Anti-Snake Venom Properties of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Literature

Liaqat, Aroosa; Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain; Khan, Yusra Habib; Khokhar, Aisha; Chaman, Sadia; Ali, Muhammad

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902022e191124

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Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 58 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e191124 copy

Anti-Snake Venom Properties of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Literature

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Snakebite is one of the major health issues posing considerable morbidity and mortality. According to an estimate of World Health Organization (WHO) (World health organization, 2021World health organization. Snakebite envenoming: Prevalence of snakebite envenoming [cited 2021]. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/snakebites/epidemiology/
https://www.who.int/snakebites/epidemiol... ) approximately 5 million people are bitten by several species of snakes resulting in up to 2.5 million envenomation cases annually. The mainstay of treatment for envenomation is intravenous administration of anti-snake venom. Although antivenom neutralizes the systemic effects but it does not relieve the symptoms such as venom-induced hemorrhage, necrosis and nephrotoxicity. Moreover, the use of antivenoms is associated with hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria, anaphylaxis, or serum sickness due to their heterologous property. Furthermore, stringent storage conditions and narrow specificity of antivenoms limit their use in both developed as well as developing countries. In this context, researchers have been searching for natural products and plant extracts to explore their antivenom activity along with anti-myotoxic, anti-hemorrhagic and anti-inflammatory properties. Plant remedies may prove to be an effective alternate for antivenom sera with less adverse events and better tolerability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of medicinal plants possessing anti-snake venom activities against certain species of snakes. The current review highlights the investigated plants with their phytochemical analysis to integrate the available information for future research and development of antivenom sera.

Keywords:
Snake Bite; Anti-snake venom; Medicinal plants; Poisoning; Venomous

Plant specie	Family	Common name	Part used	Direction of use	Administration	References
Abrus precatorius	Leguminosae	Kundumani	Roots	Unknown	Orally for 5 days	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.)
Abutilon indicum	Malvaceae	Atibala	Leaf	Leaf juice Mixed with jiggery Fruits	Oral (2days)	(*Uawonggul et al., 2006*Uawonggul N, Chaveerach A, Thammasirirak S, Arkaravichien T, Chuachan C, Daduang S. Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(2):201-207.)
Acacia leucophloea	Mimosaceae	White bark	Bark	Paste	External (1 Week)	(*Samy et al., 2008*Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Achillea millefolium	Asteraceae	Mountain yarrow	Whole plant	Paste	Oral (6 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.)
Achyranthes aspera	Amaranthaceae	Nayuruvi	Leaf	Paste	External (3Weeks)	(*Butt et al., 2015Butt MA, Ahmad M, Fatima A, Sultana S, Zafar M, Yaseen G et al. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of snake and scorpion bite in Northern Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;168:164-181.; Makhija, Khamar, 2010*Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.)
Acorus calamus	Araceae	Vasambo	Rhizome	Paste	External (7 days)	(Verma, Singh, 2008Verma S, Singh SP. Current and future status of herbal medicines. Vet World. 2008;1(11):347.)
Aegle marmelos	Rutaceae	Vilvam	Root bark	Aqueous Decoction	Oral (2 Weeks)	(*Panghal et al., 2010*Panghal M, Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used by Saperas community of Khetawas, Jhajjar District, Haryana, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6(1):4.)
Aerva lanata	Amaranthaceae	Poolapo	Rhizome	Unknown	Oral (11 days)	(*Selvanayagam et al., 1995*Selvanayagam ZE, Gnanavendhan SG, Balakrishna K, Rao RB. Antisnake venom botanicals from ethnomedicine. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 1995;2(4):45-100.)
Alangium salvifolium	Alangiaceae	Alangi	Root bark	Decoction	Oral (twice a day up to 4 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.: Alagesaboopathi, 2013Alagesaboopathi C. Ethnomedicinal plants used for the treatment of snake bites by Malayali tribal’s and rural people in Salem district, Tamilnadu, India. Int J Biosci. 2013;3(2):42-53.)
Allium cepa	Liliaceae	Venkayam	Skin bulb	Paste	External application (5 days)	(*Butt et al., 2015Butt MA, Ahmad M, Fatima A, Sultana S, Zafar M, Yaseen G et al. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of snake and scorpion bite in Northern Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;168:164-181.; Samy et al., 2008*Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Amaranthus dubius	Amaranthaceae	Gusanito	Leaves, root and seed	Ointment	Applied externally	(*Félix-Silva et al., 2017*Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.)
Andrographis paniculata	Acanthaceae	Periyananghai	Whole plant	Decoction, Paste	External (5-14 days)	(*Uawonggul et al., 2006*Uawonggul N, Chaveerach A, Thammasirirak S, Arkaravichien T, Chuachan C, Daduang S. Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(2):201-207.)
Argemone mexicana	Papaveraceae	Barahmathandu	Leaf, Seed	Decoction	Oral (7 days)	(*Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.; Verma, Singh, 2008*Verma S, Singh SP. Current and future status of herbal medicines. Vet World. 2008;1(11):347.)
