Is the adhesive or mechanical behavior of glass ceramics influenced by the adhesive layer application after etching and silanization? A literature review

Velho, Helder Callegaro; Machado, Pablo Soares; Rosa, Lucas Saldanha da; Prochnow, Catina; Pisani-Proença, Jatyr

doi:10.20396/bjos.v22i00.8669056

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Brasil

Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences

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Brasil

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Sumário

Critical Review • Braz J Oral Sci. 22 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v22i00.8669056 copy

Is the adhesive or mechanical behavior of glass ceramics influenced by the adhesive layer application after etching and silanization? A literature review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Aim

This review investigated the effect of applying an adhesive after surface treatment of glass-ceramics on the bonding, mechanical or clinical behavior.

Methods

Studies comparing the adhesive, mechanical or clinical behavior of glass-ceramics, with or without adhesive application after surface treatment, were included. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences databases (January 2022), resulting in 15 included studies.

Results

Regarding the evaluated outcomes, 13 studies assessed bond strength, 2 studies assessed biaxial flexural strength and 1 study assessed fatigue failure load, while no study evaluating clinical outcomes was included. It was possible to observe that the adhesive application after ceramic surface treatment was unfavorable or did not influence the evaluated outcomes.

Conclusion

Most of the evidence available in the literature shows that the adhesive application after surface treatment does not improve the adhesive and mechanical behavior of glass-ceramics.

Dental adhesives; Ceramics

PubMed
(“ceramics” [Mesh] OR ceramic [tiab] OR “dental porcelain” [Mesh] OR porcelain [tiab] OR Glass ceramic [tiab] OR Feldspathic [tiab] OR Lithium disilicate [tiab] OR lithium silicate [tiab] OR Leucite [tiab]) AND (adhesives [MeSH] OR “tissue adhesives” [MeSH] OR “dentin-bonding agents” [MeSH] OR dentin bonding [tiab] OR bonding agent [tiab] OR dental adhesive system [tiab] OR luting strategies [tiab]) AND (Adhesion [tiab] OR Bond strength [tiab] OR “Survival Rate”[Mesh] OR Clinical survival [tiab] OR clinical performance [tiab] OR mechanical behavior [tiab] OR mechanical properties [tiab] OR “Fatigue” [Mesh] OR Fatigue [tiab] OR load bearing OR Fracture strength [tiab] OR failure load [tiab] OR Resistance [tiab] OR compression [tiab] OR retention [tiab] OR tensile [tiab])
Web of Science
TS=(ceramic OR porcelain OR Glass ceramic OR Feldspathic OR Lithium disilicate OR lithium silicate OR Leucite) AND TS=(adhesives OR dentin bonding OR bonding agent OR dental adhesive system OR luting strategies) AND TS=(Adhesion OR Bond strength OR Survival Rate OR Clinical survival OR clinical performance OR mechanical behavior OR mechanical properties OR Fatigue OR load bearing OR Fracture strength OR failure load OR Resistance OR compression OR retention OR tensile) AND SU= (Dentistry) NOT TS=(review)
Scopus
TITLE-ABS-KEY (“ceramic” OR “porcelain” OR “Glass ceramic” OR “Feldspathic” OR “Lithium disilicate” OR “lithium silicate” OR “Leucite”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (“adhesives” OR “dentin bonding” OR “bonding agent” OR “dental adhesive system” OR “luting strategies”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Adhesion” OR “Bond strength” OR “Survival Rate” OR “Clinical survival” OR “clinical performance” OR “mechanical behavior” OR “mechanical properties” OR “Fatigue” OR “load bearing” OR “Fracture strength” OR “failure load” OR “Resistance” OR “compression” OR “retention” OR “tensile”) AND NOT (“review”) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA,”DENT” ) )

