Endemic angiosperms in Bahia Coastal Forests, Brazil: an update using a newly delimited area

Ostroski, Piera; Saiter, Felipe Zamborlini; Amorim, André Márcio; Fiaschi, Pedro

doi:10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2018-0544

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Article • Biota Neotrop. 18 (4) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2018-0544 copy

Endemic angiosperms in Bahia Coastal Forests, Brazil: an update using a newly delimited area

Angiospermas endêmicas da Floresta Costeira da Bahia, Brasil: uma atualização utilizando uma nova delimitação de área

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

The forest along the coast of Bahia state, in northeastern Brazil, has been acknowledged as an area of endemism for several groups of organisms. The first study concerning endemic angiosperm species in this region, through which 395 taxa were registered, was conducted 15 years ago. However, this number is probably underrated. In this article, we present an updated checklist of angiosperm taxa in Bahia Coastal Forests (BCF) based on geographic distribution data available from the Brazilian Plant List (Flora do Brasil 2020FLORA DO BRASIL 2020 under construction. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ (acessed on 09/Mar/2017)
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/... ). The records were checked in herbaria, recent taxonomic literature, and, when necessary, reviewed by experts. The final checklist consists of 547 taxa endemic to BCF, distributed in 69 families, with seven endemic genera: Bahiella (Apocynaceae), Santosia (Asteraceae), Harleyodendron (Fabaceae), Cubitanthus (Linderniaceae), Anomochloa and Parianella (Poaceae), and Andreadoxa (Rutaceae). The families with highest richness in endemic taxa were Bromeliaceae (108 spp.), Fabaceae (41 spp.) and Myrtaceae (32 spp.). This updated checklist shares only 143 taxa with a previous list published about 15 years ago. Those two lists differ mostly due to slightly different area limits, and to the large number of additional endemic species described since then. We hope our list will be used as a resource in future studies and contributes to the conservation of the highly diverse Bahia Coastal Forest.

Keywords:
Atlantic Forest; checklist; conservation; endemism; hotspot

Resumo:

A floresta costeira do estado da Bahia, no nordeste do Brasil, tem sido apontada como área de endemismo para diversos grupos de organismos. O primeiro levantamento de espécies de angiospermas endêmicas dessa região foi realizado há cerca de 15 anos e revelou a ocorrência de 395 táxons. Entretanto, esse número provavelmente está subestimado. Neste trabalho apresentamos uma lista atualizada de táxons de angiospermas endêmicas da Floresta Costeira da Bahia (FCB), tendo como base as informações de distribuição geográfica disponíveis na lista da Flora do Brasil. Estas informações foram posteriormente checadas em registros de herbários, estudos taxonômicos recentes e, quando necessário, revisadas por especialistas. A lista final de espécies é constituída por 547 táxons endêmicos da Floresta Costeira da Bahia, distribuídos em 69 famílias e incluindo sete gêneros endêmicos: Bahiella (Apocynaceae), Santosia (Asteraceae), Harleyodendron (Fabaceae), Cubitanthus (Linderniaceae), Anomochloa e Parianella (Poaceae), and Andreadoxa (Rutaceae). As famílias mais ricas em táxons endêmicos são Bromeliaceae (108 spp.), Fabaceae (41 spp.) e Myrtaceae (32 spp.). Apenas 143 táxons são compartilhados por esta lista atualizada e uma lista preliminar publicada há cerca de 15 anos. As duas listas diferem especialmente por ligeiras diferenças nos limites da área de estudo e também pelo acréscimo de novas espécies endêmicas descritas desde então. Espera-se que a lista seja usada como ferramenta para estudos futuros e para a conservação da rica flora costeira da Bahia.

Palavras-chave:
Checklist; conservação; endemismo; hotspot; Mata Atlântica

Introduction

The Atlantic Forest is considered a biodiversity hotspot due to the occurrence of a high number of endemic and threatened species (Myers et al. 2000MYERS, N., MITTERMEIER, R.A., MITTERMEIER, C.G., FONSECA, G.A.B. & KENT, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772):853-858.). The natural distribution of the Atlantic Forest was originally continuous along the Brazilian coast and extended to some areas in Argentina and Paraguay (Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica 2013FUNDAÇÃO SOS MATA ATLÂNTICA. 2013. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica Período 2011-2012.). Nowadays, it is one of the eight most critically endangered hotspots, as only 12,5% of the original forest remains (Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica 2014FUNDAÇÃO SOS MATA ATLÂNTICA. 2014. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica Período 2012-2013.). Nevertheless, it is the richest Brazilian phytogeographic domain in plant diversity, with 8,728 endemic species of angiosperms (Flora do Brasil 2020, under constructionFLORA DO BRASIL 2020 under construction. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ (acessed on 09/Mar/2017)
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/... ).

