Validation of the Brazilian version of the hepatitis B quality of life evaluation instrument - HBQOL, and its application to patients with chronic hepatitis B in Cascavel - PR

Abstract

The objective of this study is to validate the specific questionnaire for Hepatitis B HBQOL (Hepatitis B Quality of Life Instrument, version 1.0) for the Brazilian version, in addition to testing its applicability in patients with hepatitis B under treatment and comparing the quality of life between patients using first-line drugs (tenofovir and entecavir). For the validation, the back-translation technique was used in a sample of 47 patients. Factor analysis was performed between the items in each domain of the questionnaire and the internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's α coefficient. In assessing the applicability of the validated questionnaire, interviews were carried out with 124 patients. Sociodemographic and treatment data were collected to characterize the sample and perform correlation analyzes. The results demonstrate that the Brazilian version of the questionnaire was successfully validated. In the analysis carried out among the 124 patients, the domains psychological well-being and stigma obtained the highest scores in quality of life and the lowest level of education conferred better results in these two domains. The comparison between tenofovir and entecavir showed no significant difference in patients' quality of life. The use of this validated instrument can make therapeutic decisions more rational.

Keywords:
Quality of life; Chronic hepatitis B; Therapeutics

INTRODUCTION

Hepatitis B is one of the most common viral infections in the world. It is estimated that approximately 2 billion people have already been infected by the virus, and about 350 to 450 million are chronic carriers of this etiologic agent (Mutimer, Oo, 2011; Trépo, Chan, Lok, 2014). The most serious complications of the disease are related to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (CHC), which in general cause between 0.5 and 1.2 million deaths per year worldwide (Saffari et al., 2015).

There are currently seven drugs for the treatment of the disease; five of them orally administered: lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, telbivudine and tenofovir, and two subcutaneously: interferon alpha and pegylated interferon alpha (DeFrancesco et al., 2015).

The first line consists of the nucleoside/nucleotide analogs entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir (TDF). These two drugs are powerful antiviral agents and present a minimal risk of developing resistance (Chao, Hu, 2013; Cholongitas, Tziomalos, Pipili, 2015). Drug therapy aims to reduce the risks of developing cirrhosis and CHC while increasing the survival and quality of life of patients (Almeida et al., 2012).

The term quality of life has gained relevance in recent years, with a growing interest in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (Qiao et al., 2012). It refers to the subjective assessment made by patients regarding their physical, mental, and social well-being (Strauss et al., 2014). In addition to clinical and economic data, HRQoL has proven to be important information in the treatment and decision of therapeutic choice (Abdo, 2012).

Patients with chronic liver disease, including viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and CHC, may have losses in their HRQoL (Lam et al., 2009). Therefore, to assign a value to this parameter, several generic and specific instruments have been proposed (Strauss et al., 2014). Generic instruments are those used in general populations and assess several domains, which can be applied in a variety of health states and diseases. On the other hand, the specific ones respond better to small changes in specific diseases, filling gaps left by generic instruments (Che et al., 2014).

In 2007, Spiegel and collaborators developed and validated the HBQOL (Hepatitis B Quality Of Life Instrument, version 1.0), a questionnaire to assess HRQoL in patients with chronic hepatitis B (HBC) and non-cirrhotic hepatites. Until this date, there was no specific instrument for HBC, only for liver diseases (Poorkaveh et al., 2012).

The HBQOL consists of 31 items that assess six domains, including psychological well-being, anticipatory anxiety, vitality, stigma, vulnerability, and transmission. It also has an extra domain, the viral response, which is generated from the combination of the domains of transmission and vulnerability (Spiegel et al., 2007).

Few studies in the world evaluate the HRQoL of these patients through the specific HBQOL questionnaire. This tool is also extremely important in Brazil, where treatment for this disease is provided free of charge by the government.

The objective of this study was to validate the Brazilian version of the HBQOL and and evaluate the HRQoL of patients with HBC undergoing treatment with antivirals provided by the Unified Health System (SUS) using the validated version of this questionnaire. Another aim was to compare the HRQoL of patients using the first line of treatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Validation of the questionnaire

In the validation process of the specific HBQOL v 1.0 questionnaire for the Brazilian version in Portuguese, we used the technique of translation by health professionals followed by reverse translation by an English-speaking teacher. After translation, patients over 18 years of age with HBC who were admitted to the Hospital das Clínicas of the Federal University of Paraná in the city of Curitiba during the research period between 2010 and 2011 were recruited, totaling 47 patients. The interviews were conducted by a trained interviewer in a quiet and illuminated room. All items of the questionnaire followed the Likert scale, ranging from 1 to 5. To measure these domains, a score was established for each item according to the participants' response, where 1 (score 100) constituted the best scenario, that is, a better quality of life, and 5 (score 0) the worst scenario, consequently a worse quality of life. In addition, to characterize the sample in question, data such as gender, age, education, marital status, drug treatment, and comorbidities were collected.

