Association of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides with mortality in patients with heart failure

It has been demonstrated that there is an association between serum lipoproteins and survival rate in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, as well as in patients with non-ischemic causes of heart failure. We tested the hypothesis of an association between serum lipoprotein levels and prognosis in a cohort of outpatients with heart failure, including Chagas’ heart disease. The lipid profile of 833 outpatients with heart failure in functional classes III and IV of the New York Heart Association, with a mean age of 46.9 ± 10.6 years, 655 (78.6%) men and 178 (21.4%) women, was studied from April 1991 to June 2003. The survival rate was estimated by the Kaplan-Meyer’s method and the Cox proportional hazards models. Etiology of heart failure was ischemic cardiomyopathy in 171 (21%) patients, Chagas’ heart disease in 144 (17%), hypertensive cardiomyopathy in 136 (16%), and other etiologies in 83 (10%). In 299 (36%) patients, heart failure was ascribed to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Variables significantly associated with mortality were age (hazard ratio, HR = 1.02; 95%CI = 1.01-1.03; P = 0.0074), male gender (HR = 1.77; 95%CI = 1.2-2.62; P = 0.004), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (HR = 1.81; 95%CI = 1.16-2.82; P = 0.0085), serum triglycerides (HR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.96-0.98; P < 0.0001), and HDL cholesterol (HR = 0.99; 95%CI = 0.99-1.0; P = 0.0280). Therefore, higher serum HDL cholesterol and higher serum triglycerides were associated with lower mortality in this cohort of outpatients with heart failure.


Introduction
Serum lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities have been reported in patients with heart failure (1)(2)(3)(4)(5).Low serum total cholesterol is associated with increased mortality in patients with systolic heart failure (6,7).A trend towards a significant relationship between higher serum lipoprotein levels and higher survival rate was suggested (3), but not confirmed (4).Specifically, HDL cholesterol was suggested to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties that would counteract pro-inflammatory activity in patients with heart failure (8)(9)(10).
We measured serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in a cohort of outpatients with heart failure of different etiologies, including Chagas' heart disease, followed from 1991 to 2003.This study was designed to test the hypothesis of an association between serum lipid protein profile and prognosis during a longterm follow-up and if high levels of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides can be protective in these patients.

Patients
We studied the lipid profile of 833 outpatients with heart failure referred for evaluation and ambulatory treatment of heart failure to the outpatient clinic of a tertiary care reference university public hospital, selected among 1400 referred patients (mean ± SD left ventricle ejection fraction on echocardiography 33.4 ± 4.6%; mean left ventricle ejection fraction on radioisotopic ventriculography 22.3 ± 8.1%) in order to identify potential candidates for heart transplantation.
Inclusion criteria were patients under 75 years of age with a diagnosis of functional class III or IV (NYHA) heart failure due to systolic dysfunction.Exclusion criteria were patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recent myocardial infarction, and unstable angina.In addition, patients with severe renal or hepatic dysfunction, severe peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with end-organ damage, active infection, coexisting neoplasm, and active peptic ulcer disease were also excluded, as were patients with severe co-morbidities that would make them ineligible for surgery or heart transplantation (11).

Definitions
Diagnosis of heart failure was made according to the Framingham criteria (12).Diagnosis of the etiology of cardiomyopathy followed previously published criteria (13,14).Chagas' heart disease was defined as patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and positive serologic tests.The association of etiologies such as ischemic and hypertensive cardiomyopathy was considered to be ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Medical treatment was further optimized with medical advice regarding everyday living and drug therapy, including captopril and enalapril, furosemide and digoxin available at the Hospital Outpatient Clinic pharmacy.Carvedilol was progressively introduced after 1998.Statin therapy was not routinely administered.

Follow-up
Follow-up was assessed on the occasion of the last outpatient medical visit or by telephone contact.Patients with missed appointments at the outpatient clinic were actively contacted by means of telephone calls.In addition, the mortality database of the São Paulo City Authority was also scrutinized to determine patient deaths (ProAim -Programa de Aprimoramento de Informações de Mortalidade do Município de São Paulo).During the 10-year follow-up period of the study, 80 patients (7%) underwent the first clinical evaluation and eventually were lost to follow-up.
For the purpose of this study, death was considered to be an event, and heart transplantation and other surgical interventions were defined as censored observations.

