Drug | Type of sample | Local Study | Drug Concentration detected (µg/L) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ciprofloxacin | University hospital wastewater | Switzerland | 3.0 to 87.0 | Hartmannet al., 1998Hartmann A, Alder AC, Koller T, Widmer RM. Identification of fluoroquinolone antibiotics as the main source of umuC genotoxicity in native hospital wastewater. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1998;17(3):377-382. |
Hospital wastewater | United States | 0.85 to 2.0 | Brown, 2004Brown KD. Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Residential and Hospital Effluent, Municipal Wastewater, and the Rio Grande in Albuquerque, New Mexico; 2004. | |
University hospital wastewater | Brazil | 19.0 to 155.0 | Martinset al., 2008Martins AF, Vasconcelos T, Henriques D, Frank C, König A, Kümmerer K. Concentration of ciprofloxacin in Brazilian Hospital effluent and preliminary risk assessment: a case study. Clean. 2008;36(3):264-269. | |
Sewage treatment plant effluents/surface water | Switzerland Germany United States Italy |
0.009 to 0.106 | Kummerer, 2009Kummerer K. Antibiotics in the aquatic environment - A review - Part I. Chemosphere. 2009;75(4):417-434. | |
Hospital wastewater | India | 3.07 | Diwan, Lundborg, Tamhankar, 2013Diwan V, Lundborg Cs, Tamhankar AJ. Seasonal and temporal variation in release of antibiotics in hospital wastewater: estimation using continuous and grab sampling. PLoS One. 2013;8(7).e68715. | |
Treated effluents | Sweden | 0.038 | Östmanet al., 2017Östman M, Lindberg RH, Fick J, Björn E, Tysklind M. Screening of biocides, metals and antibiotics in Swedish sewage sludge and wastewater. Water Res . 2017;115:318-328. | |
Chlorhexidine | Treated effluents | Sweden | 0.028 | Östmanet al., 2017Östman M, Lindberg RH, Fick J, Björn E, Tysklind M. Screening of biocides, metals and antibiotics in Swedish sewage sludge and wastewater. Water Res . 2017;115:318-328. |
Antimicrobial Substances | Species | EC10 µg/L (95% CI) | EC50 µg/L (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Ciprofloxacin | M. aeruginosa | 3.21 [-0.66 - 7.09] | 17.24 [1.76 - 32.72] |
M. panniformis | 1.50 [0.16 - 2.83] | 13.56 [6.92 - 20.21] | |
Chlorhexidine | M. aeruginosa | 108.47 [105.45 - 111.50] | 206.38 [200.01 - 212.63] |
M. panniformis | 116.62 [112.79 - 120.45] | 171.42 [169.34 - 173.49] |