The analyses were performed considering the domains of the original HBQOL, in order not to make the mistake of dissociating the construct validity from the theoretical content, which would refer to statistical empiricism without meaning. The item response theory (TRI) was used, in which each item of the questionnaire can be independently excluded if it is not assigned validity within the domain.

Factor analysis (AF) was performed among the items of each domain separately, seeking to identify common factors that refer to the underlying latent traits. The method of analysis of the main components (MC) was used, which has the advantage of not requiring the normal distribution of variables. Besides, we opted for the oblique rotation technique because it works with less simplified data, getting closer to reality.

The number of MC was determined by the Kaiser criterion, which discards factors that have a lower degree of explanation than for any single item. Items with communalities lower than 0.5 with such MC were considered inadequate.¹⁶

The internal consistency of the instrument was calculated before and after the AF filtering process by determining Cronbach's α coefficient for each domain individually, and values above 0.6 were considered acceptable. Statistical calculations were performed using the SPSS software version 17.0, with a significance level of 5%. Regarding the analyses, for the instrument as a whole and each domain, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient and Bartlett's sphericity test for the data matrix were calculated (Hair, 1998).

Evaluation of the quality of life of patients with HBC employing the HBQOL v 1.0 instrument for the Brazilian version in Portuguese

We interviewed patients older than 18 years of age, with HBC, under treatment, and monitored by SUS, from June to December 2014. The exclusion criteria established were HIV, hepatitis C or D viruses co-infections, and severe psychiatric disorders.

The collection instrument used was HBQOL v 1.0 already validated for the Brazilian version. The questionnaires were self-administered; however, three trained interviewers guided the participants about the research, without influencing the choice of responses. As in validation, data were also collected from medical records, such as age, marital status, comorbidities, education level, treatment time, and medications used.

The approaches to individuals took place at the 10th Regional Health Department of Paraná in the city of Cascavel-PR, where medications for the treatment of HBC are dispensed and also at the Specialized Center for Infectious-Parasitic Diseases (CEDIP), where medical appointments are previously scheduled.

The 10th Regional Health Department made available in advance a list of people who were undergoing treatment for HBC and during the survey period, the interviewers were waiting for patients at the time of medication withdrawal. The interviews carried out at the 10th Regional Health Department took place on random days and times, whenever a trained interviewer was available. The interviews at CEDIP were carried out after the medical consultation, where an interviewer was waiting for the patient because the research team was aware of the day and time of the consultation.

The treatment time was calculated from the moment the patient started the therapy until the date of the questionnaire application. In the end, individuals who did not answer all the questions or did not meet the established criteria were excluded.

For comparison between the impact of pharmacotherapies with TDF and ETV on HRQoL, only individuals who used these drugs alone and without having had other therapy for HBC previously were evaluated.

The statistical analyses were performed through the "R" program (R Core Team, 2015). Descriptive analyses, such as mean and sample standard deviation, were applied in the characterization of the seven domains of the questionnaire. In the correlation tests, Spearman's method was used, which evaluates linear relationships between the data. Comparison analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon test (Mann-Whitney) for independent samples. The Chi-square test was used to relate the level of education to the domains of the questionnaire, and the Wilcoxon test (Mann-Whitney) was used again to determine which level of education was significant. The level of significance adopted for all analyses was 5% (p <0.05).

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Paraná (CEP/SD: 819.154.09.10) for the questionnaire validation stage and also by the Ethics Committee of the Western Paraná State University (opinion no. 667.253) to evaluate the quality of life of patients with chronic hepatitis B. All participants signed the informed consent form.

RESULTS

Validation of the questionnaire

The validation of the Brazilian version of the HBQOL v 1.0 - Brazil instrument included 47 adult patients (36.2% women and 63.8% men) diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B. The average age was 47.3 ± 11.3 years. Of the patients included, most were married (51.1%) and had incomplete primary education (40.4%). The most frequent comorbidity was arterial hypertension (25.5%).

Regarding treatment, 24 (51.1%) of them were not taking any drugs. As for those who were on drug therapy, most were being treated with lamivudine (14.9%), followed by tenofovir (12.8%) and entecavir (10.6%) (Table I).

