Anti-Snake Venom Properties of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Literature

Liaqat, Aroosa; Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain; Khan, Yusra Habib; Khokhar, Aisha; Chaman, Sadia; Ali, Muhammad

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902022e191124

Tabla de contenido Anterior Actual Siguiente

Tabla de contenido

Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 58 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e191124 linkcopy

Anti-Snake Venom Properties of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Literature

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Snakebite is one of the major health issues posing considerable morbidity and mortality. According to an estimate of World Health Organization (WHO) (World health organization, 2021) approximately 5 million people are bitten by several species of snakes resulting in up to 2.5 million envenomation cases annually. The mainstay of treatment for envenomation is intravenous administration of anti-snake venom. Although antivenom neutralizes the systemic effects but it does not relieve the symptoms such as venom-induced hemorrhage, necrosis and nephrotoxicity. Moreover, the use of antivenoms is associated with hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria, anaphylaxis, or serum sickness due to their heterologous property. Furthermore, stringent storage conditions and narrow specificity of antivenoms limit their use in both developed as well as developing countries. In this context, researchers have been searching for natural products and plant extracts to explore their antivenom activity along with anti-myotoxic, anti-hemorrhagic and anti-inflammatory properties. Plant remedies may prove to be an effective alternate for antivenom sera with less adverse events and better tolerability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of medicinal plants possessing anti-snake venom activities against certain species of snakes. The current review highlights the investigated plants with their phytochemical analysis to integrate the available information for future research and development of antivenom sera.