Aristolochia indica	(Aristolochiaceae)	Birthwort	Whole plant	Root extract	Paste External (1 Week)	(Meenatchisundaram, Parameswari, Michael, 2009Meenatchisundaram S, Parameswari G, Michael A. Studies on antivenom activity of Andrographis paniculata and Aristolochia indica plant extracts against Daboia russelli venom by in vivo and in vitro methods. Indian J Sci Technol. 2009;2(4):76-9.)
Azadirachta indica	Meliaceae	Neem, Wimpu	Flower	Decoction	Oral (7 days)	(Dey, De, 2012Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.)
Calotropis gigantea	Asclipiadaceae	Madar, Crown flower, Milkweed	Latex, Leaf, Root	Fresh latex Paste with ghee	Oral (3-7 days) and externally	(*Félix-Silva et al., 2017Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.; Yogi, Gupta, Mishra, 2016Yogi B, Gupta SK, Mishra A. Calotropis procera (Madar): A medicinal plant of various therapeutic uses‒A review. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2016;5:74-81.; Dey, De, 2012*Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.)
Cassia alata	Caesalpiniaceae	Senna	Leaf	Paste	Oral (21 days)	(*Rahmatullah et al., 2009Rahmatullah M, Ferdausi D, Mollik MA, Azam MN, Rahman MT, Jahan R. Ethnomedicinal survey of Bheramara area in Kushtia district, Bangladesh. Am Eurasian J Sustainable Agric. 2009;3(3):534-41.; Samy et al.,* 2008**Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Cassia tora	Caesalpiniaceae	Tagarai	Leaf	Decoction	Topical (14 days)	(*Mors et al.,* 1989Mors WB, Do Nascimento MC, Parente J, Da Silva MH, Melo PA, Suarez-Kurtz G. Neutralization of lethal and myotoxic activities of South American rattlesnake venom by extracts and constituents of the plant Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae). Toxicon. 1989;27(9):1003-1009.; Samy et al., 2008**Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Citrus limon	Rutaceae	Elumichai	Ripe skin	Paste	External (3 days)	(*Gomes et al., 2010Gomes A, Das R, Sarkhel S, Mishra R, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S, et al. Herbs and herbal constituents active against snake bite. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010;48(9):865-878.; Samy et al., 2008*Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Haldi	Whole plant	Paste	Paste is taken orally and applied	(*Kumar et al, 2016*Kumar SS, Padhan B, Palita SK, Panda D. Plants used against snakebite by tribal people of Koraput district of Odisha, India. J Med Plants Stud. 2016;38(46):38-42.)
Dalbergia melanoxylon	Fabaceae	Veelipruthi	Stem bark	Decoction	Oral (6 days)	(Kala, 2009Kala CP. Aboriginal uses and management of ethnobotanical species in deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh state in India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2009;5(1):20.; *Samy et al., 2008*Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Dracontium spruceanum	Araceae	Chupa, Chupadera	Roots, Leaves	Direct heating decoction	Externally	(*Félix-Silva et al., 2017*Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.)
Dracontium spruceanum	Araceae	candelillachupadera	Rhizome, Stem, Leave	Extract, Poultice	Internally, externally	(Giovannini, Howes, 2017Giovannini P, Howes MJ. Medicinal plants used to treat snakebite in Central America: Review and assessment of scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;199:240-256.)
Ehretia buxifolia	Ehretiaceae	Thelchedi	Root	Paste	External (7 days)	(*Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.; Selvanayagam et al., 1996*Selvanayagam ZE, Gnanavendhan SG, Balakrishna K, Rao RB, Sivaraman J, Subramanian K et al. Ehretianone, a novel quinonoid xanthene from Ehretia buxifolia with antisnake venom activity. J Nat Prod. 1996;59(7):664-667.)
Feronica limonia	Rutaceae	Elephant apple	Root	Juice	Oral (3 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.)
Gloriosa superba	Liliaceae	Kalappaih kilangu	Tuber	Paste	External (2-5 days)	(Jana, Shekhawat, 2011Jana S, Shekhawat GS. Critical review on medicinally potent plant species: Gloriosa superba. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(3):293-301.; *Minu et al.,* 2012**Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.)
Gymnema sylvestre	Asclepiadaceae	Gurmarbuti	Root	Tincture	Oral (4 days)	(Kini, Gowda, 1982Kini RM, Gowda TV. Studies on snake venom enzymes: Part II--Partial characterization of ATPases from Russell's viper (Vipera russelli) venom & their interaction with potassium gymnemate. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1982;19(5):342.; Sajon, Sana, Rana, 2017Sajon SR, Sana S, Rana S. Anti-venoms for snake bite: A synthetic and traditional drugs review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017;6:190-7.; *Samy et al., 2008*Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Hemidesmus indicus	Asclepiadaceae	Anantamul	Root	Decoction	Oral (7 days)	(Dey, De, 2012Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.; *Uawonggul et al.,* 2006**Uawonggul N, Chaveerach A, Thammasirirak S, Arkaravichien T, Chuachan C, Daduang S. Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(2):201-207.)