Author (year)	Country	Type of glass-ceramic	Adhesive system	Resin Cement	Aging	Outcome evaluated/ type of test	Predominant failure type	Results*
El Zohairy et al.¹²12.El Zohairy AA, De Gee AJ, Mohsen MM, Feilzer AJ. Microtensile bond strength testing of luting cements to prefabricated CAD/CAM ceramic and composite blocks. Dent Mater. 2003 Nov;19(7):575-83. doi: 10.1016/s0109-5641(02)00107-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(02)00... (2003)	Netherlands	Feldspathic	Syntac OptiBond Solo Plus Scotchbond	Tetric flow Nexus 2 RelyX ARC	24h	Bond strength/ Microtensile	Adhesive	+ for OptiBond = for Syntac and Scotchbond
El Zohairy et al.¹⁸18.El Zohairy AA, De Gee AJ, Hassan FM, Feilzer AJ. The effect of adhesives with various degrees of hydrophilicity on resin ceramic bond durability. Dent Mater. 2004 Oct;20(8):778-87. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2003.05.010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2003.05... (2004)	Netherlands	Feldspathic	Syntac OptiBond Solo Plus Visio Bond	Tetric flow Nexus 2	1 day, 7 days and 28 days.	Bond strength/ Microtensile	Adhesive	- ou =
Peumans et al.¹⁹19.Peumans M, Hikita K, De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Poitevin A, Lambrechts P, et al. Effects of ceramic surface treatments on the bond strength of an adhesive luting agent to CAD-CAM ceramic. J Dent. 2007 Apr;35(4):282-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2006.09.006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2006.09.... (2007)	Japan	Leucite	Heliobond	Variolink II	24h	Bond strength/ Microtensile	Adhesive	=
Meng et al.²⁰20.Meng X, Yoshida K, Atsuta M. Microshear bond strength of resin bonding systems to machinable ceramic with different surface treatments. J Adhes Dent. 2008 Jun;10(3):189-96.(2008)	Japan	Leucite	Heliobond	Variolink II	24h or 10,000 cycles of TC.	Bond strength/ Microshear	Mixed	-
Passos et al.²¹21.Passos SP, Valandro LF, Amaral R, Ozcan M, Bottino MA, Kimpara ET. Does adhesive resin application contribute to resin bond durability on etched and silanized feldspathic ceramic? J Adhes Dent. 2008 Dec;10(6):455-60(2008)	Brazil	Feldspathic	Scotchbond	Variolink II	Immediate or 12,000 cycles of TC+ 50 days of storage	Bond strength/ Microtensile	Mixed	-
Lise et al.²²22.Lise DP, Perdigão J, Van Ende A, Zidan O, Lopes GC. Microshear bond strength of resin cements to lithium disilicate substrates as a function of surface preparation. Oper Dent. 2015 Sep-Oct;40(5):524-32. doi: 10.2341/14-240-L. https://doi.org/10.2341/14-240-L... (2015)	Brazil	Lithium disilicate	ExciTE F DSC	Variolink II Multilink Automix RelyX Unicem 2	24h	Bond strength/ Microshear	Adhesive	=
Elsayed et al.²³23.Elsayed A, Younes F, Lehmann F, Kern M. Tensile bond strength of so-called universal primers and universal multimode adhesives to zirconia and lithium disilicate ceramics. J Adhes Dent. 2017;19(3):221-8. doi: 10.3290/j.jad.a38436. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a38436.... (2017)	Germany	Lithium disilicate	Scotchbond Universal; OptiBond XRT; All Bond Universal; Prime e Bond NT	Variolink Esthetic DC RelyX Ultimate NX 3 Calibra Esthetic	3 days, 30 days and 7500 cycles of TC or 150 days 37,500 cycles of TC	Bond strength/ Tensile	Cohesive	=
Murillo-Gómez et al.¹³13.Murillo-Gómez F, Rueggeberg FA, De Goes MF. Short- and long-term bond strength between resin cement and glass-ceramic using a silane-containing universal adhesive. Oper Dent. 2017 Sep/Oct;42(5):514-25. doi: 10.2341/16-211-L. https://doi.org/10.2341/16-211-L... (2017)	Brazil	Lithium disilicate	Single Bond Plus; Scotchbond Universal	RelyX Ultimate	24h or 6 months	Bond strength/ Microshear	Cohesive	=