Some studies have emphasized the division of the Atlantic Forest in northern and southern regions (Cracraft 1985CRACRAFT, J. 1985. Historical Biogeography and Patterns of Differentiation within the South American Avifauna : Areas of Endemism. Ornithol. Monogr. 36:49-84., Colombi et al. 2010COLOMBI, V.H., LOPES, S.R. & FAGUNDES, V. 2010. Testing the Rio Doce as a riverine barrier in shaping the atlantic rainforest population divergence in the rodent Akodon cursor. Genet. Mol. Biol. 33(4):785-789., Martins 2011MARTINS, F.M. 2011. Historical biogeography of the Brazilian Atlantic forest and the Carnaval-Moritz model of Pleistocene refugia: What do phylogeographical studies tell us? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 104(3):499-509.) with a limit along the Doce river, in the north of Espírito Santo state. The floristic differences between these two regions were highlighted by Oliveira-Filho & Fontes (2000)OLIVEIRA‐FILHO, A. & FONTES, M. 2000. Patterns of Floristic Differentiation among Atlantic Forests in Southeastern Brazil and the Influence of Climate. Biotropica 32(4b):793-810. and Oliveira-Filho et al. (2005)OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T., TAMEIRÃO-NETO, E., CARVALHO, W.A.C., WERNECK, M., BRINA, A.E., VIDAL, C. V, REZENDE, S.C. & PEREIRA, J.A.A. 2005. Análise florística do compartimento arbóreo de áreas de floresta atlântica sensu lato na região das Bacias do Leste (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro). Rodriguésia 56(87):185-235., who observed several taxa with Amazonian affinities occuring in the northern region, while taxa with subtropical Andean affinities are mostly found in the southern region (Berry et al. 2004BERRY, P.E., HAHN, W.J., SYTSMA, K.J., HALL, J.C. & MAST, A. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Fuchsia (Onagraceae) based on noncoding nuclear and chloroplast DNA data. Am. J. Bot. 91(4):601-614., Santos et al. 2007SANTOS, M.M., CAVALCANTI, D.R., SILVA, J.M.C. da & TABARELLI, M. 2007. Biogeographical relationships among tropical forests in north-eastern Brazil. J. Biogeogr. 34(3):437-446., Menini Neto et al. 2016MENINI NETO, L., FURTADO, S.G., ZAPPI, D.C., OLIVEIRA FILHO, A.T. & FORZZA, R.C. 2016. Biogeography of epiphytic Angiosperms in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, a world biodiversity hotspot. Rev. Bras. Bot. 39(1):261-273.). Other authors recognize three main centers of endemism in the Atlantic Forest: northern (Pernambuco and Alagoas states), southern (from Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catarina states), and central (southern Bahia and Espírito Santo states) (Murray-Smith et al. 2009MURRAY-SMITH, C., BRUMMITT, N.A., OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T., BACHMAN, S., MOAT, J., LUGHADHA, E.M.N. & LUCAS, E.J. 2009. Plant diversity hotspots in the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil. Conserv. Biol. 23(1):151-163., Thomas et al. 1998THOMAS, W.W., CARVALHO, A.M. V, AMORIM, A.M., GARRISON, J. & ARBELAÉZ, A.L. 1998. Plant endemism in two forests in southern Bahia, Brazil. Biodivers. Conserv. 7:311-322.).

