90: 699-701.
6. Wahli T, Meier W & Pfister K (1986). Ascorbic acid induced immune-mediated decrease in mortality in Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Acta Tropica, 43: 287-289.
7. Rasheed VM (1989). Diseases of cultured brown-spotted grouper Epinephelus tauvina and silvery black porgy Acanthopagrus cuvieri in Kuwait. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 1: 102-107.
8. Martins ML (1995). Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on the growth, gill filament lesions and behaviour of pacu fry (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 28: 563-568.
9. Thoney DA & Burreson EM (1988). Lack of a specific humoral antibody response in Leiostomus xanturus (Pisces: Sciaenidae) to parasitic copepods and monogeneans. Journal of Parasitology, 74: 191-194.
10. Vladimirov VL (1971). The immunity of fishes in the case of dactylogyrosis. Parazitologiya, 1: 58-68.
11. Nigrelli RF (1935). On the effect of fish mucus on Epibdella melleni, a monogenetic trematode of marine fishes. Journal of Parasitology, 21: 438.
12. Moore MM, Kaattari SL & Olson RE (1994). Biologically active factors against the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus stellatus in the serum and mucus of infected juvenile English soles. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 6: 93-100.
13. Kamiso HN & Olson RE (1986). Host-parasite relationship between Gyrodactylus stellatus (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) and Parophrys vetulus (Pleuronectidae: English sole) from coastal waters of Oregon. Journal of Parasitology, 72: 125-129.
14. Slotved HC & Buchmann K (1993). Acquired resistance of the eel, Anguilla anguilla L., to challenge infections with gill monogeans. Journal of Fish Diseases, 16: 585-591.
15. Buchmann K (1993). A note on the humoral immune response of infected Anguilla anguilla against the gill monogenean Pseudodactylogyrus bini Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 3: 397-399.

Correspondence and Footnotes

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
06 Oct 1998
Date of issue
May 1998

History

Accepted
27 Feb 1998
Received
02 Dec 1996

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Thompson I, White A, Fletcher TC, Houlihan GF & Secombes CJ (1993). The effect of stress on the immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed diets containing different amounts of vitamin C. Aquaculture, 114: 1-18.

[2] 2. Paperna I & Kohn A (1964). Studies on the host-parasite relations between carps and populations of protozoa and monogenetic trematodes in mixed infestations. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 24: 269-276.

[3] 3. Nigrelli RF & Breder Jr CM (1934). The susceptibility and immunity of certain marine fishes to Epibdella melleni, a monogenetic trematode. Journal of Parasitology, 20: 259-269.

[4] 4. Golterman HL, Clymo RS & Ohnstad MA (1978). Methods for Physical and Chemical Analysis of Freshwater. 2nd edn. JNP Handbook, N. 8. Blackwell, Scientific Publications, Oxford.

[5] 5. Boeger WA, Husak W & Martins ML (1995). Neotropical Monogenoidea. 25. Anacanthorus penilabiatus n.sp. (Dactylogyridae: Anacanthorinae) from Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) cultivated in the State of Săo Paulo, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 90: 699-701.

[6] 6. Wahli T, Meier W & Pfister K (1986). Ascorbic acid induced immune-mediated decrease in mortality in Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Acta Tropica, 43: 287-289.

[7] 7. Rasheed VM (1989). Diseases of cultured brown-spotted grouper Epinephelus tauvina and silvery black porgy Acanthopagrus cuvieri in Kuwait. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 1: 102-107.

[8] 8. Martins ML (1995). Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on the growth, gill filament lesions and behaviour of pacu fry (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 28: 563-568.

[9] 9. Thoney DA & Burreson EM (1988). Lack of a specific humoral antibody response in Leiostomus xanturus (Pisces: Sciaenidae) to parasitic copepods and monogeneans. Journal of Parasitology, 74: 191-194.

[10] 10. Vladimirov VL (1971). The immunity of fishes in the case of dactylogyrosis. Parazitologiya, 1: 58-68.

[11] 11. Nigrelli RF (1935). On the effect of fish mucus on Epibdella melleni, a monogenetic trematode of marine fishes. Journal of Parasitology, 21: 438.

[12] 12. Moore MM, Kaattari SL & Olson RE (1994). Biologically active factors against the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus stellatus in the serum and mucus of infected juvenile English soles. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 6: 93-100.

[13] 13. Kamiso HN & Olson RE (1986). Host-parasite relationship between Gyrodactylus stellatus (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) and Parophrys vetulus (Pleuronectidae: English sole) from coastal waters of Oregon. Journal of Parasitology, 72: 125-129.

[14] 14. Slotved HC & Buchmann K (1993). Acquired resistance of the eel, Anguilla anguilla L., to challenge infections with gill monogeans. Journal of Fish Diseases, 16: 585-591.

[15] 15. Buchmann K (1993). A note on the humoral immune response of infected Anguilla anguilla against the gill monogenean Pseudodactylogyrus bini Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 3: 397-399.