Keywords:
Snake Bite; Anti-snake venom; Medicinal plants; Poisoning; Venomous

Plant specie	Family	Common name	Part used	Direction of use	Administration	References
Abrus precatorius	Leguminosae	Kundumani	Roots	Unknown	Orally for 5 days	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010)
Abutilon indicum	Malvaceae	Atibala	Leaf	Leaf juice Mixed with jiggery Fruits	Oral (2days)	(Uawonggul et al., 2006)
Acacia leucophloea	Mimosaceae	White bark	Bark	Paste	External (1 Week)	(Samy et al., 2008)
Achillea millefolium	Asteraceae	Mountain yarrow	Whole plant	Paste	Oral (6 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010)
Achyranthes aspera	Amaranthaceae	Nayuruvi	Leaf	Paste	External (3Weeks)	(Butt et al., 2015; Makhija, Khamar, 2010)
Acorus calamus	Araceae	Vasambo	Rhizome	Paste	External (7 days)	(Verma, Singh, 2008)
Aegle marmelos	Rutaceae	Vilvam	Root bark	Aqueous Decoction	Oral (2 Weeks)	(Panghal et al., 2010)
Aerva lanata	Amaranthaceae	Poolapo	Rhizome	Unknown	Oral (11 days)	(Selvanayagam et al., 1995)
Alangium salvifolium	Alangiaceae	Alangi	Root bark	Decoction	Oral (twice a day up to 4 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010: Alagesaboopathi, 2013)
Allium cepa	Liliaceae	Venkayam	Skin bulb	Paste	External application (5 days)	(Butt et al., 2015; Samy et al., 2008)
Amaranthus dubius	Amaranthaceae	Gusanito	Leaves, root and seed	Ointment	Applied externally	(Félix-Silva et al., 2017)
Andrographis paniculata	Acanthaceae	Periyananghai	Whole plant	Decoction, Paste	External (5-14 days)	(Uawonggul et al., 2006)
Argemone mexicana	Papaveraceae	Barahmathandu	Leaf, Seed	Decoction	Oral (7 days)	(Samy et al., 2008; Verma, Singh, 2008)
Aristolochia indica	(Aristolochiaceae)	Birthwort	Whole plant	Root extract	Paste External (1 Week)	(Meenatchisundaram, Parameswari, Michael, 2009)
Azadirachta indica	Meliaceae	Neem, Wimpu	Flower	Decoction	Oral (7 days)	(Dey, De, 2012)
Calotropis gigantea	Asclipiadaceae	Madar, Crown flower, Milkweed	Latex, Leaf, Root	Fresh latex Paste with ghee	Oral (3-7 days) and externally	(Félix-Silva et al., 2017; Yogi, Gupta, Mishra, 2016; Dey, De, 2012)
Cassia alata	Caesalpiniaceae	Senna	Leaf	Paste	Oral (21 days)	(Rahmatullah et al., 2009; Samy et al., 2008)
Cassia tora	Caesalpiniaceae	Tagarai	Leaf	Decoction	Topical (14 days)	(Mors et al., 1989; Samy et al., 2008)
Citrus limon	Rutaceae	Elumichai	Ripe skin	Paste	External (3 days)	(Gomes et al., 2010; Samy et al., 2008)
Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Haldi	Whole plant	Paste	Paste is taken orally and applied	(Kumar et al, 2016)
Dalbergia melanoxylon	Fabaceae	Veelipruthi	Stem bark	Decoction	Oral (6 days)	(Kala, 2009; Samy et al., 2008)
Dracontium spruceanum	Araceae	Chupa, Chupadera	Roots, Leaves	Direct heating decoction	Externally	(Félix-Silva et al., 2017)
Dracontium spruceanum	Araceae	candelillachupadera	Rhizome, Stem, Leave	Extract, Poultice	Internally, externally	(Giovannini, Howes, 2017)
Ehretia buxifolia	Ehretiaceae	Thelchedi	Root	Paste	External (7 days)	(Samy et al., 2008; Selvanayagam et al., 1996)
Feronica limonia	Rutaceae	Elephant apple	Root	Juice	Oral (3 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010)
Gloriosa superba	Liliaceae	Kalappaih kilangu	Tuber	Paste	External (2-5 days)	(Jana, Shekhawat, 2011; Minu et al., 2012)
Gymnema sylvestre	Asclepiadaceae	Gurmarbuti	Root	Tincture	Oral (4 days)	(Kini, Gowda, 1982; Sajon, Sana, Rana, 2017; Samy et al., 2008)
Hemidesmus indicus	Asclepiadaceae	Anantamul	Root	Decoction	Oral (7 days)	(Dey, De, 2012; Uawonggul et al., 2006)
Madhuca longifoila	Sapotaceae	Saathikkai	Nut	Paste	External (2-3 days)	(Akshatha, Murthy, Lakshmidevi, 2013; Minu et al., 2012)
Mimosa pudica	Leguminosae	Touch-me-not, Chui mui	Creeper Root	Paste	Paste is mixed with raw rice water and given orally	(Krishna et al., 2014; Alam et al., 2003; Kumar et al, 2016)
Momordica charantia	Curcubitaceae	Karela	Leaf, Stem, Fruit	Extract	Oral	(Asad et al., 2014; Giovannini, Howes, 2017)
Moringa oleifera	Moringaceae	Murunghai	Bark, Root	Tincture	External (3 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010; Minu et al., 2012)
Morus alba	Moreaceae	Mulberry llai	Leaf	Juice	Oral (3 Weeks)	(Dey, De, 2012; Uawonggul et al., 2006)
Ocimum sanctum	Lamiaceae	Tulasi	Leaf	Juice	Oral (8 days)	(Panghal et al., 2010)
Ophiorrhiza mungos	Rubiaceae	Napali	Root	Juice	Oral (Twice a day for 6 days)	(Krishnan et al., 2014; Makhija, Khamar, 2010; Samy et al., 2008)
Rauvolfia serpentine	Apocynaceae	Sarpgandha	Root	Unknown	External (10 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010; Samy et al., 2008)
Sansevieria trifasciata	Asparagaceae	Lirio de tigre	Ariel parts	Decoction	External	(Félix-Silva et al., 2017)
Sapindus emargiatus	Sapindaceae	Puvam kottai	Bark	Paste	Bark Paste	(Minu et al., 2012; Penchalapratap et al., 2010)
Strychnos nux-vomica	Loganiaceae	Visakkotai	Bark	Paste	External (12 days)	(Chatterjee, Chakravarty, Gomes, 2004; Makhija, Khamar, 2010; Samy et al., 2008)
Syzygium cumini	Myrtaceae	Naeralae	Stem bark	Decoction	Oral (14 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010; Samy et al., 2008)
Tapirira guianensis	Anacardiaceae	Fresmo	Oil	Ointment	Applied externally	(Félix-Silva et al., 2017)
Terminalia arjuna	Combretaceae	Marutham	Bark	Paste	External (5 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010; Minu et al., 2012)
Trichodema zeylanicum	Boraginaceae	Camel bush	Root	Aqueous extract	Oral and External (3 days)	(Asad et al., 2011)
Wedelia calendulae	Asteraceae	Karisilangkanni	Leaf	Juice	Internally (14 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010; Girish, Kemparaju, 2011; Samy et al., 2008)