Statistical analysis
After exploratory analysis to identify variables associated with mortality, survival was estimated for each demographic, clinical and laboratory variable in order to identify variables significantly associated with the probability of survival.Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed (15) and survival probabilities were compared using logrank and Breslow methods.For continuous variables, patients were divided into three balanced groups according to the terciles of distribution in order to avoid pre-established categorizations.In the next step, Cox proportional hazards models (16) were fitted to each variable.
The estimated hazard ratios (HR) were then obtained.Because of missing values, the sample considered was not the same for all models.The results are presented as number of cases, events and censored data, P values, HR and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).
Ethics.The protocol was approved by the Institution Ethics Committee.Written informed consent was obtained from the patients after identification of potential candidates for heart transplantation.
The mean (± SD) duration of symptoms before entry in the study was 49.1 ± 48.3 months, the mean duration of follow-up was 658.8 days (median 462, SD = 654.8,range 3-3584) for patients who died and 1202.8 days (median 1043.5, SD = 959.3,range 1-4801) for patients who survived the last contact.
Baseline characteristics relative to the etiologies of heart failure are shown in Table 1.Statistically significant differences were observed in relation to duration of the symptoms, age, heart rate, creatinine, body mass index, gender, serum glucose, and death.In the ischemic cardio-Table 1. Table 1.Table 1.Table 1 myopathy group, the patients were older, they had a higher body mass index, lower duration of symptoms, and lower heart rate.In the group of patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy, we observed fewer males and deaths.There was a significantly lower body mass index in patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy compared with patients with heart failure of other etiologies (P = 0.0003).The other variables compared between Chagas' and non-Chagas' heart disease were not statistically different.
The highest mean values of serum HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and serum triglycerides were observed in patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy.The lowest mean values of HDL cholesterol were observed in patients with heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy and the lowest mean values of LDL cholesterol and serum triglycerides were observed in patients with heart failure due to all other etiologies.However, there were no statistical differences between the etiologies.Serum glucose was higher than 126 mg/dL in 137 patients (16.4%), and between 100 and 126 mg/dL in 247 patients (29.6%).
Lipid profile variables, gender, age, and etiology were submitted to multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model.The associations that remained significantly associated with mortality were HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0280), triglycerides (P < 0.0001), VLDL cholesterol (P = 0.0074), age (P = 0.0074), gender (P = 0.0040), and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy relative to hypertensive cardiomyopathy (P = 0.0085), which was the etiology associated with the lowest mortality (Table 3).
For each 1 mg/dL increase of HDL cholesterol there was a 1% decrease in mortality, and for each 1 mg/dL increase of triglycerides there was a 4% decrease in mortality.

Discussion
Our data demonstrated that higher serum HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were associated with lower mortality in a cohort of outpatients with symptomatic heart failure of different etiologies.Previous reports in the literature with small samples, a predominance of patients with ischemic etiologies of heart disease and different statistical analysis of serum cholesterol and lipoproteins did not detect a significant relationship between HDL cholesterol and survival rate of patients with heart failure including Chagas' heart disease (3,4,6,7,17).
In fact, a protective role for HDL cholesterol in patients with heart failure observed in our patients may be explained on the basis of the endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis, which suggests that serum lipoproteins modulate inflammatory immune function (6) and that HDL cholesterol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties (10,18).
The hypothesis that HDL cholesterol can be a marker of coronary artery disease might influence our findings was evaluated by adjusting etiologies and testing for interaction between covariates such as HDL cholesterol relative to ischemic heart disease.Higher mean serum HDL cholesterol was observed in patients with hypertensive cardiomyopathy and in patients with heart failure grouped as other etiologies (valvular cardiomyopathy, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, peripartum cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, adriamycin toxicity, endomyocardial fibrosis, late postoperative aortic dissection).The lowest mean serum HDL cholesterol was detected in patients with heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy.Firstorder interactions of etiology with the other covariates including HDL cholesterol were tested in the final model and revealed a non-significant interaction at the 5% level of significance (P = 0.2512).Table 3. Table 3. Table 3. Table 3 By contrast, in this study, serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol did not remain significantly associated with mortality after multivariate analysis, as reported recently in a study of 422 patients with heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (17).The statistical treatment of serum cholesterol and lipoproteins as continuous variables in the present study might be responsible for this result.On the other hand, in previous experiences, serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were evaluated in quintiles (3), or serum cholesterol was evaluated in quartiles, or with a cut-off value of 5.2 mmol/L (4) or in tertiles (17).
We also demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between serum triglycerides and mortality, as previously reported (3,4,17).Further, we did not observe a statistically significant association between body mass index and mortality.This finding may be related to the fact that few patients with cardiac cachexia were included in the present study.
We have previously addressed the contribution of left ventricle ejection fraction as evaluated by echocardiography to prognosis (19).In the present study sample, we were not able to demonstrate that ejection fraction, estimated by echocardiography, predicts a less favorable outcome.Serum sodium level in this study sample was a significant prognostic factor in the univariate analyses, but this significance was lost in multivariate analysis.
Our findings further support the concept of an increase in HDL cholesterol as an additional therapeutic target for patients with severe heart failure.Recently, drugs that were meant to increase HDL cholesterol because of their effects as inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (torcetrapib) have shown an increased risk of cardiovascular events (HR = 1.25; 95%CI = 1.09-1.44;P = 0.001) and death from any cause (20,21).

Limitations of study
This study was performed at a large outpatient clinic of a tertiary care university hospital.Thus, our observations were not made under strict protocol conditions.We were not able to control for specific drugs of medical therapy and it is interesting to notice that our sample was a large one, and our study was undertaken before routine statin therapy became more widely used in this clinical setting.
Thus, observations in this series may not be applicable to other populations.Patients with heart failure of different etiologies are also a limitation of the study.
In conclusion, we demonstrated that higher serum HDL cholesterol and serum triglycerides were associated with lower mortality in patients with heart failure of different etiologies.

Table 1 .
. Clinical characteristics of the patients relative to the etiology of heart failure.
Data are reported as number of patients and means ± SD.Measurements were made anytime during the transplant evaluation.Patients were followed for 905 + 846 days.P values in bold indicate statistically significant differences.1ANOVAand 2 chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.
Gender, age, and etiology were fitted and lipid profile variables were analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.