Madhuca longifoila	Sapotaceae	Saathikkai	Nut	Paste	External (2-3 days)	(Akshatha, Murthy, Lakshmidevi, 2013Akshatha KN, Murthy SM, Lakshmidevi N. Ethnomedical uses of Madhuca longifolia: A review. Int J Life Sci Pharm Res. 2013;3(1):44-53.; *Minu et al.,* 2012**Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.)
Mimosa pudica	Leguminosae	Touch-me-not, Chui mui	Creeper Root	Paste	Paste is mixed with raw rice water and given orally	(Krishna et al., 2014; *Alam et al., 2003Alam MI, Gomes A. Snake venom neutralization by Indian medicinal plants (Vitex negundo and Emblica officinalis) root extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;86(1):75-80.; Kumar et al, 2016*Kumar SS, Padhan B, Palita SK, Panda D. Plants used against snakebite by tribal people of Koraput district of Odisha, India. J Med Plants Stud. 2016;38(46):38-42.)
Momordica charantia	Curcubitaceae	Karela	Leaf, Stem, Fruit	Extract	Oral	(*Asad et al., 2014Asad MH, Sabih DE, Chaudhory BA, Ahmad I, Hussain MS, Izhar N et al. Anti-hemolytic property of local medicinal plant (s) upon Pakistani cobra venom induced hemolysis. J Anim Plant Sci. 2014;24:1701-8.; Giovannini, Howes, 2017*Giovannini P, Howes MJ. Medicinal plants used to treat snakebite in Central America: Review and assessment of scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;199:240-256.)
Moringa oleifera	Moringaceae	Murunghai	Bark, Root	Tincture	External (3 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; *Minu et al., 2012*Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.)
Morus alba	Moreaceae	Mulberry llai	Leaf	Juice	Oral (3 Weeks)	(Dey, De, 2012Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.; *Uawonggul et al.,* 2006**Uawonggul N, Chaveerach A, Thammasirirak S, Arkaravichien T, Chuachan C, Daduang S. Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(2):201-207.)
Ocimum sanctum	Lamiaceae	Tulasi	Leaf	Juice	Oral (8 days)	(*Panghal et al.,* 2010**Panghal M, Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used by Saperas community of Khetawas, Jhajjar District, Haryana, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6(1):4.)
Ophiorrhiza mungos	Rubiaceae	Napali	Root	Juice	Oral (Twice a day for 6 days)	(*Krishnan et al.,* 2014Krishnan SA, Dileepkumar R, Nair AS, Oommen OV. Studies on neutralizing effect of Ophiorrhiza mungos root extract against Daboia russelii venom. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(1):543-7.; Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; Samy et al., 2008**Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Rauvolfia serpentine	Apocynaceae	Sarpgandha	Root	Unknown	External (10 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; *Samy et al.,* 2008**Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Sansevieria trifasciata	Asparagaceae	Lirio de tigre	Ariel parts	Decoction	External	(*Félix-Silva et al., 2017*Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.)
Sapindus emargiatus	Sapindaceae	Puvam kottai	Bark	Paste	Bark Paste	(*Minu et al., 2012Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.; Penchalapratap et al., 2010*Penchalapratap G, Sudarsanam G, Pushpan R, Prasad GP. Herbal remedies for snake bites in ethnic practices of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh. Anc Sci Life. 2010;29(4):13.)
Strychnos nux-vomica	Loganiaceae	Visakkotai	Bark	Paste	External (12 days)	(Chatterjee, Chakravarty, Gomes, 2004Chatterjee I., Chakravarty AK, Gomes, A. Antisnake venom activity of ethanolic seed extract of Strychnos nux vomica Linn. Indian J Exp Biol. 2004;42(5):468-475.; Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; *Samy et al.,* 2008**Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Syzygium cumini	Myrtaceae	Naeralae	Stem bark	Decoction	Oral (14 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; *Samy et al.,* 2008**Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Tapirira guianensis	Anacardiaceae	Fresmo	Oil	Ointment	Applied externally	(*Félix-Silva et al., 2017*Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.)
Terminalia arjuna	Combretaceae	Marutham	Bark	Paste	External (5 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; *Minu et al.,* 2012**Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.)
Trichodema zeylanicum	Boraginaceae	Camel bush	Root	Aqueous extract	Oral and External (3 days)	(*Asad et al.,* 2011**Asad MH, Murtaza G, Siraj S, Khan SA, Azhar S, Sik M et al. Enlisting the scientifically unnoticed medicinal plants of Pakistan as a source of novel therapeutic agents showing anti-venom activity. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(20):2292-305.)
Wedelia calendulae	Asteraceae	Karisilangkanni	Leaf	Juice	Internally (14 days)	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; Girish, Kemparaju, 2011Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Overlooked issues of snakebite management: time for strategic approach. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011;11(20):2494-508.; *Samy et al.,* 2008**Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)

Plant species	Family	Part used	Phytoconstituents	Extract Solution	Snake Specie	Reference
Acalypha indica	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves	Flavonoids	Methanol	Russell's viper	(Goswami, Samant, Srivastava, 2014Goswami PK, Samant MA, Srivastava RS. Snake sssvenom, anti-snake venom & potential of snake venom. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;6(5):4-7.; *Samy et al., 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.; Shirwaikar et al,* 2004Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Bodla R, Kumar CD. Neutralization potential of Viper russelli russelli (Russell’s viper) venom by ethanol leaf extract of Acalypha indica. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;94(2-3):267-73., Janardhan et al., 2014**Janardhan BH, Shrikanth VM, Dhananjaya BL, More SS. Antisnake venom properties of medicinal plants. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;7(S1):21-26.)