Plant species	Family	Part used	Phytoconstituents	Extract Solution	Snake Specie	Reference
Acalypha indica	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves	Flavonoids	Methanol	Russell's viper	(Goswami, Samant, Srivastava, 2014; Samy et al., 2008; Shirwaikar et al, 2004, Janardhan et al., 2014)
Andrographis paniculata	Acanthaceae	Herb	Terpenes Imam	Methanol	Naja naja venom	(Rao et al., 2004; Samy et al., 2008; Gupta, Peshin, 2012; Mitra, Mukherjee, 2012; Premendran et al., 2011, Nisha, Sreekumar, Biju, 2016)
Aristolochia sp.	Aristolochiaceae	Roots	Aristolochic acid	Methanol	Daboia russelli and Echis carinatus	(Tsai, Yang, Chang, 1980)
Bredemeyera floribunda	Polygalaceae	Roots	Bredemeyeroside D and B, triterpenoid saponins	Methanol, Aqueous	Bothrops jararacussu	(Pereira et al., 1996; Alves et al., 2019),
Brongniartia podalyriaides	Leguminosae	Roots	Edunol a prenylated pterocarpan	Petrolmethylene chloride	Bothrops atros	(Reyes-Chilpa et al., 1994; Makhija, Khamar, 2010)
Casearia sylvestris	Salicaceae	Bark, leaves	Ellagic acid	Aqueous	Bothrops jaracaca	(Gupta, Peshin, 2012)
Combretum leprosum	Combretaceae	Roots	Triterpene arjunolic acid	Ethanolic extract	Bothrops jararacussu s	(Fernandes et al., 2014)
Cordia macleodii	Ehretiacae	Bark	Flavonoids	Ethanolic extract	Naja naja	(Nayak, Kalidass, 2016; Soni, Bodakhe, 2014)
Crinum jagus	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Alkaloids	Methanol	Echis ocellatus, Naja nigricollis.and Bitis arietans	(Mors et al., 1989; Ode, Asuzu, 2006)
Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	Polyphenolic curcuminoid; curcumin	Aqueous	Naja sp,	(Chethankumar, Srinivas, 2008; Nisha, Sreekumar, Biju, 2016; Ferreira et al.,1992)
Echinacea purpurea	Asteraceae	Roots	Echinacoside, cichoric acid, ketoalkenes, alkyl amides and polysaccharides	Aqueous	Bothrops asper	(Chaves et al., 2007; Rita et al., 2010)
Eclipta prostrata	Asteraceae	Roots	Wedelolactone, sitosterol, stigmasterol	Butanol	Malayan pit viper	(Dey, De, 2012; Mors et al., 1989; Janardhan et al., 2014; Bhattacharjee, Bhattacharyya, 2013)
Emblica officinalis	Euphorbiaceae	Roots	Phthalate	Methanol	Naja kaouthia	(Alam, Gomes, 2003; Chatterjee, Chakravarty, Gomes, 2004)
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Leguminosae	Roots	Triterpenoid saponins, glycyrrhizin	Aqueous	Bothrops jararaca	(Abe et al., 1998; Assafim et al., 2006),
Harpalyce brasiliana	Fabaceae	Roots	Eudanol	Methanol	Bothrops jaracaca, Naja naja	(da Silva et al., 2004; Gupta, Peshin, 2012; Ximenes et al., 2012)
Hemidesmus indicus	Asclepiadaceae	Roots	Hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid, Lupeol acetate	Methanol	Daboia russelli	(Chatterjee, Chakravarty, Gomes, 2006; Gomes et al., 2007; Meenatchisundaram, 2008; Janardhan et al., 2014)
Musa parad	Musaceae	Stem	Saponins	Juice	Bothrops jararacussu	(Borges et al., 2005; Imam, Akter, 2011; Samy et al., 2008)
Pergularia daemia	Asclepiadaceae	Stem Bark	B-sitosterol	Aqueous		(Raghavamm, Rao, Rao, 2016)
Periandra mediterranea	Leguminosae	Roots	Saponins	Aqueous	Bothrops jaracaca	(Houghton, Osibogun, Bansal, 1992; Makhija, Khamar, 2010)
Schuanniophyton magnificum	Rubiaceae	Root bark	Chromone alkaloidal glycoside schumanniofoside	Aqueous	Naja melanoleuca, Naja kaouthia	(Dey, De, 2012; Houghton, Osibogun, Bansal, 1992; Makhija, Khamar, 2010)
Symplocos racemosa	Symplocaceae	Bark	Salireposide and benzoylsalireposide, phenolic glycosides	Aqueous	-	(Ahmad et al., 2003; Ahmad et al., 2004; Bhusnar, Nagore, Nipanikar, 2014)
Tabernaemontana catharinensis	Apocyanacea	Root	12-methoxy-4-methylvoachalotine	Aqueous	Crotalus durissus terrificus	Batina et al., 2000; Singh et al., 2017)
Vitis vinefera	Vitaceae	Seed	P-Hydroxybenzoic acid	Methanolic	Echis carinatus	(Gupta, Peshin, 2012; Mahadeswaraswamy et al., 2008; Mahadeswaraswamy et al., 2008)
Cordia verbenacea	bragenaceae	Leave	Rosmarinic acid	Methanol	Bothrops jararacussu	(Pereira et al., 2009; Dey, De, 2012)
Pluchea indica	Asteraceae	Root	Stigma sterol and beta sterol	Methanol	Daboia russelii and N. kaouthia	(Gomes et al., 2007)
Plathymenia reticulata	Fabaceae	Bark	Diterpenes, vinhaticyl acetate and methyl vinhaticoate	Aqueous	Bothrops atrox	(de Moura et al., 2016)

