Randomized clinical trials |
Infants |
Mitchell et al., 2013 (3939. Mitchell AJ, Yates CC, Williams DK, Chang JY, Hall RW. Does daily kangaroo care provide sustained pain and stress relief in preterm infants? J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2013; 6: 45–52.) |
67% |
NA |
Cone et al., 2013 (3131. Cone S, Pickler RH, Grap MJ, McGrath J, Wiley PM. Endotracheal suctioning in preterm infants using four-handed versus routine care. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2013; 42: 92–104, doi: 10.1111/1552-6909.12004. https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12004...
) |
66% |
NA |
Gitto et al., 2011 (3333. Gitto E, Pellegrino S, Manfrida M, Aversa S, Trimarchi G, Barberi I, et al. Stress response and procedural pain in the preterm newborn: the role of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Eur J Pediatr 2011; 171: 927–933, doi: 10.1007/s00431-011-1655-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-011-1655-...
) |
62% |
NA |
McGowan et al., 2013 (3737. McGowan A, Cottrell S, Roberts R, Lankshear A. Minimising pain response during routine infant immunisation. J Community Pract 2013; 86: 24–28.) |
67% |
NA |
Preschool and school age |
Brown et al., 2014 (3030. Brown NJ, Kimble RM, Rodger S, Ware RS, Cuttle L. Play and heal: randomized controlled trial of Ditto™ intervention efficacy on improving re-epithelialization in pediatric burns. Burns 2014; 40: 204–213, doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.11.024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2013.11....
) |
88% |
NA |
Nilsson et al., 2013 (4040. Nilsson S, Enskär K, Hallqvist C, Kokinsky E. Active and passive distraction in children undergoing wound dressings. J Pediatr Nurs 2013; 28: 158–166, doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2012.06.003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2012.06.0...
) |
84% |
NA |
Miller et al., 2011 (3838. Miller K, Rodger S, Kipping B, Kimble RM. A novel technology approach to pain management in children with burns: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Burns 2011; 37: 395–405, doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.12.008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2010.12....
) |
87% |
NA |
McCarthy et al., 2014 (3636. McCarthy AM, Kleiber C, Hanrahan K, Zimmerman MB, Ersig A, Westhus N, et al. Matching doses of distraction with child risk for distress during a medical procedure: a randomized clinical trial. Nurs Res J 2014; 63: 397–407, doi: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000056. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.000000000000...
) |
68% |
NA |
Hartling et al., 2013 (3434. Hartling L, Newton AS, Liang Y, Jou H, Hewson K, Klassen TP, et al. Music to reduce pain and distress in the pediatric emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167: 826–835, doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.200. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2...
) |
90% |
NA |
Baxter et al., 2011 (2828. Baxter AL, Cohen LL, McElvery HL, Lawson ML, von Baeyer CL. An integration of vibration and cold relieves venipuncture pain in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011; 27: 1151–1156, doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e318237ace4. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318237...
) |
84% |
NA |
Beran et al., 2013 (2929. Beran TN, Ramirez-Serrano A, Vanderkooi OG, Kuhn S. Reducing children's pain and distress towards flu vaccinations: a novel and effective application of humanoid robotics. Vaccine 2013; 31: 2772–2777, doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.0...
) |
84% |
NA |
De Jong et al., 2012 (3232. De Jong M, Lucas C, Bredero H, van Adrichem L, Tibboel D, van Dijk M. Does postoperative ‘M’ technique massage with or without mandarin oil reduce infants' distress after major craniofacial surgery? J Adv Nurs 2012; 68: 1748–1757, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05861.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011...
) |
87% |
NA |
Wong et al., 2013 (4141. Wong J, Ghiasuddin A, Kimata C, Dickson A, McGrath PJ, Stevens B. The impact of healing touch on pediatric oncology patients. Integr Cancer Ther 2013; 12: 25–30, doi: 10.1177/1534735412446864. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735412446864...
) |
69% |
NA |
Cross-sectional and cohort |
Infants |
Castral et al., 2012 (4242. Castral TC, Warnock FF, Ribeiro LM, de Vasconcelos MG, Leite AM, Scochi CG. Maternal factors regulating preterm infants' responses to pain and stress while in maternal kangaroo care. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2012; 20: 435–443, doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692012000300003. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169201200...
) |
NA |
77% |
Mehler et al., 2015 (4545. Mehler K, Ulbrich L, Boerner S, Joachim A, Becker I, Roth B, et al. Multidimensional response to vaccination pain in very preterm, moderate-to-late preterm and full-term infants at age three months. Early Hum Dev 2015; 91: 199–204, doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.01.011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
) |
NA |
77% |
Grunau et al., 2010 (4949. Grunau RE, Tu MT, Whitfield MF, Oberlander TF, Weinberg J, Yu W, et al. Cortisol, behavior, and heart rate reactivity to immunization pain at 4 months corrected age in infants born very preterm. Clin J Pain 2010; 26: 698–704.) |
NA |
94% |
Schuller et al., 2012 (4646. Schuller C, Känel N, Müller O, Kind AB, Tinner EM, Hösli I, et al. Stress and pain response of neonates after spontaneous birth and vacuum-assisted and cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207: 416.e3–416.e6, doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.0...
) |
NA |
65% |
Preschool and school age |
McCarthy et al., 2010 (4444. McCarthy AM, Kleiber C, Hanrahan K, Zimmerman MB, Westhus N, Allen S. Factors explaining children's responses to intravenous needle insertions. Nurs Res J 2010; 59: 407–416, doi: 10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181f80ed5. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181f8...
) |
NA |
77% |
Connelly and Bickel, 2011 (4343. Connelly M, Bickel J. An electronic daily diary process study of stress and health behavior triggers of primary headaches in children. J Pediatr Psychol 2011; 36: 852–862, doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsr017. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsr017...
) |
NA |
74% |
Telli et al., 2015 (4747. Telli O, Mermerkaya M, Hajiyev P, Aydogdu O, Afandiyev F, Suer E, et al. Is top-down vs bottom-up radiological evaluation after febrile urinary tract infection really less stressful for the child and family? Challenging the dogma. J Urol 2015; 193: 958–962, doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.0...
) |
NA |
67% |
Smith et al., 2015 (5050. Smith TP, Schlenz AM, Schatz JC, Maitra R, Sweitzer SM. Modulation of pain in pediatric sickle cell disease: understanding the balance between endothelin mediated vasoconstriction and apelin mediated vasodilation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2015; 54: 155–159, doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.11.016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.11.0...
) |
NA |
68% |
Zhao et al., 2015 (4848. Zhao X, Chen M, Du S, Li H, Li X. Evaluation of stress and pain in young children with cerebral palsy during early developmental intervention programs: a descriptive study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 94: 169–175, doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000252. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) |
NA |
61% |