Development of primary and bacterial productivity in upwelling waters of Arraial do Cabo region, RJ (Brazil)

Abstracts

A relationship between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton has been observed in a laboratory experiment, simulating partial and complete upwelling conditions. Primary and bacterial productivity presented a similar pattern, with a three-stage development (growth, peak and decline in production). However, bacterial development stages did not occur simultaneously with the phytoplanktonic development, that is, the highest bacterial production rates occurred in the stages of growth and decline of the primary production, whilst the lowest values of bacterial productivity were simultaneous to the highest phytoplanktonic production stage. Analysis of data obtained in this experiment shows a close relationship between phytoplankton and bacteria, in which these organisms might be competing for inorganic nutrients in some moments, and bacteria might have, as an important source of carbon, the particulate or dissolved organic matter coming from the phytoplankton. Besides that, bacteria might play an important role in the initial stages of phytoplankton blooms, when they might be one of the main conditioning agents of the waters that have just upwelled, allowing the plain phytoplanktonic development.

Primary production; Bacterial production; Plankton; Upwelling; Arraial do Cabo; Brazil

Relações entre o desenvolvimento fitoplanctônico e bacterioplanctônico foram observadas ao longo do tempo em um experimento de laboratório, simulando condições de ressurgência parcial e completa. As produções primária e bacteriana apresentaram um padrão similar, com três fases de desenvolvimento em águas com algum grau de ressurgência. Entretanto, o momento em que ocorrem as fases é invertido, ou seja, os picos de produção bacteriana ocorrem nas fases de indução (aumento) e declínio da produção primária ao passo que, nas fases de pico de produção fitoplanctônica a produção bacteriana apresenta os menores valores. As análises dos dados obtidos nesse experimento sugerem uma estreita relação entre o bacterioplâncton e o fitoplâncton, onde as bactérias teriam como uma importante fonte de carbono a matéria orgânica particulada e dissolvida proveniente do fitoplâncton. Além disso, as bactérias teriam papel preponderante nas fases iniciais dos "blooms" fitoplanctônicos quando seriam um dos principais agentes condicionadores das águas recém ressurgidas, possibilitando o pleno desenvolvimento do fitoplâncton.