Recently, Saiter et al. (2016a)SAITER, F.Z., BROWN, J.L., THOMAS, W.W., DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. & CARNAVAL, A.C. 2016a. Environmental correlates of floristic regions and plant turnover in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 43(12):2322-2331. divided the central region of the Atlantic Forest in three subregions based on the composition of tree species, indicating the most important abiotic factors affecting that division. Contrary to previous knowledge, the rivers did not play an important role in this division, which lies about 100 km north of the Doce river and is best explained by climatic factors, such as moisture, elevation and temperature (Saiter et al. 2016aSAITER, F.Z., BROWN, J.L., THOMAS, W.W., DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. & CARNAVAL, A.C. 2016a. Environmental correlates of floristic regions and plant turnover in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 43(12):2322-2331.). One of the regions, referred to as Bahia Coastal Forests (BCF) by Saiter et al. (2016a)SAITER, F.Z., BROWN, J.L., THOMAS, W.W., DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. & CARNAVAL, A.C. 2016a. Environmental correlates of floristic regions and plant turnover in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 43(12):2322-2331., encompasses the northern extreme of Espírito Santo and most of the coast of the state of Bahia. Due to high biodiversity and the incidence of endemic and threatened species, this region has been designated as a hot-point within the Atlantic Forest hotspot (Martini et al. 2007MARTINI, A.M.Z., FIASCHI, P., AMORIM, A.M. & PAIXÃO, J.L. 2007. A hot-point within a hot-spot: A high diversity site in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Biodivers. Conserv. 16(11):3111-3128.). Many studies to this date on different groups of organisms support this claim, as the region is considered an area of endemism for frogs (Carnaval et al. 2009CARNAVAL, A.C., HICKERSON, M.J., HADDAD, C.F.B., RODRIGUES, M.T. & MORITZ, C. 2009. Stability predicts genetic diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. Science 323(5915):785-789.), birds (Silva et al. 2004SILVA, J.M.C., SOUSA, M.C. & CASTELLETTI, C.H.M. 2004. Areas of endemism for passerine birds in the Atlantic forest, South America. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 13:85-92.), Myrtaceae (Murray-Smith et al. 2009MURRAY-SMITH, C., BRUMMITT, N.A., OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T., BACHMAN, S., MOAT, J., LUGHADHA, E.M.N. & LUCAS, E.J. 2009. Plant diversity hotspots in the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil. Conserv. Biol. 23(1):151-163.) and trees in general (Thomas et al. 2003THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP.).

An estimate of endemic vascular plant species present in two protected areas in southern Bahia showed that the distribution of 59% of the species is restricted to Bahia and Espírito Santo states (Thomas et al. 1998THOMAS, W.W., CARVALHO, A.M. V, AMORIM, A.M., GARRISON, J. & ARBELAÉZ, A.L. 1998. Plant endemism in two forests in southern Bahia, Brazil. Biodivers. Conserv. 7:311-322.). These results motivated the compilation of a preliminary list of endemic angiosperm species in the region comprising Espírito Santo to the north of the Doce river and the south of Bahia, including inland Seasonal Dry Forests (Thomas et al. 2003THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP.) (Figure 1a). This list consisted of 395 endemic species of angiosperms in the region (Thomas et al. 2003THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP.), among which several are known to occur only in dry forests, such as Chrysophyllum subspinosum Monach. (Sapotaceae) and Colicodendron bahianum Cornejo & Ilts (Capparaceae). That study reported eight endemic genera in this area: Arapatiella R.S.Cowan, Brodriguesia R.S.Cowan and Harleyodendron R.S.Cowan (Fabaceae), Atractantha McClure, Anomochloa Brogn., Alvimia Calderón ex Soderstr. & Londoño, and Sucrea Soderstr. (Poaceae), and Trigoniodendron E.F.Guim & Miguel (Trigoniaceae) (Thomas et al, 2003THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP.).

Figure 1
a) Study area in which Thomas et al. (2003)THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP. based their list of endemic species. b) Bahia Coastal Forest (BCF) according to Saiter et al. (2016a)SAITER, F.Z., BROWN, J.L., THOMAS, W.W., DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. & CARNAVAL, A.C. 2016a. Environmental correlates of floristic regions and plant turnover in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 43(12):2322-2331.. c) Municipalities with at least 50% of its area within the BCF (light grey), and those added to the study area based on IBGE (1993)IBGE. 1993. Mapa de Vegetação do Brasil. 2nd ed. Diretoria de Geociências, Rio de Janeiro. (dark grey). Coordinates: UTM. Datum WGS 84.

