Seasonal and pluviometric effects on the phenolic compound composition and antioxidant potential of <i>Licania macrophylla</i> Benth (Chrysobalanaceae), a medicinal plant from the Amazon rainforest

Araujo, Ramon Diego Cunha; Costa, Anderson Luiz Pena da; Pinto, Jardel Barbosa; Silva, Luís Maurício Abdon da; Silva, Gabriel Araujo da

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902022e19558

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Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 58 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e19558 copy

Seasonal and pluviometric effects on the phenolic compound composition and antioxidant potential of Licania macrophylla Benth (Chrysobalanaceae), a medicinal plant from the Amazon rainforest

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Abstract

Licania macrophylla is a medicinal plant from the Amazon. It is mainly used in the form of a decoction and has been reported to contain several phenolic compounds. However, the effect of seasonality on the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of this plant has not been well studied, especially in the Amazon region, an area affected by the rainy and less-rainy seasons. Therefore, we evaluated the seasonality of these aromatic compounds and the antioxidant potential of the extracts from L. macrophylla stem bark. We also determined the correlation between the extraction methods used and precipitation levels during each period for 1 year. The total flavonoid and phenolic content, DPPH-scavenging potential, percentage of phosphomolybdenum complex reduction, and iron-reducing power were quantified. The levels of phenolic compounds were the highest in June, whereas those of flavonoids were the highest in September and October; however, these differences were not significant. The extracts from April, November, and June showed the best results for DPPH scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reduction, and iron reduction power, respectively. Significant differences in the phenolic content and DPPH-scavenging activity were observed between the more- and less-rainy seasons. The total phenolic content was positively correlated with FRAP and DPPH, whereas flavonoid levels were negatively correlated.

Keywords:
Anauera; Antioxidant activity; Extracts; Rain; Seasonality

Months	Rainfall	Total phenolic content	Total flavonoid content
Rainy period	mm	mg/g	mg/g
February	220	49.4±0.56^a	19.84±0.56^a
March	280	52.27±0.43^b	19.26±0.44^a
April	615	60.40±0.30^c	22.33±0.73^b
May	500	47.57±0.50^a	19.33±0.48^a
June	220	70.23±0.21^d	12.52±0.47^c
July	110	49.50±0.05^a	24.06±0.39^b
Less-rainy period	mm	mg/g	mg/g
August	75	49.57±0.17^a	18.41±0.56^a
September	195	55.77±0.88^b	26.62±0.24^d
October	50	53.93±0.51^b	26.68±1.87^e
November	180	47.90±1.80^a	11.86±1.06^c
December	200	47.70±0.20^a	11.64±0.57^c
January	210	43.23±0.31^e	14.64±0.54^c

Months	DPPH (EC₅₀)	Phosphomolybdenum	FRAP
Rainy period	µg/mL	%	OD
February	71.30±0.71^a	23.32±0.63^b	0.041±0.0005^a
March	82.05±1.28^b	54.15±2.37^d	0.031±0.0005^b
April	65.63±0.36^d	40.57±2.91^a	0.042±0.001^a
May	69.46±0.59^a	43.28±0.23^a	0.039±0.001^a
June	76.68±0.32^c	30.82±0.17^c	0.054±0.001^c
July	75.20±1.33^c	47.13±0.21^a	0.032±0.0005^b
Less-rainy period	µg/mL	%	OD
August	68.74±1.27^a	33.02±0.77^c	0.049±0.001^d
September	78.83±0.27^c	43.12±2.62^a	0.031±0.003^b
October	77.31±0.34^c	43.15±0.85^a	0.033±0.0005^b
November	77.72±0.33^c	64.44±3.36^e	0.045±0.0005^a
December	84.56±1.04^b	39.65±1.39^a	0.035±0.0005^b
January	96.02±1.77^e	42.93±2.34^a	0.033±0.001^b
Quercetin	5.57±0.41	-	-
Ascorbic acid	-	100	0.521±10.25

µg/mL	Control	Feb 2018	Mar 2018	Apr 2018	May 2018	Jun 2018	Jul 2018
12	39.21±0.79^a	23±1.26^a	18.73±0.59^a	17.77±0.31^a	18.08±0.70^a	15.58±0.72^a	20.06±0.78^a
25	64.78±0.68^b	28.47±0.48^b	22.86±0.36^b	26.14±1.35^b	26.86±0.35^b	23.44±0.47^b	29.80±2.60^b
50	65.46±0.21^b	45.15±0.56^c	35.96±0.92^c	43.27±1.54^c	42.59±0.92^c	36.40±1.26^c	37.32±1.26^c
75	66.04±0.10^c	50.73±0.92^d	47.89±0.31^d	55.58±1.34^d	53.05±0.05^d	46.9±0.82^d	52.50±0.61^d
100	66.82±0.21^d	62.76±0.54^e	58.45±0.89^e	70.52±0.21^e	65.63±0.89^e	64.71±0.27^e	60.74±0.3^e
µg/mL	Control	Aug 2018	Sep 2018	Oct 2018	Nov 2018	Dec 2018	Jan 2019
12	39.21±0.79^a	23.78±1.14^a	21.80±1.05^a	22.49±1.32^a	16.30±0.57^a	20.06±0.50^a	18.83±0.35^a
25	64.78±0.68^b	29.22±0.17^b	24.98±0.97^b	28.64±0.59^b	24.13±0.42^b	25.05±0.30^b	25.84±0.54^b
50	65.46±0.21^b	44.30±1.13^c	27.38±0.99^c	40.68±0.42^c	40.16±1.09^c	37.05±0.82^c	35.28±0.41^c
75	66.04±0.10^c	50.97±1.03^d	51.54±0.78^d	50.52±0.42^d	51.72±0.36^d	44.57±2.63^d	43.10±0.36^d
100	66.82±0.21^d	65.63±1.57^e	62.62±0.31^e	58.62±0.33^e	58.45±0.47^e	57.74±1.20^e	51.21±0.51^e

L. macrophylla annual correlation	Total phenols	Total flavonoids	DPPH	Iron-reducing	Phosphom.	Rainfall
Total phenols	1
Flavonoids	0.09	1
DPPH	0.34^*	-0.35^*	1
Iron-reducing	0.50^*	-0.48^*	0.46^*	1
Phosphom.	-0.28	-0.05	-0.26	-0.35^*	1
Rainfall	0.20	0.01	0.36^*	0.07	0.03	1

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjps@usp.br

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[1] *Correspondence: R. D. C. Araújo. Programa de Ciências FarmaceuticasUniversidade Federal do Amapá. Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02 - Jardim Marco Zero. Cep: 68903-419, Macapá - AP, Brasil. Phone: +55(96) 9 8410-7446. E-mail: professorramonbiologia@hotmail.com