Andrographis paniculata	Acanthaceae	Herb	Terpenes Imam	Methanol	Naja naja venom	(*Rao et al., 2004Rao YK, Vimalamma G, Rao CV, Tzeng YM. Flavonoids and andrographolides from Andrographis paniculata. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(16):2317-21.; Samy et al.,* 2008Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.; Gupta, Peshin, 2012Gupta YK, Peshin SS. Do herbal medicines have potential for managing snake bite envenomation? Int J Toxicol. 2012;19(2):89.; Mitra, Mukherjee, 2012; Premendran et al., 2011Premendran SJ, Salwe KJ, Pathak S, Brahmane R, Manimekalai K. Anti-cobra venom activity of plant Andrographis paniculata and its comparison with polyvalent anti-snake venom. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2011;2(2):198., Nisha, Sreekumar, Biju, 2016**Nisha NC, Sreekumar S, Biju CK. Identification of lead compounds with cobra venom detoxification activity in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees through in silico method. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2016;8:212-7.)
Aristolochia sp.	Aristolochiaceae	Roots	Aristolochic acid	Methanol	Daboia russelli and Echis carinatus	(Tsai, Yang, Chang, 1980Tsai LH, Yang LL, Chang C. Inactivation of Formosan snake venoms in vivo by aristolochic acid, the chemical component of Aristolochia radix. Formosan Sci. 1980;34:40-4.)
Bredemeyera floribunda	Polygalaceae	Roots	Bredemeyeroside D and B, triterpenoid saponins	Methanol, Aqueous	Bothrops jararacussu	(*Pereira et al., 1996Pereira BM, Daros MD, Parente JP, Matos FJ. Bredemeyeroside D, a novel triterpenoid saponin from Bredemeyera floribunda: A potent snake venom antidote activity on mice. Phytother Res. 1996;10(8):666-9.; Alves et al., 2019*Alves NT, Ximenes RM, Jorge RJ, Silveira JA, Santos JV, Rodrigues FA et al. Anti-ophidian activity of Bredemeyera floribunda Willd. (Polygalaceae) root extract on the local effects induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2019;52(1).),
Brongniartia podalyriaides	Leguminosae	Roots	Edunol a prenylated pterocarpan	Petrolmethylene chloride	Bothrops atros	(*Reyes-Chilpa et al.,* 1994Reyes-Chilpa R, Gómez-Garibay F, Quijano L, Magos-Guerrero GA, Ríos T. Preliminary results on the protective effect of (-)-edunol, a pterocarpan from Brongniartia podalyrioides (Leguminosae), against Bothrops atrox venom in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;42(3):199-203.; Makhija, Khamar, 2010**Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.)
Casearia sylvestris	Salicaceae	Bark, leaves	Ellagic acid	Aqueous	Bothrops jaracaca	(Gupta, Peshin, 2012Gupta YK, Peshin SS. Do herbal medicines have potential for managing snake bite envenomation? Int J Toxicol. 2012;19(2):89.)
Combretum leprosum	Combretaceae	Roots	Triterpene arjunolic acid	Ethanolic extract	Bothrops jararacussu s	(*Fernandes et al., 2014*Fernandes FF, Tomaz MA, El-Kik CZ, Monteiro-Machado M, Strauch MA, Cons BL et al. Counteraction of Bothrops snake venoms by Combretum leprosum root extract and arjunolic acid. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155(1):552-562.)
Cordia macleodii	Ehretiacae	Bark	Flavonoids	Ethanolic extract	Naja naja	(Nayak, Kalidass, 2016Nayak P, Kalidass C. Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Aspects of Cordia macleodii Hook. f. & Thomson-A review. J Non-Timber Forest Prod. 2016;23(2):1-4.; Soni, Bodakhe, 2014)
Crinum jagus	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Alkaloids	Methanol	Echis ocellatus, Naja nigricollis.and Bitis arietans	(*Mors et al., 1989Mors WB, Do Nascimento MC, Parente J, Da Silva MH, Melo PA, Suarez-Kurtz G. Neutralization of lethal and myotoxic activities of South American rattlesnake venom by extracts and constituents of the plant Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae). Toxicon. 1989;27(9):1003-1009.; Ode, Asuzu, 2006*Ode OJ, Asuzu IU. The anti-snake venom activities of the methanolic extract of the bulb of Crinum jagus (Amaryllidaceae). Toxicon. 2006;48(3):331-42.)
Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	Polyphenolic curcuminoid; curcumin	Aqueous	Naja sp,	(Chethankumar, Srinivas, 2008Chethankumar M, Srinivas L. New biological activity against phospholipase A2 by Turmerin, a protein from Curcuma longa L. Biol Chem. 2008;389(3):299-303.; Nisha, Sreekumar, Biju, 2016Nisha NC, Sreekumar S, Biju CK. Identification of lead compounds with cobra venom detoxification activity in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees through in silico method. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2016;8:212-7.; *Ferreira et al.,1992*Ferreira LA, Henriques OB, Andreoni AA, Vital GR, Campos MM, Habermehl GG et al. Antivenom and biological effects of ar-turmerone isolated from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). Toxicon. 1992;30(10):1211-1218.)
Echinacea purpurea	Asteraceae	Roots	Echinacoside, cichoric acid, ketoalkenes, alkyl amides and polysaccharides	Aqueous	Bothrops asper	(*Chaves et al., 2007Chaves F, Chacón M, Badilla B, Arévalo C. Effect of Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae) aqueous extract on antibody response to Bothrops asper venom and immune cell response. Rev Biol Trop. 2007;55(1):113-9.; Rita et al*., 2010)
Eclipta prostrata	Asteraceae	Roots	Wedelolactone, sitosterol, stigmasterol	Butanol	Malayan pit viper	(Dey, De, 2012Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.; *Mors et al., 1989Mors WB, Do Nascimento MC, Parente J, Da Silva MH, Melo PA, Suarez-Kurtz G. Neutralization of lethal and myotoxic activities of South American rattlesnake venom by extracts and constituents of the plant Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae). Toxicon. 1989;27(9):1003-1009.; Janardhan et al., 2014Janardhan BH, Shrikanth VM, Dhananjaya BL, More SS. Antisnake venom properties of medicinal plants. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;7(S1):21-26.; Bhattacharjee, Bhattacharyya, 2013*Bhattacharjee P, Bhattacharyya D. Characterization of the aqueous extract of the root of Aristolochia indica: evaluation of its traditional use as an antidote for snake bites. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;145(1):220-6.)
Emblica officinalis	Euphorbiaceae	Roots	Phthalate	Methanol	Naja kaouthia	(Alam, Gomes, 2003Alam MI, Gomes A. Snake venom neutralization by Indian medicinal plants (Vitex negundo and Emblica officinalis) root extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;86(1):75-80.; Chatterjee, Chakravarty, Gomes, 2004Chatterjee I., Chakravarty AK, Gomes, A. Antisnake venom activity of ethanolic seed extract of Strychnos nux vomica Linn. Indian J Exp Biol. 2004;42(5):468-475.)
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Leguminosae	Roots	Triterpenoid saponins, glycyrrhizin	Aqueous	Bothrops jararaca	(*Abe et al.,* 1998Abe Y, Shimoyama Y, Munakata H, Ito J, Nagata N, Ohtsuki K. Characterization of an apoptosis-inducing factor in Habu snake venom as a glycyrrhizin (GL)-binding protein potently inhibited by GL in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 1998;21(9):924-7.; Assafim et al., 2006**Assafim M, Ferreira MS, Frattani FS, Guimarães JA, Monteiro RQ, Zingali RB. Counteracting effect of glycyrrhizin on the hemostatic abnormalities induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;148(6):807-13.),
Harpalyce brasiliana	Fabaceae	Roots	Eudanol	Methanol	Bothrops jaracaca, Naja naja	(*da Silva et al., 2004Da Silva AJ, Coelho AL, Simas AB, Moraes RA, Pinheiro DA, Fernandes FF et al. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of prenylated and benzylated pterocarpans against snake venom. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004;14(2):431-5.; Gupta, Peshin, 2012Gupta YK, Peshin SS. Do herbal medicines have potential for managing snake bite envenomation? Int J Toxicol. 2012;19(2):89.; Ximenes et al., 2012*Ximenes RM, Rabello MM, Araújo RM, Silveira ER, Fagundes FH, Diz-Filho E et al. Inhibition of neurotoxic secretory phospholipases A2 enzymatic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities by harpalycin 2, an isoflavone isolated from Harpalyce brasiliana benth. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2012;(2012):pp. 1-9, 10.1155/2012/987517. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/987517... )
Hemidesmus indicus	Asclepiadaceae	Roots	Hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid, Lupeol acetate	Methanol	Daboia russelli	(Chatterjee, Chakravarty, Gomes, 2006Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK, Gomes A. Daboia russellii and Naja kaouthia venom neutralization by lupeol acetate isolated from the root extract of Indian sarsaparilla Hemidesmus indicus R. Br J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(1):38-43.; *Gomes et al., 2007Gomes A, Saha A, Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK. Viper and cobra venom neutralization by β-sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of Pluchea indica Less.(Asteraceae). Phytomedicine. 2007;14(9):637-643.; Meenatchisundaram, 2008Meenatchisundaram S. Anti-venom activity of medicinal plants-a mini review. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2008;2008(1):162.; Janardhan et al., 2014*Janardhan BH, Shrikanth VM, Dhananjaya BL, More SS. Antisnake venom properties of medicinal plants. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;7(S1):21-26.)