TABLE I
Sociodemographic characteristics of participants in the HBQOL validation in the city of Curitiba - PR

Characteristics	N	%	Mean ± SD
Gender
Female	17	36.2	-
Male	30	63.8	-
Age (years)
20 - 30	3	6.4
30 - 40	9	19.2
40 - 50	16	34.0	47.3 ± 11.3
50 - 60	12	25.5
60 - 70	5	10.6
70 - 80	2	4.3
Marital status
Married	24	51.1	-
Single	23	48.9	-
Education level
Incomplete elementary school	19	40.4	-
Complete elementar school	10	21.3	-
Incomplete high school	1	2.1	-
Complete high school	15	32.0	-
Graduated	1	2.1	-
Not reported	1	2.1	-
Comorbidities
Arterial hypertension	12	25.5	-
Diabetes mellitus	2	4.3	-
Alcoholism	2	4.3	-
Dyslipidemia	1	2.1	-
Chronic gastritis	1	2.1	-
Drug treatment
Lamivudine 150 mg	7	14.9	-
Tenofovir 300 mg	6	12.8	-
Entecavir 0,5 mg	5	10.6	-
Adefovir 10 mg	1	2.1	-
Lamivudine 150 mg and Adefovir 10 mg	3	6.4	-
Tenofovir 300 mg and Entecavir 0.5 mg	1	2.1	-
Time Treatment
Lamivudine 150 mg	-	-	42.7 ± 38.7
Tenofovir 300 mg	-	-	16.8 ± 28.5
Entecavir 0.5 mg	-	-	5.2 ± 3.0
Lamivudine 150 mg and Adefovir 10mg	-	-	76.0 ± 48.5

Regarding the analyses, for the instrument as a whole and each domain, we calculated the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient and Bartlett's sphericity test for the data matrix, which were adequate in all cases. This reflects that the sample of 47 patients was sufficient for AF.

In HBQOL global AF (Brazil), ten MC were extracted, accounting for 76.9% of the items variance, and none of these items presented communality below the limit of 0.5 in relation to the MC set (Table II).

TABLE II
Factor Analysis between the items in each domain of the questionnaire

Domains	Items	Number of main components (MC)	Variance	Communality between items
Psychological Well-Being	F6 (Anxiety)	3	70.7%	None of the items presented communality lower than 0.5
	F4 (Frustration)
	F3 (Sadness)
	F7 (Irritation)
	F10 (Less useful life)
	F13 (Scared)
	F19 (Bad)
	F8 (Isolated)
Antecipation Anxiety	C1 (Failure)	1	67.1%	None of the items presented communality lower than 0.5
	C2 (Cancer)
	C15 (Worsening of health)
	C12 (Occurrence of something serious)
	C9 (Survival)
	C5 (Worsening of the disease)
Vitality	P1 (Tiredness)	1	54.8%	P3 and P2 presented communalities lower than the qualitative cut-off point.
	F5 (Exhaustion)
	P3 (Muscle pain)
	P2 (Memory problems)
	F12 (Lack of productivity)
Stigma	C14 (Embarrassment)	2	67.2%	All presented communalities above the cut-off value
	F1 (Ashamed)
	C10 (Excessive concern)
	C11 (Social isolation)
	C3 (Relative to the boss)
	F2 (Stigmatized)
Vulnerability	C13 (Diet)	1	56.7%	C8 presented insufficient commonality
	C6 (Ease of falling ill)
	C8 (Regarding medications)
Transmission	C7 (Sexual transmission)	1	41.7%	Only C7 presented sufficient commonality
	C4 (Transmission to children)
	F11 (Difficulty in having sexual intercourse)
Viral Response	C7 (Sexual transmission)	1	43.6%	C4 and C13 did not reach enough communalities to be considered valid in the domain
	C4 (Transmission to children)
	C13 (Diet)
	C8 (Regarding medications)

The items individually excluded in each domain, according to the TRI, do not measure the latent trait or psychological construct, mathematically represented by the MC, targeted by the assessed domain, and should be considered as not belonging to the same in the Brazilian cultural reality. Table III shows the Cronbach's alpha coefficients before and after the filtering performed by AF.

TABLE III
Internal consistency of HBQOL domains and their cross-culturally adapted version for Brazil before and after AF filtering

Domains	HBQOLa	HBQOL Brazilb	HBQOL Brazilc
Psychological Well-Being	0.90 (8)	0.77 (8)	0.77 (8)
Antecipation Anxiety	0.88 (6)	0.90 (6)	0.90 (6)
Vitality	0.90 (5)	0.78 (5)	0.78 (3)
Stigma	0.89 (6)	0.77 (6)	0.77 (6)
Vulnerability	0.82 (3)	0.61 (3)	0.64 (2)
Transmission	0.73 (3)	0.30 (3)	- (1)
Viral Response	0.75 (4)	0.56 (4)	0.60 (2)
Total	0.96 (31)	0.91 (31)	0.91 (27)

• Reliability analysis using Cronbach's coefficient α (number of domain items in brackets). ^aOriginal HBQOL version; ^bHBQOL-Brazil before AF filtering; ^cHBQOL-Brazil after AF filtering.