Checklists of endemic taxa are critical to overcome issues that hinder conservation strategies in highly biodiverse regions, such as: 1) basic taxonomic information (Linnean shortfall, or "which species are there?"), and 2) lack of geographic information (Wallacean shortfall, or "where do these species occur?") (Whittaker et al. 2005WHITTAKER, R.J., ARAÚJO, M.B., JEPSON, P., LADLE, R.J., WATSON, J.E.M. & WILLIS, K.J. 2005. Conservation biogeography: Assessment and prospect. Divers. Distrib. 11(1):3-23.). Both shortfalls are part of reality in Bahia Coastal Forests, world-renowned as one of the highest diversity areas in tree species (Thomas et al. 1998THOMAS, W.W., CARVALHO, A.M. V, AMORIM, A.M., GARRISON, J. & ARBELAÉZ, A.L. 1998. Plant endemism in two forests in southern Bahia, Brazil. Biodivers. Conserv. 7:311-322., Martini et al. 2007MARTINI, A.M.Z., FIASCHI, P., AMORIM, A.M. & PAIXÃO, J.L. 2007. A hot-point within a hot-spot: A high diversity site in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Biodivers. Conserv. 16(11):3111-3128., Murray-Smith et al. 2009MURRAY-SMITH, C., BRUMMITT, N.A., OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T., BACHMAN, S., MOAT, J., LUGHADHA, E.M.N. & LUCAS, E.J. 2009. Plant diversity hotspots in the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil. Conserv. Biol. 23(1):151-163.).

We aimed to provide a list of endemic species of angiosperms in Bahia Coastal Forest following Saiter et al. (2016a)SAITER, F.Z., BROWN, J.L., THOMAS, W.W., DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. & CARNAVAL, A.C. 2016a. Environmental correlates of floristic regions and plant turnover in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 43(12):2322-2331. to verify whether the current list agrees with the preliminary checklist by Thomas et al. (2003)THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP.. We expect this updated list to further highlight the importance of BCF as a critical area for biodiversity conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic forest.

Material and Methods

1. Study area

To delimit the study area we used the BCF sensuSaiter et al. (2016a)SAITER, F.Z., BROWN, J.L., THOMAS, W.W., DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. & CARNAVAL, A.C. 2016a. Environmental correlates of floristic regions and plant turnover in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 43(12):2322-2331. (Figure 1b) with a slight modification to include the municipalities whose territory was at least 50% inside that perimeter. Municipalities were used as a base for the retrieval of taxonomic information from online datasets (see data collection). To remove the arbitrary northern limit from Saiter et al. (2016a)SAITER, F.Z., BROWN, J.L., THOMAS, W.W., DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. & CARNAVAL, A.C. 2016a. Environmental correlates of floristic regions and plant turnover in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 43(12):2322-2331. (Figure 1b), the study area was expanded to include seven municipalities complying with the 50% territory criterion (Figure 1c). Municipal limits were defined based on data from the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE 1993IBGE. 1993. Mapa de Vegetação do Brasil. 2nd ed. Diretoria de Geociências, Rio de Janeiro.) (Figure 1c).

The resulting area comprised 156 municipalities, which account for approximately 99,000 km² (Figure 1c) at southern Bahia state, and a small fraction from northern Espírito Santo state and northeastern Minas Gerais state, contrasting with an area of about 119,000 km² at southern Bahia which included more inland areas, and northen Espírito Santo with a southern limit at the Doce River (Thomas et al. 2003THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP.) (Figure 1a).

2. Data collection

To compile the checklist of endemic species of angiosperms in BCF, we started by performing a data search in the Brazilian Plant List (Flora do Brasil 2020FLORA DO BRASIL 2020 under construction. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ (acessed on 09/Mar/2017)
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/... ) on March 9, 2017, using the following filters simultaneously: "group: angiosperms", "endemism: only endemic to Brazil", "origin: native", "state: Bahia", and "phytogeographic domain: Atlantic Forest". We decided not to search only for species endemic to the Atlantic Forest in Bahia to avoid excluding species that could also occur in the north of Espírito Santo and in a small area in northeastern Minas Gerais (Figure 1c). The initial search resulted in 3,338 species, 59 subspecies and 154 varieties (3,551 taxa). These records were then checked in the SpeciesLink database (splink.cria.org.br). Each taxon map generated by the SpeciesLink website was visually checked, first to remove taxa that were clearly not endemic to BCF, i.e. those with several records outside the study area. Each of the 1,336 remaining taxa were then mapped with QGis 2.14 (Quantum GIS Development Team 2016QUANTUM GIS DEVELOPMENT TEAM. 2016. Quantum GIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Found. Proj.) and we verified whether the points of occurrence were enclosed in the limits of the study area, which resulted in the further removal of 701 taxa.