Musa parad	Musaceae	Stem	Saponins	Juice	Bothrops jararacussu	(*Borges et al., 2005Borges MH, Alves DL, Raslan DS, Piló-Veloso D, Rodrigues VM, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, De Lima ME. Neutralizing properties of Musa paradisiaca L.(Musaceae) juice on phospholipase A2, myotoxic, hemorrhagic and lethal activities of crotalidae venoms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(1-2):21-29.; Imam, Akter, 2011Imam MZ, Akter S. Musa paradisiaca L. and Musa sapientum L.: a phytochemical and pharmacological review. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011;1(5):14-20.; Samy et al., 2008*Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.)
Pergularia daemia	Asclepiadaceae	Stem Bark	B-sitosterol	Aqueous		(Raghavamm, Rao, Rao, 2016)
Periandra mediterranea	Leguminosae	Roots	Saponins	Aqueous	Bothrops jaracaca	(Houghton, Osibogun, Bansal, 1992Houghton PJ, Osibogun IM, Bansal S. A peptide from Schumanniophyton magnificum with anti-cobra venom activity. Planta Med. 1992;58(03):263-265.; Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.)
Schuanniophyton magnificum	Rubiaceae	Root bark	Chromone alkaloidal glycoside schumanniofoside	Aqueous	Naja melanoleuca, Naja kaouthia	(Dey, De, 2012Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.; Houghton, Osibogun, Bansal, 1992Houghton PJ, Osibogun IM, Bansal S. A peptide from Schumanniophyton magnificum with anti-cobra venom activity. Planta Med. 1992;58(03):263-265.; Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.)
Symplocos racemosa	Symplocaceae	Bark	Salireposide and benzoylsalireposide, phenolic glycosides	Aqueous	-	(*Ahmad et al., 2003Ahmad VU, Abbasi MA, Hussain H, Akhtar MN, Farooq U, Fatima N et al. Phenolic glycosides from Symplocos racemosa: natural inhibitors of phosphodiesterase I. Phytochemistry. 2003;63(2):217-20.; Ahmad et al., 2004Ahmad VU, Abbasi MA, Zubair M, Fatima N, Farooq U, Choudhary MI. Phosphodiesterase‐Inhibiting Glycosides from Symplocos racemosa. Helv Chim Acta. 2004;87(1):67-72.; Bhusnar, Nagore, Nipanikar, 2014*Bhusnar HU, Nagore DH, Nipanikar SU. Phytopharmacological Profile of Symplocos racemosa: A review. Pharmacologia. 2014;5(2):76-83.)
Tabernaemontana catharinensis	Apocyanacea	Root	12-methoxy-4-methylvoachalotine	Aqueous	Crotalus durissus terrificus	*Batina et al., 2000Batina FM, Cintra AC, Veronese EL, Lavrador MA, Giglio JR, Pereira PS et al. Inhibition of the lethal and myotoxic activities of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom by Tabernaemontana catharinensis: identification of one of the active components. Planta Medica. 2000;66(5):424-428.; Singh et al., 2017*Singh P, Yasir M, Hazarika R, Sugunan S, Shrivastava R. A Review on Venom Enzymes Neutralizing Ability of Secondary Metabolites from Medicinal Plants. J Pharmacopuncture. 2017;20(3):173.)
Vitis vinefera	Vitaceae	Seed	P-Hydroxybenzoic acid	Methanolic	Echis carinatus	(Gupta, Peshin, 2012Gupta YK, Peshin SS. Do herbal medicines have potential for managing snake bite envenomation? Int J Toxicol. 2012;19(2):89.; *Mahadeswaraswamy et al., 2008Mahadeswaraswamy YH, Nagaraju S, Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Local tissue destruction and procoagulation properties of Echis carinatus venom: inhibition by Vitis vinifera seed methanol extract. Phytother Res. 2008;22(7):963-969.; Mahadeswaraswamy et al.,* 2008**Mahadeswaraswamy YH, Nagaraju S, Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Local tissue destruction and procoagulation properties of Echis carinatus venom: inhibition by Vitis vinifera seed methanol extract. Phytother Res. 2008;22(7):963-969.)
Cordia verbenacea	bragenaceae	Leave	Rosmarinic acid	Methanol	Bothrops jararacussu	(*Pereira et al., 2009Pereira IC, Barbosa AM, Salvador MJ, Soares AM, Ribeiro W, Cogo JC, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract against the inflammatory reaction induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom and isolated myotoxins BthTX-I and II. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 2009;15(3):527-45.; Dey, De, 2012*Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.)
Pluchea indica	Asteraceae	Root	Stigma sterol and beta sterol	Methanol	Daboia russelii and N. kaouthia	(*Gomes et al., 2007*Gomes A, Saha A, Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK. Viper and cobra venom neutralization by β-sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of Pluchea indica Less.(Asteraceae). Phytomedicine. 2007;14(9):637-643.)
Plathymenia reticulata	Fabaceae	Bark	Diterpenes, vinhaticyl acetate and methyl vinhaticoate	Aqueous	Bothrops atrox	(*de Moura et al., 2016*De Moura VM, da Silva WC, Raposo JD, Freitas-de-Sousa LA, Dos-Santos MC et al. The inhibitory potential of the condensed-tannin-rich fraction of Plathymenia reticulata Benth.(Fabaceae) against Bothrops atrox envenomation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;183:136-42.)