Evaluation of the quality of life of patients with HBC by the HBQOL v 1.0 instrument for the Brazilian version in Portuguese

In the evaluation of the quality of life carried out after the questionnaire was validated for the Brazilian version, 124 patients were interviewed, most of whom were male (66.9%). The general average age was 49.6 ± 11.1 years and the predominant marital status was married (80.6%). Regarding the level of education, most respondents had only incomplete elementary school (41.1%). The most frequent comorbidity among respondents was arterial hypertension (23.4%).

Concerning the use of drugs provided by the CEAF (Specialized Pharmaceutical Assistance Component), it was observed that most patients used the first line of treatment. Lamivudine was the third most used drug and had the highest average treatment time because it was the first oral nucleoside analog to be approved for HBC treatment. The mean treatment time of all patients evaluated was 33.3±35.9 months (Table IV).

TABLE IV
Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in the evaluation of quality of life in the city of Cascavel - PR

Characteristics	N	%	Mean ± SD
Gender
Female	41	33.1	-
Male	83	66.9	-
Age (years)
>18 - 20	1	0.8
20 - 30	5	4.0
30 - 40	15	12.1
40 - 50	39	31.5	49.6 ± 11.1
50 - 60	39	31.5
60 - 70	22	17.7
70 - 80	3	2.4
Marital status
Married	100	80.6	-
Single	24	19.4	-
Education level
Incomplete elementary school	51	41.1	-
Complete elementary school	21	16.0	-
Completo high school	40	32.3	-
Graduated	12	9.7	-
Comorbidities
Arterial hypertension	29	23.4	-
Alcoholism	7	5.6	-
Dyslipidemia	6	4.8	-
Depression	6	4.8	-
Renal insufficiency	5	4.0	-
Diabetes mellitus	4	3.2	-
Smoking	4	3.2	-
Hypothyroidism	3	2.4	-
Drug treatment*
Tenofovir 300 mg	77	48.1	-
Entecavir 0,5 mg	42	26.2	-
Adefovir 10 mg	3	1.9	-
Lamivudine 150 mg	22	13.7	-
Pegylated Interferon 2a 180 mcg	2	1.3	-
Interferon 2b 3 millions of UI	4	2.5	-
Interferon 2b 5 millions of UI	10	6.3	-
Time treatment (months)
Tenofovir 300 mg	-	-	22.4 ± 13.9
Entecavir 0,5 mg	-	-	21.9 ± 14.3
Adefovir 10 mg	-	-	48.0 ± 2.6
Lamivudine 150 mg	-	-	75.6 ± 19.7
Pegylated Interferon 2a 180 mcg	-	-	12.0 ± 0.0
Interferon 2b 3 millions of UI	-	-	8 ± 6.9
Interferon 2b 5 millions of UI	-	-	11.4 ± 1.9

• *The total is greater than the number of individuals interviewed because the same patient used different drugs at different times or concomitantly.

Regarding the descriptive analysis of the domains of the questionnaire in the 124 patients evaluated, it can be determined that the psychological stigma and well-being dimensions obtained the highest means (88.2±14.9; 82.5±19.1), respectively. In contrast, vulnerability and viral response were the lowest means (Table V).

TABLE V
Results of the analysis of the quality of life domains of the 124 patients with HBC and the co-variables gender, marital status, comorbidities, age and time of treatment