From the 635 taxa left, the records with incongruent data were verified by experts or checked using recent taxonomic studies (Appendix 1). This step resulted in 30 additional non-endemic species discarded from the list. The taxa for which no scientific records were found in Google Scholar (scholar.google.com), Biodiversity Heritage Library (biodiversitylibrary.com), SpeciesLink (splink.cria.org.br), and the Brazilian Plant List (Flora do Brasil 2020) were complemented by a search for location records in the CEPEC herbarium. Once this verification was completed, 53 species from the list had to be removed because no records were available and a further five species were removed due to lack of precise geographic information.

Results

The final checklist consisted of 547 angiosperm taxa endemic to BCF (535 species, six subspecies, and six varieties) in 69 families (none endemic) and 230 genera (Table 1). Seven genera are endemic to BCF: Bahiella J.F.Morales (Apocynaceae), Santosia R.M.King & H.Rob. (Asteraceae), Harleyodendron (Fabaceae, Figure 2f), Cubitanthus Barringer (Linderniaceae), Anomochloa and Parianella Hollowell, F.M.Ferreira & R.P.Oliveira (Poaceae), and Andreadoxa Kallunki (Rutaceae). The genera with the highest number of endemic species in the BCF were Aechmea Ruiz & Pav. (Bromeliaceae) (33 spp.), Pavonia Cav. (Malvaceae) and Myrcia DC. (Myrtaceae), each with 16 species. The three families with the highest numbers of endemic taxa (species + infraspecific taxa) were Bromeliaceae (108), Fabaceae (41) and Myrtaceae (32).

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Table 1
Checklist of angiosperms endemic to Bahia Coastal Forest sensu Saiter et al. (2016a)SAITER, F.Z., BROWN, J.L., THOMAS, W.W., DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. & CARNAVAL, A.C. 2016a. Environmental correlates of floristic regions and plant turnover in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 43(12):2322-2331..

Figure 2
Some species found in the checklist of endemic angiosperms of BCF: a) Kuhlmanniodendron macrocarpum (Achariaceae). b) Quesnelia koltesii (Bromeliaceae). c) Dichorisandra leucophtalmos (Commelinaceae). d) Tapura zei-limae (Dichapetalaceae). e) Arapatiella psilophylla (Fabaceae). f) Harleyodendron unifoliolatum (Fabaceae). g) Pavonia goetheoides (Malvaceae). h) Pleiochiton amorimii (Melastomataceae). i) Anomochloa marantoidea (Poaceae). Photos: a, b, d, g, h) A.Amorim; c) L.Aona; e, f) D.Cardoso; i) J.Jardim.

Discussion

The families with the highest numbers of endemic taxa in BCF are also among the ten richest angiosperm families in Brazil and in the Atlantic Forest (BFG 2015BFG. 2015. Growing knowledge: An overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66(4):1085-1113.). Thomas et al. (2003)THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP. reported Fabaceae (53 spp.) as the richest family of a total of 65 families in the previous list. Compared with the BFG (2015)BFG. 2015. Growing knowledge: An overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66(4):1085-1113., it is remarkable that Orchidaceae, one of the three richest families in Brazil and in the Atlantic Forest, was not among the richest families in this study, with only 25 taxa. This may be due to the lack of geographic records for 14 species in this family, which had to be discarded.

Among the 20 richest angiosperm genera in Brazil (BFG 2015BFG. 2015. Growing knowledge: An overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66(4):1085-1113.), Aechmea and Myrcia are also among the genera with the highest number of endemic species in the BCF. In a preliminary list of the endemic angiosperm species from southern Bahia and northern Espírito Santo, Thomas et al. (2003)THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP. cited Conchocarpus J.C.Mikan (Rutaceae) (19 spp.) as the richest genus, followed by Pavonia Cav. (Malvaceae) (13 spp.), Couepia Aubl., and Erythroxylum P.Browne (seven spp. each). The occurrence of only 12 endemic species of Conchocarpus in the present checklist probably indicates that several endemic species of this genus are exclusively found at more inland seasonally dry forests (Kallunki & Pirani 1998KALLUNKI, J.A. & PIRANI, J.R. 1998. Synopses of Angostura Roem. & Schult. and Conchocarpus J. C. Mikan (Rutaceae). Kew Bull. 53(2):257-334.).

