Characterization of whitening toothpastes: pH, solid content, abrasive particle morphology, and commercial aspects

Ferreira, Beatriz Araújo Jacinto; Silva, Julliana Andrade da; Lima, Débora Alves Nunes Leite; Jardim, Laura Nobre Ferraz; França, Fabiana Mantovani Gomes; Turssi, Cecilia Pedroso; Basting, Roberta Tarkany; Vieira-Junior, Waldemir Francisco

doi:10.20396/bjos.v25i00.8681349

person Beatriz Araújo Jacinto Ferreira

contributed to the design · search and selection · analysis and interpretation · drafted and critically revised the manuscript · have endorsed the final version of this manuscript both before submission and throughout the revision process

schoolFaculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

0009-0005-2659-7946

person Julliana Andrade da Silva

drafted and critically revised the manuscript · have endorsed the final version of this manuscript both before submission and throughout the revision process

school Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba (FOP), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.

0000-0003-0700-519X

person Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima

drafted and critically revised the manuscript · have endorsed the final version of this manuscript both before submission and throughout the revision process

school Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba (FOP), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.

0000-0001-5457-3347

person Laura Nobre Ferraz Jardim

drafted and critically revised the manuscript · have endorsed the final version of this manuscript both before submission and throughout the revision process

school Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto de Araras, Araras, SP, Brazil.

0000-0002-6234-8913

person Fabiana Mantovani Gomes França

contributed to the design, search and selection and critically revised the manuscript · have endorsed the final version of this manuscript both before submission and throughout the revision process

schoolFaculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

0000-0002-2877-6797

person Cecilia Pedroso Turssi

drafted and critically revised the manuscript · have endorsed the final version of this manuscript both before submission and throughout the revision process

schoolFaculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

0000-0002-0078-9895

person Roberta Tarkany Basting

contributed to the design, search and selection and critically revised the manuscript · have endorsed the final version of this manuscript both before submission and throughout the revision process

schoolFaculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

0000-0002-5345-5776

person Waldemir Francisco Vieira-Junior *

contributed to the conception, design, analysis and interpretation, drafted and critically revised the manuscript · have endorsed the final version of this manuscript both before submission and throughout the revision process

school Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba (FOP), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.

0000-0001-8226-3100

personCorresponding author: Waldemir Francisco Vieira Junior Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP - 13414-903 Email:
waljr@unicamp.br Telephone/Fax: +55 (19) 2106-5220

Editor:

Dr. Altair A. Del Bel Cury

Conflict of Interest:

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Abrasive Agents	Chemical Agents	Optical Agents
Silica	Hydrogen peroxide	Blue covarine
Calcium carbonate	Calcium peroxide	Titanium dioxide⁴
Phosphate dihydrate dicalcium	Sodium citrate
Calcium pyrophosphate	Sodium pyrophosphate
Alumina	Sodium tripolyphosphate
Perlite	Sodium hexametaphosphate
Sodium bicarbonate	Papain
Charcoal¹⁰

Category	Component	Regular Toothpaste Total = 4		Whitening Toothpaste Total = 18		General Total = 22
Category	Component	Containing	%	Containing	%	Containing (%)
Abrasive agents	Calcium carbonate	2	50%	2	11.1%	4 (18.2%)
	Calcium pyrophosphate	0	0%	2	11.1%	2 (9.1%)
	Silica	3	75%	16	88.9%	19 (86.4%)
	Sodium bicarbonate	2	50%	2	11.1%	4 (18.2%)
	Charcoal	0	0%	7	38.9%	7 (31.8%)
	Not present	0	0%	0	0%	0 (0%)
Chemical agents	Hydrogen peroxide	0	0%	2	11.1%	2 (9.1%)
	Sodium pyrophosphate	2	50%	10	55.6%	10 (45.5%)
	Sodium tripolyphosphate	0	0%	1	5.6%	1 (4.5%)
	Not present	2	50%	7	38.9%	9 (40.9%)
Optical agents	Blue Covarine	0	0%	3	16.7%	1 (4.5%)
	Titanium dioxide	3	75%	9	50%	10 (45.5%)
	Not present	1	25%	8	44.4%	9 (40.9%)