Comparatos	PWB1	APA2	VIT3	STM4	VUL5	TSM6	VRS7
General Quality of life
Mean ± SD	82.5 ± 19.1	67.0 ± 25.3	72.9 ± 24.3	88.2 ± 14.9	57.8 ± 23.0	66.5 ± 23.9	53.7 ± 24.6
Gender
Female (Mean ± SD)	83.5 ± 20.0	69.5 ± 25.4	71.5 ± 26.4	88.2 ± 15.8	55.7 ± 26.1	74.4 ± 25.0	57.2 ± 27.5
Male (Mean ± SD)	82.0 ± 18.8	65.7 ± 25.2	73.7 ± 23.2	88.3 ± 14.5	58.8 ± 21.3	62.6 ± 22.5	52.0 ± 23.1
p-value	0.544	0.361	0.894	0.585	0.6533	0.007*	0.155
Marital Status
Married (Mean ± SD)	82.0 ± 19.7	66.8 ± 25.5	72.6 ± 24.5	88.6 ± 13.9	56.5 ± 22.8	66.3 ± 22.7	52.9 ± 24.1
Single (Mean ± SD)	84.8 ± 16.6	67.9 ± 24.9	74.4 ± 23.8	86.6 ± 18.7	63.2 ± 23.3	67.4 ± 29.1	57.0 ± 27.1
p-value	0.569	0.942	0.831	0.936	0.225	0.638	0.479
Comorbidities
Presence (Mean ± SD)	83.9 ± 17.5	68.8 ± 25.4	71.4 ± 25.3	89.2 ± 11.0	59.7 ± 22.5	69.5 ± 25.1	57.9 ± 23.3
Absence (Mean ± SD)	81.6 ± 20.2	65.8 ± 25.3	74.0 ± 23.6	87.6 ± 17.0	56.5 ± 23.3	64.4 ± 23.1	50.8 ± 25.2
p-value	0.543	0.445	0.590	0.552	0.605	0.186	0.200
Age
Correlation (r)	0.253	0.206	0.067	0.279	-0.024	0.083	0.138
p-value	0.005*	0.022*	0.458	0.002*	0.798	0.359	0.126
Education level
p-value	0.044*	0.541	0.931	0.002*	0.505	0.955	0.748
Treatment time
Correlation (r)	0.091	0.072	0.036	0.152	0.082	0.149	0.128
p-value	0.317	0.425	0.691	0.091	0.365	0.099	0.155

• ¹PWE psychological well-being, ²APA antecipation anxiety, ³VIT vitality, ⁴STM stigma, ⁵VUL vulnerability, ⁶TSM transmission, ⁷VRS viral response, *Significant at 5%.

When comparing the socio-demographic variables with the seven domains of the questionnaire, we observed that the item transmission negatively affects more women than men (p=0.0073). On the other hand, age has a linear tendency to provide higher scores for psychological well-being (p=0.005), anxiety by anticipation (p=0.022), and stigma (p=0.002) according to the increase in years of life.

In addition, the psychological well-being (p=0.044) and stigma (p=0.002) domains were significantly associated with the level of education. In an in-depth comparative analysis between these two domains and the educational levels of the research participants, it was observed that the incomplete elementary level was statistically significant with p=0.015 for the psychological well-being and 0.034 for the stigma. This analysis determines that the scores of these two domains are higher in individuals with incomplete elementary education.

Spearman's linear correlation for the treatment time of 124 patients with the seven domains was not significant (p>0.05). The variables marital status and comorbidities also showed no significant values when compared to the HRQoL scores obtained (Table V).

When comparing the HRQoL of patients with HBC who used one of the first-line therapeutic options in a single and isolated way, 59 patients who used only TDF, with an average treatment time of 22.2 ± 13.3 months and 38 patients who used only ETV, with an average treatment of 22.2 ± 14.0 months.

In the analysis of the domains according to the use of these two alternatives, it was possible to observe that there was no significant difference between the two drugs (p >0.05). The correlation of treatment time with each of the seven domains was not significant for patients who used ETV (p>0.05 for all domains). For TDF, the psychological well-being domains (p=0.007), anxiety by anticipation (p=0.047), stigma (p=0.008), and vulnerability (p=0.029), had significant correlation, i.e., the means for these domains increased linearly with the increase in treatment time (Table VI).

TABLE VI
Results of HRQoL domain analyzes of patients with HBC according to the use of ETV and TDF and correlation with treatment time

Domains	TDF8		Correlation with treatment time	ETV9		Correlation with treatment time	TDF χ ETV
	Mean	SD	(p)	Mean	SD	(p)	(p-value)
PWE1	82.5	19.2	0.347 (0.007) *	84.6	16.9	-0.261 (0.114)	0.603
APA2	64.7	25.8	0.260 (0.047) *	72.0	23.6	-0.228 (0.168)	0.136
VIT3	75.5	22.0	0.170 (0.198)	70.1	27.2	0.020 (0.907)	0.450
STM4	86.9	17.1	0.344 (0.008) *	90.4	9.1	-0.016 (0.922)	0.937
VUL5	57.4	23.9	0.284 (0.029) *	58.8	21.2	-0.281 (0.088)	0.967
TSM6	66.7	23.9	0.203 (0.122)	63.8	24.4	0.069 (0.679)	0.610
VRS7	52.0	26.0	0.254 (0.052)	55.2	23.4	-0.048 (0.774)	0.688

• ¹PWE psychological well-being, ²APA antecipation anxiety, ³VIT vitality, ⁴STM stigma, ⁵VUL vulnerability, ⁶TSM transmission, ⁷VRS viral response, TDF⁸ tenofovir, ETV⁹ entecavir, *Significant at 5%.