Plant Species	Isolated phytoconstituents	Reference
Aristolochia sp	Aristolochic acid	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.)
Azadirachta indica	Aiplai (a. Indica pla2 inhibitor)	(Mukherjee, Doley, Saikia, 2008Mukherjee AK, Doley R, Saikia D. Isolation of a snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor (AIPLAI) from leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem): Mechanism of PLA2 inhibition by AIPLAI in vitro condition. Toxicon. 2008;51(8):1548-53.)
Bellucia dichotoma	Condensed tannins	(*de Moura et al.,2017*De Moura VM, de Souza LY, da Costa Guimarães N, dos Santos IG, de Almeida PD, de Oliveira RB et al. The potential of aqueous extracts of Bellucia dichotoma Cogn.(Melastomataceae) to inhibit the biological activities of Bothrops atrox venom: A comparison of specimens collected in the states of Pará and Amazonas, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;196:168-77.)
Betula alba	Betulin and betulin acid	(*Bernard et al.,* 2001**Bernard P, Scior T, Didier B, Hibert M, Berthon JY. Ethnopharmacology and bioinformatic combination for leads discovery: application to phospholipase A2 inhibitors. Phytochemistry. 2001;58(6):865-74.)
Bridelia ndellensi	Quinovic acid glycosides	(*Mostafa et al.,* 2006**Mostafa M, Nahar N, Mosihuzzaman M, Sokeng SD, Fatima N, Atta-ur-Rahman et al. Phosphodiesterase-I inhibitor quinovic acid glycosides from Bridelia ndellensis. Nat Prod Res. 2006;20(7):686-92.)
Camellia sinensis	Theaflavin and Epigallocatechin	(Pithayanukul, Leanpolchareanchai, Bavovada ., 2010Pithayanukul P, Leanpolchareanchai J, Bavovada R. Inhibitory effect of tea polyphenols on local tissue damage induced by snake venoms. Phytother Res. 2010;24(S1):S56-62.; *Rosa et al., 2010*Rosa LD, Silva GA, Amaral Filho J, Silva MG, Cogo JC, Groppo FC et al. The inhibitory effect of Camellia sinensis extracts against the neuromuscular blockade of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. J Venom Res. 2010;1:1.)
Canavalia ensiformis	Concanavalin a (con-a)	(Dhananjaya, D'souza, 2010Dhananjaya BL, D' Souza CJ. The pharmacological role of nucleotidases in snake venoms. Cell Biochem Funct. 2010;28(3):171-177.)
Cardiospermum halicacabum	Berberine	(Sebastin et al., 2013)
Casearia sylvestris	Ellagic acid from	(Gupta, Peshin, 2012Gupta YK, Peshin SS. Do herbal medicines have potential for managing snake bite envenomation? Int J Toxicol. 2012;19(2):89.)
Cordia verbenacea	Edunol brongniartia podalyrloides anti-lethal activity rosmarinic acid	(*Soares et al., 2014Soares AM, Ticli FK, Marcussi S, Lourenco MV, Januario AH, Sampaio SV et al. Medicinal plants with inhibitory properties against snake venoms. Current Medicinal Soni P, Bodakhe SH. Antivenom potential of ethanolic extract of Cordia macleodii bark against Naja venom. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4:S449-54.; Ticli et al., 2005*Ticli FK, Hage LI, Cambraia RS, Pereira PS, Magro ÂJ, Fontes MR et al. Rosmarinic acid, a new snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Cordia verbenacea (Boraginaceae): antiserum action potentiation and molecular interaction. Toxicon. 2005;46(3):318-327.)
Cyclea peltata	Stigmasterol, phytosterol	(*Sivaraman et al.,2017*Sivaraman T, Sreedevi NS, Meenatchisundaram S, Vadivelan R. Antitoxin activity of aqueous extract of Cyclea peltata root against Naja naja venom. Indian J Pharmacol. 2017;49(4):275.)
Eclipta prostrata	Wedelolactone	(*Marcussi et al., 2007*Marcussi S, Sant'Ana CD, Oliveira CZ, Quintero Rueda A, Menaldo DL, Beleboni RO et al. Snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibitors: medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(8):743-56.)
Harpalyce brasiliana,	Edunol, a pterocarpan	(*da Silva et al., 2004Da Silva AJ, Coelho AL, Simas AB, Moraes RA, Pinheiro DA, Fernandes FF et al. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of prenylated and benzylated pterocarpans against snake venom. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004;14(2):431-5.; Samy, Gopalakrishnakone, Chow, 2012*Samy RP, Gopalakrishnakone P, Chow VT. Therapeutic application of natural inhibitors against snake venom phospholipase A2. Bioinformation. 2012;8(1):48.)
Jatropha gossypiifolia	Flavonoids	(*Felix-Silva et al.,2017*Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.)
Kalanchoe pinnata	Patuletin, quercetin, kaempferol	(*Fernandes et al.,* 2016**Fernandes JM, Félix-Silva J, da Cunha LM, dos Santos Gomes JA, da Silva Siqueira EM, Gimenes LP et al. Inhibitory effects of hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Kalanchoe brasiliensis and Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) against local effects induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom. PloS One. 2016;11(12):e0168658.)
