Figure 2
Representation of mangrove ecosystem services (green arrows). Water purification: Rybicki (1997)RYBICKI, N.B. 1997. Observations of tidal flux between submersed aquatic plant stand and the adjacent channel in the Potomac River near Washington, D.C. Limnology and Oceanography 42: 307- 317., Lee & Dunton (1999)LEE, K.S. & DUNTON, K.H. 1999. Inorganic nitrogen acquisition in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum: development of a whole plant nitrogen budget. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44: 1404- 1215., Gacia et al. (1999)GARCIA, E., GRANATA, T. KOCH, C. & DUARTE, C. M. 1999. An approach to the measurements of particle flux and sediment retention within seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows. Aquat. Bot. 65: 255- 269., Cornelisen & Thomas (2006)CORNELISEN, C.D. & THOMAS, F. I. 2006. Water flow enhances ammonium and nitrate uptake in a seagrass community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 312: 1-13., Romero et al. (2006)ROMERO, J., LEE, K.S., PEREZ, M., MATEO, M. A. & ALCOVERRO, T. 2006. Nutrient dynamics in seagrass ecosystems. Pages 227- 254 in A. W. D Larkum R. J Orthand C. M Duarte editors. Seagrass biology, ecology and conservation. Springer-Verlag, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., and Koch et al. (2006)KOCH, E.W., ACKERMAN J., VAN, KEULEN, M. & VERDUIN, J. 2006. Fluid dynamics in seagrass ecology: from molecules to ecosystems. Pages 193- 225 in A. W. D Larkum R. J Orthand C. M Duarte editors. Seagrasses: biology, ecology and conservation. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.. Coastal protection: Fonseca & Cahalan (1992)FONSECA, M. S. & CAHALAN, J. A. 1992. A preliminary evaluation of wave attenuation for four species of seagrass. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 35: 565- 576., Koch (1996)KOCH, E.W. 1996. Hydrodynamics of a shallow Thalassia testudinum bed in Florida, USA. Pages 105- 110 in J Kuo R. C Phillips D. I Walkerand H Kirkman editors. Seagrass biology: proceedings of an international workshop. Western Australia Museum, Perth, Australia., Prager & Halley (1999)PRAGER, E.J. & HALLEY, R.B. 1999. The influence of seagrass on shell layers and Florida Bay mudbanks. J. Coast. Res. 15: 1151- 1162., Hemminga & Duarte (2000)HEMMINGA, M.A. & DUARTE, C.M. 2000. Seagrass ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK., Spalding et al. (2003)SPALDING, M.D., TAYLOR, M., RAVILIOUS, C., SHORT, F. & GREEN, E. 2003. The distribution and status of seagrasses. Pages 5- 26 in E. P Greenand F. T Short editors. World atlas of seagrasses. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA., and Koch et al. (2009)KOCH. E.W., et al. 2009. Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7: 29- 37.. Erosion: Hemminga & Nieuwenhuize (1990)HEMMINGA, M.A. & NIEUWENHUIZE, J. 1990. Seagrass wrack-induced dune formation on a tropical coast (Banc-Darguin, Mauritania). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 31: 499- 502.. Maintenance of fisheries: Cesar & van Beukering (2004)CESAR, H. S. J. & P. J. H. VAN BEUKERING. 2004. Economic valuation of the coral reefs of Hawai’i. Pac. Sci. 58: 231-242., and Zeller et al. (2007)ZELLER, D., S. BOOTH, G. DAVIS, & PAULY, D. 2007. Re-estimation of small-scale fisheries catches for U.S. flag island areas in the Western Pacific: The last 50 years. US Fishery Bulletin (in press). Fish. Bull. (Wash. D. C.) 105(2): 266-277.. Raw materials and food: Hemminga & Duarte (2000), de la Torre‐Castro & Rönnbäck (2004)DE LA TORRE-CASTRO, M. & RÖNNBÄCK, P. 2004. Links between humans and seagrasses: an example from tropical East Africa. Ocean Coast. Manag. 47: 361- 387., and Lauer & Aswani (2010)LAUER, M. & ASWANI, S. 2010. Indigenous knowledge and long-term ecological change: detection, interpretation, and responses to changing ecological conditions in pacific Island Communities. Environ. Manage. 45: 985- 997.. Cultural Services associated with tourism: Naylor & Drew (1998)NAYLOR, R. & DREW, M. 1998. Valuing mangrove resources in Kosrae, Micronesia. Environ. Dev. Econ. 3: 471- 490.. Carbon sequestration: Freeman (2003)FREEMAN, A. M., III. 2003. The measurement of environmental and resource values: theory and methods. Second edition. Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., USA., Pagiola et al. (2004)PAGIOLA, S., VON, RITTER, K. & BISHOP, J. 2004. How much is an ecosystem worth? Assessing the economic value of conservation. World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA., NRC (2005)NRC [National Research Council]. 2005. Valuing ecosystem services: toward better environmental decision making. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA., Barbier (2007)BARBIER, E. B. 2007. Valuing ecosystem services as productive inputs. Econ. Policy. 22: 177-229., U.S. EPA (2009)U.S. EPA [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]. 2009. Valuing the protection of ecological systems and services. A report of the EPA Science Advisory Board. EPA, Washington, D.C., USA., Mendelsohn & Olmstead (2009)MENDELSOHN, R. & OLMSTEAD, S. 2009. The economic valuation of environmental amenities and disamenities: methods and applications. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 34: 325- 347., and Hanley & Barbier (2009)HANLEY, N. & BARBIER, E. B. 2009. Pricing nature: cost-benefit analysis and environmental policy-making. Edward Elgar, London, UK.. Recreation: Mathieu et al. (2003)MATHIEU, L.F., LANGFORD, I.H. & KENYON, W. 2003. Valuing marine parks in a developing country: a case study of the Seychelles. Environ. Dev. Econ. 8: 373- 390..
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