DISCUSSION

Some socio-demographic characteristics such as education and comorbidities both in the sample of patients in the validation and in the application of the HBQOL v 1.0 questionnaire corroborate the averages found in the Brazilian population (Brasil, 2014b;Brasil, 2019). Bearing this in mind, the translation and validation of this instrument in this work not only translated HBQOL v 1.0, but also adapted it to the Brazilian reality, trying to make it clear and applicable to this population.

However, in a country as diverse as Brazil, cultural, demographic and epidemiological issues can achieve different results in each region. It is known that the southern region of Brazil, has some parameters such as education, access to culture, average wages and unemployment rate, better than other regions such as northeast and north for example (Brasil, 2014a).

In view of the above, it can be said that one of the limitations of the present work is that the validation and application of HBQOL-Brasil took place only in the State of Paraná and future work should be carried out, with its application in different regions of Brazil to compare its applicability in the country.

The validation of HBQOL-Brazil presented similar results when compared to the original instrument (Cronbach's coefficient α>0.9 in the general evaluation and ≥0.6 in the evaluation of individual domains). The "viral response" domain had the lowest internal consistency values for both the original and the Brazilian versions of the HBQOL.

Two questions of the "vitality" domain had low communalities (P2 and P3). The same occurred with question C8 of the "vulnerability" domain, C7, C4, and F11 of the "transmission" domain, and C4 and C13 of the "viral response" domain. For this reason, these items were excluded from the final version of HBQOL-Brazil. Questions C8, C7 and C4 remained in the questionnaire in the "viral response" domain; question C13 remained in the questionnaire in the "vulnerability" domain.

The question F11 was not present in any of the domains, and its low communality value probably reflects the socio-demographic characteristic of the cohort of patients included in the study since this question is related to the sexual difficulty presented by the patient with HBC. Considering that more than 60% of patients are male and that the mean age of patients was almost 50 years, it can be inferred that cultural factors may have generated poor quality results for this issue.

In the statistical analysis of the 124 patients who used the translated and validated instrument, it showed that the psychological well-being and stigma domains had the best HRQoL scores. The vulnerability and viral response domains were the lowest scores. A result similar to this was found by another study that used the same questionnaire translated and validated on another continent (Poorkaveh et al., 2012).

Concerning the socio-demographic variables, the female gender obtained the lowest scores for the transmission domain when compared to the male gender. This indicates that women are more concerned with questions related to the transmission of the disease to other people, including children, and also with the sexual transmission of the virus.

The age variable, in turn, showed significant results for the psychological well-being, anticipatory anxiety, and stigma domains, indicating that over time, these items tend to have better HRQoL results. For Lam et al., 2009 age advancement was also associated with a positive effect on HRQoL.

The level of incomplete elementary schooling, on the other hand, gave higher scores for the psychological well-being and stigma domains. These results demonstrate that the lower the degree of knowledge, the less concerns and impacts individuals have on their HRQoL. However, this outcome may bring some concerns to health professionals regarding adherence to treatment and also issues inherent to the transmission of viral diseases, due to the lack of knowledge on the subject. This reinforces the importance of health education in the quality of life.

Some studies have also achieved similar results, Haq et al., 2014 associated the level of knowledge of patients with HBC about their disease with HRQoL. As a result, knowledge had a negative impact on this parameter. Fear of developing cirrhosis and CHC affects the daily activities of patients and results in the worsening of health states. The same occurred in the study by Kim et al. (2015), which analyzed the influence of socio-demographic variables in patients with HBC in South Korea. They described that individuals with higher education have lower HRQoL scores compared to the general population.

Another telling result is that there were no differences in HRQoL between patients treated with tenofovir and entecavir. Some authors have assessed HRQoL with the use of certain medications. Marcelin et al., 2008 compared patients with HBC treated with peginterferon-alfa 2a, to patients with chronic hepatitis C also treated with this drug and found that the treatment reduces HRQoL, but to a greater extent in patients with chronic hepatitis C. For Lam et al., 2009 antiviral treatment was also associated with worse results in HRQoL, however the drugs used were not specified by the authors.

However, treatment for HBC has evolved with the launch of oral nucleotide / nucleoside analogs. It is known that the oral route is safer and offers greater convenience to the patient than the subcutaneous route used for the administration of peginterferon-alfa 2a. In addition, adverse events in the first line of treatment are less aggressive than those of the drug in question (Buti, 2014). For this reason, we found no differences between individuals treated with the first line of treatment (tenofovir and entecavir), however other studies can be carried out based on this result, such as cost studies that may demonstrate the advantages of one drug over another.

Another study that evaluated patients with HBC before and after a comprehensive intervention, which included, medical assistance, antiviral treatment, monthly follow-up, educational lectures, among other strategies, demonstrated that these interventions contribute to an increase in the HRQoL of these patients (Chao et al., 2013).