Among the endemic genera from southern Bahia and northern Espírito Santo reported by Thomas et al. (2003)THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP., such as Arapatiella and Brodriguesia (Fabaceae), Atractantha, Alvimia and Sucrea (Poaceae), and Trigoniodendron (Trigoniaceae), several are not endemic to BCF. For example, Brodriguesia, Atractantha and Trigoniodendron have been recorded outside our study area, respectively, in Sergipe, Amazonas, and near the Doce River. Similarly, Physeterostemon R.Goldenb. & Amorim (Melastomataceae), a recently described endemic genus from the Atlantic Forest of Bahia state (Amorim et al. 2014AMORIM, A.M., JARDIM, J.G. & GOLDENBERG, R. 2014. Physeterostemon gomesii (Melastomataceae): the fourth species of this endemic genus in Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 175(1):45-50., Goldenberg et al. 2016GOLDENBERG, R., MICHELANGELI, F.A., AONA, L.Y.S. & AMORIM, A.M. 2016. Angiosperms and the Linnean shortfall: three new species from three lineages of Melastomataceae at one spot at the Atlantic Forest. PeerJ 4:1824-1833., Goldenberg & Amorim 2006GOLDENBERG, R. & AMORIM, A.M. 2006. Physeterostemon (Melastomataceae): a new genus and two new species from the Bahian Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Taxon 55(4):965-972.), was not considered endemic to BCF in this checklist, as among its species P. gomesii Amorim & R.Goldenb. occurs in the municipality of Boa Nova (Amorim et al. 2014AMORIM, A.M., JARDIM, J.G. & GOLDENBERG, R. 2014. Physeterostemon gomesii (Melastomataceae): the fourth species of this endemic genus in Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 175(1):45-50.), which lies slightly outside our study area.

In comparison with the preliminary list of Thomas et al. (2003)THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP., which included 395 endemic angiosperm taxa from an area that covered a larger part of northern Espírito Santo state, as far as the Doce River, and the southern Bahia Atlantic Forest, including more inland areas, and almost reaching the municipality of Salvador (i.e., an area ca. 20% larger than ours) (Figure 1a), the list presented here surprisingly shares only 143 taxa (Table 1). If we had used the Doce River as our area southern limit, it would have included at least 45 additional species restricted to the Linhares region, such as Cryptanthus beuckeri E.Morren (Bromeliaceae), Rourea luizalbertoi Forero, L.A.Vidal & Carbonó (Connaraceae), Simira eliezeriana Peixoto (Rubiaceae) and the endemic genus Riodocea Delprete (Thomas et al. 2003THOMAS, W.W., JARDIM, J.G., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2003. Lista preliminar das Angiospermas localmente endêmicas do Sul da Bahia e Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil. In Corredor de Biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia (PRADO, P.I., LANDAU, E.C., MOURA, R.T., PINTO, L.P.S., FONSECA, G.A.B. & ALGER, K. orgs.). Published in CD-ROM, Ilhéus, IESB/ CI/ CABS/ UFMG/ UNICAMP., Rolim et al. 2016ROLIM, S.G., MAGNAGO, L.F.S., SAITER, F.Z., AMORIM, A.M. & ABREU, K.M.P. de. 2016. São as florestas do norte do espírito santo e sul da bahia as mais ricas em espécies arbóreas no domínio da floresta atlântica? In Floresta Atlântica de Tabuleiro: diversidade e endemismo na Reserva Natural Vale (A. C. Rolim, Samil Gonçalves; Menezes, Luis F. T. de; Srbek-Araujo, ed.). Editora Rona, Belo Horizonte, p.91-100.). Despite being geographically close and having several species in common (Saiter et al. 2016bSAITER, F.Z., ROLIM, S.G. & DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. 2016b. A floresta de Linhares no contexto fitogeográfico do leste do Brasil. In Floresta Atlântica de Tabuleiro: diversidade e endemismo na Reserva Natural Vale (A. C. Rolim, Samil Gonçalves; Menezes, Luis F. T. de; Srbek-Araujo, ed.). Editora Rona, Belo Horizonte, p.61-69.), the vegetation of Linhares and the Doce River floodplain are ecologically different from the BCF (Rolim et al. 2005ROLIM, S.G., JESUS, R.M., NASCIMENTO, H.E.M., DO COUTO, H.T.Z. & CHAMBERS, J.Q. 2005. Biomass change in an Atlantic tropical moist forest: The ENSO effect in permanent sample plots over a 22-year period. Oecologia 142(2):238-246., 2006ROLIM, S.G., IVANAUSKAS, N.M., RODRIGUES, R.R., NASCIMENTO, M.T., GOMES, J.M.L., FOLLI, D.A. & COUTO, H.T.Z. do. 2006. Composição Florística do estrato arbóreo da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual na Planície Aluvial do rio Doce, Linhares, ES, Brasil. Acta Bot. Brasilica 20(3):549-561.). In floristic terms, the Linhares region may be more similar to northern Rio de Janeiro, southern Espírito Santo (Silva & Nascimento 2001SILVA, G.C. da & NASCIMENTO, M.T. 2001. Fitossociologia de um remanescente de mata sobre tabuleiros no norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro (Mata do Carvão). Rev. Bras. Botânica 24(1):51-62., Saiter et al. 2016bSAITER, F.Z., ROLIM, S.G. & DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. 2016b. A floresta de Linhares no contexto fitogeográfico do leste do Brasil. In Floresta Atlântica de Tabuleiro: diversidade e endemismo na Reserva Natural Vale (A. C. Rolim, Samil Gonçalves; Menezes, Luis F. T. de; Srbek-Araujo, ed.). Editora Rona, Belo Horizonte, p.61-69.) and eastern Minas Gerais states (see Krenák-Waitaká Forests sensuSaiter et al. 2016aSAITER, F.Z., BROWN, J.L., THOMAS, W.W., DE OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. & CARNAVAL, A.C. 2016a. Environmental correlates of floristic regions and plant turnover in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 43(12):2322-2331.).