Category	Category	Regular Toothpaste Total = 4		Whitening Toothpaste Total = 18		General Total = 22
Category	Category	Containing	%	Containing	%	Containing (%)
Presence of fluoride	No	0	0%	3	16.7%	3 (13.6%)
Presence of fluoride	Yes	4	100%	15	83.3%	19 (86.4%)
Fluoride	Sodium Fluoride	2	50%	10	55.6%	12 (54.5%)
	Sodium Monofluorophosphate	2	50%	5	27.8%	7 (31.8%)
	Absent	0	0%	3	16.7%	3 (13.6%)
Concentration	950 ppm	0	0%	1	5.6%	1 (4.5%)
	1000 ppm	0	0%	2	11.1%	2 (9.1%)
	1100 ppm	1	25%	3	16.7%	4 (18.2%)
	1426 ppm	0	0%	1	5.6%	1 (4.5%)
	1450 ppm	3	75%	7	38.9%	10 (45.5%)
	1500 ppm	0	0%	1	5.6%	1 (4.5%)
	Absent	0	0%	3	16.7%	3 (13.6%)

Word	Whitening toothpastes n = 18	General n = 22
Whitening *	3 (16.7%)	3 (13.6%)
White*	11 (61.1%)	11 (50.0%)
Clareador	2 (11.1%)	2 (9.1%)
Glow*	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
Luminous*	3 (16.7%)	3 (13.6%)
Instant*	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
Clareador Natural	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
Speed Whitening*	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
Dentes Brancos	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
White Lovers*	2 (11.1%)	2 (9.1%)
Mineral Clean*	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
Natural	2 (11.1%)	2 (9.1%)
Pro-White*	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
Branco Irresistível	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
Branco	2 (11.1%)	2 (9.1%)
Attraction*	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
White Now*	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
White Attraction*	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
Natural Glow*	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
Luminous White*	3 (16.7%)	3 (13.6%)
Professional Whitening *	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
True White*	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)
Branqueador	1 (5.6%)	1 (4.5%)

Toothpaste	Price (R$)	Price (US$)	pH	Solid weight
Colgate Máxima Proteção Anticáries	3.02	0.53	9.40	58.84%
Colgate Total 12	10.53	2.05	8.53	53.12%
Oral-B Anti Cáries	6.47	1.21	9.90	41.27%
Sorriso Fresh Xtra-Mint	4.48	0.87	7.83	48.74%
Colgate Luminous White Lovers Vinho	19.89	3.87	7.63	66.46%
Colgate Luminous White Lovers Café	15.80	3.07	7.76	63.41%
Colgate Luminous White Instant	10.93	2.13	8.76	40.77%
Colgate Total 12 Professional Whitening	9.32	1.81	8.46	39.18%
Curaprox Black Is White	178.68	34.83	6.83	58.61%
Sensodyne True White	17.38	3.38	9.40	40.88%
Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clean	15.52	3.02	7.83	41.35%
Oral-B 3D Glamorous White	9.11	1.77	8.00	60.37%
Oral-B Natural Essence Com Bicarbonato De Sódio E Carvão	19.94	3.88	8.86	26.70%
Close Up Extra White Now	5.98	1.16	8.06	34.75%
Close Up White Attraction Natural Glow	5.78	1.12	7.86	58.61%
Sorriso Dentes Brancos	3.12	0.60	10.0	49.62%
On Guard Creme Dental Clareador Natural Do Terra	5.49	1.07	7.36	41.17%
On Guard doTerra Natural Whitening Toothpaste	68.50	13.35	9.50	57.38%
Edel White - Creme Dental Anti Placa + Branqueador	19.82	3.86	8.40	32.85%
Bianco Carbon Whitening	17.34	3.38	7.05	37.82%
Gel Dental Clareador Pro White - Hinode	11.83	2.30	8.16	28.13%
Restore Speed Whitening Nano Repair	46.02	8.97	6.73	51.33%

[TFN1] The active ingredients were categorized as whitening according to what was presented by Joiner et al. (2010)³; Rompelberg (2016)⁴, Freitas et al. (2021)¹⁰. Titanium dioxide, depending on the quantity, can be considered an abrasive, optical agent, or just a pigment added to color the product.

Characterization of whitening toothpastes: pH, solid content, abrasive particle morphology, and commercial aspects

Abstract