As the present study evaluated only patients under treatment, it is not possible to conclude if the therapy has a positive impact on HRQoL. But, as in the research by Chao et al., 2013 the patients participating in this research also had a wide range of assistance offered by the government, including antiviral therapy, specialized medical assistance, monitoring with imaging tests and laboratories, in addition to quarterly or semiannual consultations depending on the complexity of each case.

Another important outcome found, when the variable comorbidity with the questionnaire domains was analyzed in isolation, was that the presence of diseases did not influence the HRQoL scores. For Lam et al., 2009, the presence of psychological diseases had a negative impact on this measure. The fact that the present research used a specific questionnaire for HBC may have contributed to this result since the questions are related to a single disease, minimizing interference from other comorbidities in the assessment of HRQoL.

Some authors also describe that patients who have been living with the disease for many years may create coping mechanisms, contributing to a better HRQoL (Poorkaveh et al., 2012). Our research could not collect data on the time of the disease diagnosis, but when correlated with the treatment time with the domains of the questionnaire of 124 patients, it was not significant.

When the first line of treatment was compared, the domains of psychological well-being, anticipatory anxiety, stigma, and vulnerability were significantly correlated with the treatment time for TDF, indicating that HRQoL scores tend to be higher over time. For the ETV, this correlation was not significant, demonstrating that the values do not depend on the time in which the patient uses this medication. It is worth mentioning that this result does not depend on the number of patients who used each medication.

Most studies assessing HRQoL in patients with HBC use generic instruments or the combination of a generic instrument with a specific one for liver diseases (Abdo, 2012; Chao, Hu, 2013; Dan et al., 2008; Lam et al., 2009; Zhuang et al., 2014). The use of a specific questionnaire such as HBQOL allows a more accurate assessment of small changes characteristic of the disease, better portraying the real HRQoL of these patients. This is the first Brazilian study that assesses the quality of life of patients with HBC through the specific questionnaire HBQOL in the routine of clinical practice and other studies can be carried out in different regions of the country with this research instrument already validated for the Brazilian version.

Due to the lack of computerized data and information in the medical records of the participants of this research, both in Curitiba and in Cascavel, some socio-demographic variables and laboratory results could not be collected and analyzed as to their impact on HRQoL. The lack of computerized systems in Brazil ends up limiting the development of research, since there is not the necessary support for this practice.

CONCLUSION

The benefits of the treatment of HBC, in general, are long-term, preventing the patient from evolving into more severe conditions. However, these patients may also have short-term benefits, not only physical but also mental health. To this end, evaluating the quality of life is of fundamental interest. The results obtained demonstrate that the HBQOL v 1.0 questionnaire was translated validated for the Brazilian version.

In the analysis of the applicability of this instrument, the psychological well-being and stigma domains had the best HRQoL scores evaluated and individuals with the lowest level of education obtained the highest scores in these two domains. Regarding gender, women were more concerned than men about the transmissibility of the disease. The research also shows that advancing age gives significant results in the areas of psychological well-being, anticipation anxiety and stigma, providing higher scores on HRQoL. With regard to the first line of treatment, it was possible to determine that there were no significant differences between patients treated with these two drugs. The outcomes obtained in this study can be useful in making therapeutic decisions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank the 10th Regional Health Region of Paraná and the Specialized Center for Parasitic Infectious Diseases (CEDIP) for their contribution to the development of the research, and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES) for the scholarship granted.