Plant Species	Isolated phytoconstituents	Reference
Aristolochia sp	Aristolochic acid	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010)
Azadirachta indica	Aiplai (a. Indica pla2 inhibitor)	(Mukherjee, Doley, Saikia, 2008)
Bellucia dichotoma	Condensed tannins	(de Moura et al.,2017)
Betula alba	Betulin and betulin acid	(Bernard et al., 2001)
Bridelia ndellensi	Quinovic acid glycosides	(Mostafa et al., 2006)
Camellia sinensis	Theaflavin and Epigallocatechin	(Pithayanukul, Leanpolchareanchai, Bavovada ., 2010; Rosa et al., 2010)
Canavalia ensiformis	Concanavalin a (con-a)	(Dhananjaya, D'souza, 2010)
Cardiospermum halicacabum	Berberine	(Sebastin et al., 2013)
Casearia sylvestris	Ellagic acid from	(Gupta, Peshin, 2012)
Cordia verbenacea	Edunol brongniartia podalyrloides anti-lethal activity rosmarinic acid	(Soares et al., 2014; Ticli et al., 2005)
Cyclea peltata	Stigmasterol, phytosterol	(Sivaraman et al.,2017)
Eclipta prostrata	Wedelolactone	(Marcussi et al., 2007)
Harpalyce brasiliana,	Edunol, a pterocarpan	(da Silva et al., 2004; Samy, Gopalakrishnakone, Chow, 2012)
Jatropha gossypiifolia	Flavonoids	(Felix-Silva et al.,2017)
Kalanchoe pinnata	Patuletin, quercetin, kaempferol	(Fernandes et al., 2016)
Mandevilla velutina	Steroids	(Mahanta, Mukherjee, 2001; Makhija, Khamar, 2010)
Mangifera indica	Pentagalloyl glucopyranose	(Leanpolchareanchai et al., 2009; Rahmatullah et al., 2012)
Mimosa pudica	B-3-(3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridyl) a-amino propionic acid, the mimosine	(Mahadeswaraswamy et al., 2011)
Piper peltatum	4-nerolidylcatechol	(Kobayashi et al., 2005)
Piper umbellatum	4-nerolidylcatechol	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010; Núñez et al., 2005)
Strychnos nux vomica	Amide	(Chatterjee, Chakravarty, Gomes, 2004)
Tragia involucrata	2, 4 dimethyl hexane, 2 methyl nonane, 2, 6 dimethyl heptane	(Samy, Gopalakrishnakone, Chow, 2012)
Vitex negundo	Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (tdtbpp)	(Alam, Gomes, 2003; Vinuchakkaravarthy et al., 2011)
Withania somnifera	Glycoprotein	(Marcussi et al., 2007)
Baccharis trimera	Betulinic acid; 4-nerolidylcatechol; clerodane; betulin	(Sebastin et al., 2013)
Tabernamontana catharinensis	12-methoxy-4- methylvoachalotine alkaloid	(Batina et al., 2000; Sebastin et al., 2013)
Harpalyce brasiliana	Edunol	(da Silva et al., 2004; Sebastin et al., 2013)

location_on

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjps@usp.br

rss_feed Acompañe los números de esta revista en su lector de RSS