Produção primária; Produção bacteriana; Ressurgência; Arraial do Cabo; Brazil

• Azam, F.; Fenchel, T.; Field, J. C.; Gray, J. S.; Meyer-Reil, L. A. & Thingstad, F. 1983. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 10:257-263.
• Bloem, J.; Albert C.; Bär-Gillssen M. B.; Berman T. & Cappeberg T. E. 1989. Nutrient cycling through phytoplakton, bacteria and protozoa, in selectively filtered Lake Vechten water. J. plankt. Res., 11(1):119-131.
• Deming, J. W. & Baross, J. A. 1993. The early diagenesis of organic matter: Bacterial Ativity. Organic Geochemistry - Principles and Applications. New York and London, Plenum Press, p. 119-144.
• Ducklow, H. W. & Hill, S. M. 1985. The growth of heterotrophic bacteria in the surface waters of warm core rings. Limnol. Oceanogr., 30:239-259.
• Ducklow, H. W.; Kirchman, D. L.; Quinby, H. L.; Carlson, C. A. & Dam, H. G. 1993. Stoks and dynamics of bacterioplankton carbon during the spring bloom in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., II, 40(1/2): 245 - 263.
• Ferguson, R. L.; Buckley, E. N. & Palumbo, A. V. 1984. Response of marine bacterioplankton to differential filtration and confinement. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 47:49-55.
• Fuhrman, J. A.; Ammerman, J. A. & Azam, F. 1980. Bacterioplankton in the costal euphotic zone: distribution, activity and possible relationships with phytoplankton. Mar. Biol., 60:201-207.
• Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E. 1991. A ressurgência de Cabo Frio (RJ, Brasil): fertilidade e fatores limitantes da biomassa fitoplanctônica. Rev. Bras. Biol., 51:471-486.
• Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E.; Valentin, J. L.; André, D. L. & Jacob, S. A. 1992. Upwelling and downwelling at Cabo Frio (Brasil): comparison of biomass and primary production responses. J. plankt. Res., 14(2):289-306.
• Joiris C.; Billen, G.; Lancelot, C.; Daro, M. H.; Mommaerts, J. P.; Bertels, A.; Bossicart, M.; Nijs, J. & Hecq, J. H. 1982. A budget of carbon recycling in the Belgian Costal Zone: relative roles of zooplankton, bacterioplankton e benthos in the utilization of primary production. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:260-275.
• Kirchman, D. L.; Keil, R. G.; Simon, M. & Welschmeyer, N. A. 1993. Biomass and production of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the oceanic subartic Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., 40:967-988.
• Le Corre, P., Wafar, M., L'helguen, S. & Maguer, J. F. 1996. Ammonium assimilation and regeneration by size-fractionated plankton in permanently well-mixed temperature waters. J. Plankt. Res., 18(3):355-377.
• Li, W. K. W.; Dickie, P. M.; Harrison, W. G. & Irwin, B. D. 1993. Biomass and production of bacteria and phytoplankton during the spring bloom in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II, 40(1/2):307-327.
• Linley, E. A. S.; Newll R. C. & Lucas M. I. 1983. Quantitative relationships between phytoplankton, bacteria and heterotrophic microflagellates in shelf waters. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 12:77-89.
• Lorenzzetti, J. A. & Gaeta, S. A. 1996. The Cape Frio Upwelling effect over the South Brazil bight northern sector shelf waters: a study using AVHRR images. Int. Arch. Photogr. Rem. Sens., 31(B7):448-453.
• Malinsky-Rushansky, N. Z. & Legrand, C. 1996. Excretion of dissolved organic carbon by phytoplankton of different sizes and subsequent bacterial uptake. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 132:249-255.
• Martin, J. H.; Fitzwater, S. E.; Gordon, S. E. & Hunter, R. M. 1993. C. N. and Carbon-Nitrogen flux studies during the JOGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment. Deep-Sea Res. II, 40:115-134.
• Mcmanus, G. B. & Peterson, W. T. 1988. Bacterioplankton production in the nearshore zone during upwelling off central Chile. mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 43:11-17.
• Pomeroy, L. R. 1992. The microbial food web. Oceanus, 35(3):28-35.
• Richard, T. A. & Thompson, T. G. 1952. The estimation and characterization of the estimation of plankton pigments. J. mar. Res., 11:156-172.
• Romam, M. R.; Caron, D. A.; Kremer, P.; Lessard, E. J.; Madin, L. P.; Malone, T. C.; Napp, J. M.; Peele, E. R. & Youngbluth, M. J. 1995. Spatial and temporal changes in the partitioning of organic carbon in the plankton community of the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Deep-Sea Res., 42:973-992.
• Scor-Unesco 1966. Determination of phytosynthetic pigments in sea-water. Monogr. oceanogr. Methodol., U.N.1:69 p.
• Sherr, E. B.; Sherr B. F. & Sigmon, C. T. 1999. Activity of marine bacteria under incubated and in situ conditions. Aquat. microbiol. Ecol., 20:213-223.
• Smith D. C. & Azam, F. 1992. A simple, economical method for measuring bacterial protein synthesis rates in seawater using ³H-Leucine. Mar. microb. Food Webs, 6(2):107-114.
• Sorokin, Y. I. & Mikheev, V. N. 1979. On characteristics of the Peruvian upwelling ecosystem. Hydrobiologia, 62:65-189.
• Sorokin, Y. I.; Sorokin, P. Y. & Mamaeva, T. I. 1996. Density and distribution of bacterioplankton and planktonic ciliates in the Bering Sea and North Pacific. J. plankt. Res., 18(1)1-16.
• Steeman Nielsen, E. 1952. The use of radio-active carbon (¹⁴C) for mesuring organic production in the sea. J. Cons. per. int. Explor. Mer., 18:117-140.
• Strickland J. D. & Parsons, T. R. 1972. A practical handbook of sea water analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Can., 167:1-310.
• Suzuki, M. T. 1999. Effect of protistan bacterivory on costal bacterioplankton diversity. Aquat. microbiol Ecol., 20:261-272.
• Suzuki, M. T.; Sherr, E. B. & Sherr B. F. 1996. Estimation of ammonium regeneration efficiencies associated with bacterivory in pelagic food webs via ¹⁵N tracer method. J. plankt. Res., 18(3):411-428.
• Tarapchak, S. J. & Moll, R. A. 1990. Phosphorus source for phytoplankton and bacteria in Lake Michigan. J. plankt. Res., 12(4):743-758.
• Thingstad, T. F.; Riemann, B. O.; Havskum, H. & Garde K. 1996. Incorporations rates and biomass content of C and P in phytoplankton and bacteria in Bay of Aarhus (Denmark) June 1992. J. plankt. Res., 18(1):97-121.
• Thingstad, T. F.; Havskum, H.; Kaas, H.; Nielsen, T. G.; Riemann, B.; Lefevre, D. & Williams P. J. B. 1999. Bacteria-protist interactions and organic matter degradation under P-limited conditions: analysis of na enclosure experiments using a simple model. Limnol. oceanogr., 44(1):62-79.
• Valentin, J. L. & Moreira, A. P. 1978. A matéria orgânica de origem zooplanctônica nas águas de ressurgência de Cabo Frio (Brasil). An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc., 50(1):103-112.
• Valentin, J. L. 1984. Spatial structure of the zooplankton community in the Cabo Frio Region (Brazil) influenced by coastal upwelling. Hydrobiologia, 113:183-199.
• Valentin, J. L. 1994. A ressurgência fonte de vida dos oceanos. Ciência Hoje, 18(102):19-25.
• Vinogradov, M. E. & Shushkina, E. A.1978. Some development patterns of plankton communities in the upwelling areas of the Pacific Ocean. Mar. Biol., 48:357-366.
• Yentsch, C. S. 1990. Estimates of "new production" in the Mid-North Atlantic. J. plankt. Res., 12:717-734.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Jan 2009
• Date of issue
  Mar 2004

History

• Accepted
  17 Nov 2003
• Received
  24 Sept 2002
• Reviewed
  25 June 2003