Ataol and Ergun²⁴24.Ataol AS, Ergun G. Effects of surface treatments on repair bond strength of a new CAD/CAM ZLS glass ceramic and two different types of CAD/CAM ceramics. J Oral Sci. 2018;60(2):201-211. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0109. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.17-0109... (2018)	Turkey	Lithium disilicate Zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate	Clearfil Universal Bond	Clearfil Majesty ES-2	24h or 5,000 cycles of TC	Bond strength/ Shear	Adhesive	-
Romanini-Junior et al.¹⁶16.Romanini-Junior JC, Kumagai RY, Ortega LF, Rodrigues JA, Cassoni A, Hirata R, et al. Adhesive/silane application effects on bond strength durability to a lithium disilicate ceramic. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2018 Jul;30(4):346-51. doi: 10.1111/jerd.12387. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12387... (2018)	Brazil	Lithium disilicate	XP Bond; Scotchbond Universal	SureFil SDR Flow	24h and 12 months	Bond strength/ Microshear	Adhesive	+ in 24h - or = in 12 months
Barbon et al.¹⁷17.Barbon FJ, Moraes RR, Isolan CP, Spazzin AO, Boscato N. Influence of inorganic filler content of resin luting agents and use of adhesive on the performance of bonded ceramic. J Prosthet Dent. 2019 Dec;122(6):566.e1-566.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.09.013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.... (2019)	Brazil	Feldspathic	Adper Single Bond 2	RelyX Veneer and 3 experimental resin cements	Immediate	Bond strength/ Microtensile	Mixed	= or + depending on resin cement.
	Brazil	Feldspathic	Adper Single Bond 2	RelyX Veneer and 3 experimental resin cements	Immediate	Flexural strength/ Biaxial	Fracture	= or - depending on resin cement.
Chen et al.²⁵25.Chen B, Lu Z, Meng H, Chen Y, Yang L, Zhang H, et al. Effectiveness of pre-silanization in improving bond performance of universal adhesives or self-adhesive resin cements to silica-based ceramics: chemical and in vitro evidences. Dent Mater. 2019 Apr;35(4):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.01.010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.01... (2019)	China	Lithium disilicate	Single Bond Plus; All Bond Universal	RelyX Veneer Clearfil AS Luting RelyX Unicem	24h or 20,000 cycles of TC and 120 days of storage	Bond strength/ Shear	Mixed	+
Murillo-Gómez et al.²⁶26.Murillo-Gómez F, Wanderley RB, De Goes MF. Impact of silane-containing universal adhesive on the biaxial flexural strength of a resin cement/glass-ceramic system. Oper Dent. 2019 Mar/Apr;44(2):200-9. doi: 10.2341/17-356-L. https://doi.org/10.2341/17-356-L... (2019)	Brazil	Lithium disilicate	Adper Single Bond Plus; Single Bond Universal	RelyX Ultimate	24h	Flexural strength/ Biaxial	Fracture	=
Tribst et al.²⁷27.Tribst JPM, Monteiro JB, Venturini AB, Pereira GKR, Bottino MA, Melo RM, et al. Fatigue failure load of resin-bonded simplified lithium disilicate glass-ceramic restorations: effect of ceramic conditioning methods. J Adhes Dent. 2019;21(4):373-81. doi: 10.3290/j.jad.a43000. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a43000.... (2019)	Brazil	Lithium disilicate	Single Bond Universal; Multilink N Primer A and B	Multilink N	24h up to a maximum of 7 days	Fatigue failure load/ Staircase test	Radial crack	=
Südbeck et al.²⁸28.Südbeck JM, Jacker-Guhr S, Lührs AK. Do different pretreatment methods influence the microtensile bond strength of composite cements to silicate ceramic? J Adhes Dent. 2021 Jul;23(4):335-345. doi: 10.3290/j.jad.b1650153. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.b1650153.... (2021)	Germany	Leucite or Lithium disilicate	Scotchbond Universal	Variolink Esthetic DC RelyX Ultimate	24h or 6 months	Bond strength/ Microtensile	Mixed	-

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[1] Corresponding author: DDS, MSciD. Doctorate degree student Helder Callegaro Velho. Federal University of Santa Maria, MSciD-PhD Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Prosthodontics Unit, 1000 Roraima Av, T Street, Building 26F, UFSM Campus, 97105-900, Brazil. e-mail: heldercvelho@hotmail.com