Another difference between the two checklists is due to the time gap of about 15 years between studies. A total of 174 species in our checklist were described after 2003, probably due to increased efforts in collecting and studying plants in the Atlantic Forest in Bahia. For instance, about 41.5% of all new angiosperms in the Brazilian flora described between 1990 and 2006 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest (Sobral & Stehmann 2009SOBRAL, M. & STEHMANN, J.R. 2009. An analysis of new angiosperm species discoveries in Brazil (1990-2006). Taxon 58(1):227-232.). Moreover, 23 species of angiosperms endemic to BCF were described between 2015 and 2017 (e.g., Araújo et al. 2015ARAÚJO, T., FIASCHI, P. & AMORIM, A.M. 2015. Erythroxylum riparium (Erythroxylaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Phytotaxa 230(1):75-80., Santos et al. 2015SANTOS, M.F., LUCAS, E., SOBRAL, M. & SANO, P.T. 2015. New species of Myrcia s.l. (Myrtaceae) from Campo Rupestre, Atlantic Forest and Amazon Forest. Phytotaxa 222(2):100-110., Abreu & Giulietti 2016ABREU, I.S. & GIULIETTI, A.M. 2016. Aristolochia brunneomaculata, a new threatened species of Aristolochiaceae from the Atlantic Forest in Bahia, Brazil. Sitientibus 16:10.13102/scb1060.
https://doi.org/10.13102/scb1060... , Amorim et al. 2016AMORIM, A.M., LISBOA, D.S., MARINHO, L.C. & FIASCHI, P. 2016. Novelties in Tapura (Dichapetalaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Syst. Bot. 41(3):747-757., Côrtes et al. 2016CÔRTES, A.L.A., DANIEL, T.F. & RAPINI, A. 2016. Taxonomic revision of the genus Schaueria (Acanthaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 302:819-851., Ferreira et al. 2016FERREIRA, F.M., HOLLOWELL, V.C. & OLIVEIRA, R.P. 2016. Eremitis linearifolia and E. robusta (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Olyreae): two new species of herbaceous bamboos from Brazil first collected over 30 years ago. Phytotaxa 280(2):179-189., Marinho & Lucas 2016MARINHO, L.C. & LUCAS, E. 2016. A New Species of Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia (Myrtaceae) from the restingas of Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 280(3):285-291., Popovkin et al. 2016POPOVKIN, A. V, FARIA, A.D.D.E. & SWENSON, U.L.F. 2016. Pouteria synsepala (Sapotaceae: Chrysophylloideae): a new species from the northern littoral of Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 286(1):39-46., Ribeiro et al. 2016RIBEIRO, M., MORI, S.A., ALVES-ARAÚJO, A. & PEIXOTO, A.L. 2016. A new species of Eschweilera (Lecythidaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Phytotaxa 255(3):267-273., Terra-Araujo et al. 2016TERRA-ARAUJO, M.H., FARIA, A.D. & SWENSON, U. 2016. A taxonomic update of Neotropical Pradosia (Sapotaceae, Chrysophylloideae). Syst. Bot. 41(3):634-650., Daly & Melo 2017DALY, D.C. & MELO, M. da F. 2017. Four new species of Trattinnickia from South America. Studies in Neotropical Burseraceae XXII. Brittonia 69(3):376-386., Gonçalez et al. 2017GONÇALEZ, V.M., PFEIL, B.E., ANTONELLI, A. & DUARTE, M.C. 2017. Two new species of Pavonia (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) from southern Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 305(2):97-103.).