REFERENCES

• Almeida AM, DaSilva AL, Brandão MR, Cherchiglia ML, Andrade EIG, DeOliveira GLA, et al. Custo-efetividade dos análogos de nucleosídeos/nucleotídeos para hepatite crônica B. Rev Saúde Pública. 2012;46(6):942-949.
• Abdo AA. Health-related quality of life os Saudi Hepatitis B and C patients. Ann Saudi Med. 2012;32(4):397-403.
• Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua - PNAD Contínua. Educação: 2019. [Internet]. IBGE, 2019. Available in:https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/educacao/17270-pnad continua.html?=&t=publicacoes
  » https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/educacao/17270-pnad continua.html?=&t=publicacoes
• Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Síntese de Indicadores Sociais: Uma Análise das Condições de Vida da População Brasileira. [Internet]. IBGE, 2014a. Available in: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/multidominio/condicoes-de-vida-desigualdade-e-pobreza/9221-sintese-de-indicadores-sociais.html?edicao=17068&t=publicacoes
  » https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/multidominio/condicoes-de-vida-desigualdade-e-pobreza/9221-sintese-de-indicadores-sociais.html?edicao=17068&t=publicacoes
• Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Blog da saúde. 57,4 milhões de brasileiros têm pelo menos uma doença crônica. [Internet]. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde, 2014b. Available in: http://www.blog.saude.gov.br/index.php/34861-57-4-milhoes-de-brasileiros-tem-pelo-menos-uma-doenca-cronica
  » http://www.blog.saude.gov.br/index.php/34861-57-4-milhoes-de-brasileiros-tem-pelo-menos-uma-doenca-cronica
• Buti M. HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: Why do I treat my patients with nucleos(t)ide analogs? Liver Int. 2014;34(1):108-111.
• Chao DC, Hu KQ. Update on rescue therapies in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013;7:777-788.
• Chao J, Song L, Zhang H, Zhu L, Tian L, Jin H, et al. Effects of comprehensive intervention on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis B in China. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13(386):1-9.
• Che YH, You J, Chongsuvivatwong V, Li L, Spriplung H, Yan YZ, et al. Dynamics and Liver Disease Specifi Aspects of Quality of Life Among Patients with Chronic Liver Disease in Yunnan, China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(12):4765-4771.
• Cholongitas E, Tziomalos K, Pipili C. Management of patients with hepatitis B in special populations. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(6):1738-1748.
• Dan AA, Kallman JB, Srivastava R, Younoszai Z, Kim A, Younossi ZM. Impact of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis on health utilities using SF-6D and the health utility index. Liver transpl. 2008;14(3):321-326.
• DeFrancesco MA, Gargiulo F, Spinetti A, Zaltron S, Giagulli C, Caccuri F. Clinical course of chronic hepatitis B patients receiving nucleos(t)ide analogues after virological breakthrough during monotherapy with lamivudine. New Microbiol. 2015;3(1):29-37.
• Hair JF, Tatham RL, Anderson RE, Black W. Multivariate Data Analysis. 5^th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; 1998.
• Haq H, Hassali A, Shafie AA, Saleem F, Farooqui M, Aljadhey H, et al. Association between Hepatitis B-Related nowledge and Health-Related Quality of Life. Trop J Pharm Res. 2014;13(7):1163-1168.
• Kim SJ, Han KT, Lee SY, Park EC. Quality of life correlation with socioeconomic status in Korean hepatitis-B patients: a cross sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13(55):1-12.
• Lam ETP, Lam CLK, Lai CL, Yuen MF, Fong DYY, So TMK. Health-related quality of life of Southern Chinese with chronic hepatitis B infection. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 2009;7(52):1-10.
• Marcelin P, Lau GKK, Zeuzem S, Healthcote EJ, Pockros PJ, Reddy KR, et al. Comparing the safety, tolerability and quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis B vs chronic hepatitis C treated with peginterferonalpha-2a. Liver Int . 2008;28(4):477-485.
• Mutimer DJ, Oo YH. Hepatitis B. Med. 2011;39(9):545-549.
• Poorkaveh A, Modabbernia A, Ashrafi M, Taslimi S, Karami M, Dalir M, et al. Validity, Reliability and Factor Structure of Hepatitis B Quality of Life Questionnaire Version 1.0: Findings in a Large Sample of 320 patients. Arch Iran med. 2012;15(5):290-296.
• Qiao CX, Zhai XF, Ling CQ, Lang QB, Dong HJ, Liu Q, et al. Health-related quality of life evaluated by tumor node metastasis staging system in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol . 2012;18(21):2689-2694.
• R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena, 2015. Available in: http://www.r-project.org/
  » http://www.r-project.org/
• Saffari M, Alavian SM, Naderi MK, Pakpour AH, Alzaben F, Koenig HG. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric assessment of the liver disease symptom index 2.0 to measure health-related quality of life among Iranian patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Transcult Nurs Memphis. 2015:1-13.
• Spiegel BMR, Bolus R, Han S, Tong M, Esrailian E, Talley J, et al. Development and validation of a disease-targeted quality of life instrument in chronic hepatitis B: The hepatitis B quality of life instrument, Version 1.0. Hepatology. 2007;46 (1):113-121.
• Strauss E, Porto-ferreira FA, DeAlmeida Neto C, Teixeira MC. Altered quality of life in the early stages of chronic hepatitis C is due to the virus itself. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2014;38(1):40-45.
• Trépo C, Chan HLY, Lok A. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2053-2063.
• Zhuang G, Zhang M, Liu Y, Guo Y, Wu Q, Zhou K, et al. Significant impairment of health-related quality of life in mainland Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B: a cross-sectional survey with pair-matched healthy controls. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12(101):1-9.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  02 Sept 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  07 Apr 2019
• Accepted
  08 Sept 2020