Mandevilla velutina	Steroids	(Mahanta, Mukherjee, 2001Mahanta M, Mukherjee AK. Neutralisation of lethality, myotoxicity and toxic enzymes of Naja kaouthia venom by Mimosa pudica root extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;75(1):55-60.; Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.)
Mangifera indica	Pentagalloyl glucopyranose	(*Leanpolchareanchai et al., 2009Leanpolchareanchai J, Pithayanukul P, Bavovada R, Saparpakorn P. Molecular docking studies and anti-enzymatic activities of Thai mango seed kernel extract against snake venoms. Mol. 2009;14(4):1404-22.; Rahmatullah et al., 2012*Rahmatullah M, Hasan A, Parvin W, Moniruzzaman M, Khatun A, Khatun Z et al. Medicinal plants and formulations used by the Soren clan of the Santal tribe in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh for treatment of various ailments. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2012;9(3):350-9.)
Mimosa pudica	B-3-(3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridyl) a-amino propionic acid, the mimosine	(*Mahadeswaraswamy et al., 2011*Mahadeswaraswamy YH, Manjula B, Devaraja S, Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Daboia russelli venom hyaluronidase: purification, characterization and inhibition by β-3-(3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridyl) α-amino-propionic Acid. CurrTop Med Chem. 2011;11(20):2556-65.)
Piper peltatum	4-nerolidylcatechol	(*Kobayashi et al., 2005*Kobayashi KS, Chamaillard M, Ogura Y, Henegariu O, Inohara N, Nunez G et al. Nod2-dependent regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the intestinal tract. Science. 2005;307(5710):731-4.)
Piper umbellatum	4-nerolidylcatechol	(Makhija, Khamar, 2010Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.; *Núñez et al.,* 2005**Núñez V, Castro V, Murillo R, Ponce-Soto LA, Merfort I, Lomonte B. Inhibitory effects of Piper umbellatum and Piper peltatum extracts towards myotoxic phospholipases A2 from Bothrops snake venoms: isolation of 4-nerolidylcatechol as active principle. Phytochemistry. 2005;66(9):1017-25.)
Strychnos nux vomica	Amide	(Chatterjee, Chakravarty, Gomes, 2004Chatterjee I., Chakravarty AK, Gomes, A. Antisnake venom activity of ethanolic seed extract of Strychnos nux vomica Linn. Indian J Exp Biol. 2004;42(5):468-475.)
Tragia involucrata	2, 4 dimethyl hexane, 2 methyl nonane, 2, 6 dimethyl heptane	(Samy, Gopalakrishnakone, Chow, 2012Samy RP, Gopalakrishnakone P, Chow VT. Therapeutic application of natural inhibitors against snake venom phospholipase A2. Bioinformation. 2012;8(1):48.)
Vitex negundo	Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (tdtbpp)	(Alam, Gomes, 2003Alam MI, Gomes A. Snake venom neutralization by Indian medicinal plants (Vitex negundo and Emblica officinalis) root extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;86(1):75-80.; *Vinuchakkaravarthy et al.,* 2011**Vinuchakkaravarthy T, Kumaravel KP, Ravichandran S, Velmurugan D. Active compound from the leaves of Vitex negundo L. shows anti-inflammatory activity with evidence of inhibition for secretory phospholipase A2 through molecular docking. Bioinformation. 2011;7(4):199.)
Withania somnifera	Glycoprotein	(*Marcussi et al., 2007*Marcussi S, Sant'Ana CD, Oliveira CZ, Quintero Rueda A, Menaldo DL, Beleboni RO et al. Snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibitors: medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(8):743-56.)
Baccharis trimera	Betulinic acid; 4-nerolidylcatechol; clerodane; betulin	(Sebastin et al., 2013)
Tabernamontana catharinensis	12-methoxy-4- methylvoachalotine alkaloid	(*Batina et al., 2000Batina FM, Cintra AC, Veronese EL, Lavrador MA, Giglio JR, Pereira PS et al. Inhibition of the lethal and myotoxic activities of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom by Tabernaemontana catharinensis: identification of one of the active components. Planta Medica. 2000;66(5):424-428.; Sebastin et al.*, 2013)
Harpalyce brasiliana	Edunol	(*da Silva et al., 2004Da Silva AJ, Coelho AL, Simas AB, Moraes RA, Pinheiro DA, Fernandes FF et al. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of prenylated and benzylated pterocarpans against snake venom. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004;14(2):431-5.; Sebastin et al.,* 2013)

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjps@usp.br

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[1] *Correspondence: T. H. Mallhi. Department of Pharmacy Practice. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan. Contact: +923007600072. E-mail: tauqeer.hussain.mallhi@hotmail.com. Emails: Aroosa Liaqat: aroosaali009@gmail.com. Yusra Habib Khan: yusrahabib@ymail.com. Aisha Khokhar: aishakhokhar66@yahoo.com. Sadia Chaman: sadia.chaman@uvas.edu.pk. Muhammad Ali: muhammadali9311@gmail.com