Compared to the results of a search in the Brazilian Plant List (Flora do Brasil 2020, under constructionFLORA DO BRASIL 2020 under construction. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ (acessed on 09/Mar/2017)
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/... ) using the following filters: "group: angiosperms", "endemism: only endemic to Brazil", "occurrence: only occurs in", "origin: native", "state: Bahia", and "phytogeographic domain: Atlantic Forest", the number of species in our checklist (547 spp.) was much smaller than the 795 species identified by the search engine. Among the reasons for this large difference (248 spp.) it is worth mentioning that a) more than 50 taxa from our list had to be removed due to lack of precise geospatial data, such as the municipality name, which precluded us from citing them as endemic to BCF; b) among the taxa exclusive to the Brazilian Plant List (Flora do Brasil 2020, under constructionFLORA DO BRASIL 2020 under construction. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ (acessed on 09/Mar/2017)
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/... ) that are not restricted to BCF, several occur in more inland seasonally dry forests in the Atlantic Forest, such as Chrysophyllum subspinosum Monach. (Sapotaceae) and Colicodendron bahianum Cornejo & Iltis (Capparaceae); and c) at least 29 species exclusive to the Brazilian Plant List search occur close to, but outside the study area, such as Canistrum camacaense Martinelli & Leme (Bromeliaceae), Inga grazielae (Vinha) T.D.Penn. (Fabaceae), and Bertolonia carmoi Baumgratz (Melastomataceae), all from the municipality of Boa Nova, and Aechmea bicolor L.B.Sm. (Bromeliaceae), Heteropterys jardimii Amorim (Malpighiaceae), and Passiflora timboensis T.S.Nunes & L.P.Queiroz (Passifloraceae), from the municipality of Santa Teresinha.

There are additional reasons to anticipate that the difference in species numbers between the Brazilian Plant List and our list could be even greater, as the list presented here includes 84 taxa that also occur in northern Espírito Santo and in a small area in northeastern Minas Gerais (Figure 1c). Moreover, the Brazilian Plant List (Flora do Brasil 2020, under constructionFLORA DO BRASIL 2020 under construction. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ (acessed on 09/Mar/2017)
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/... ) is an ongoing project on which new taxa can be continuously added and identified as endemic, what could bring the total number of endemic angiosperm species using the same filters even larger. Alternatively, if the native distribution of several taxa is shown to extend beyond the Atlantic Forest domain in Bahia, the difference between the lists could decrease, as fewer species from the Brazilian Plant List would appear as endemic while applying the same search filters.

Developing knowledge on patterns of endemism for plant species is extremely important and must be taken into account in conservation strategies. This information is relevant for the establishment of new protected areas (Kerr 1997KERR, J.T. 1997. Species Richness, Endemism, and the Choice of Areas for Conservation. 11(5):1094-1100.), restoration policies (Chazdon 2008CHAZDON, R.L. 2008. Beyond Deforestation: Restoring Forests and Ecosystem Services on Degraded Lands. Science 320(5882):1458-1460.) and in directing additional studies (Francisco-Ortega et al. 2010FRANCISCO-ORTEGA, J., WANG, F.G., WANG, Z.S., XING, F.W., LIU, H., XU, H., XU, W.X., LUO, Y.B., SONG, X.Q., GALE, S., BOUFFORD, D.E., MAUNDER, M. & AN, S.Q. 2010. Endemic Seed Plant Species from Hainan Island: A Checklist. Bot. Rev. 76(3):295-345.). Considering the key role of endemic species in the design of conservation policies (Myers et al. 2000MYERS, N., MITTERMEIER, R.A., MITTERMEIER, C.G., FONSECA, G.A.B. & KENT, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772):853-858., Van Der Werff & Consiglio 2004VAN DER WERFF, H. & CONSIGLIO, T. 2004. Distribution and conservation significance of endemic species of flowering plants in Peru. Biodivers. Conserv. 13(9):1699-1713., Moraes et al. 2005, Lamoreux et al. 2006LAMOREUX, J.F., MORRISON, J.C., RICKETTS, T.H., OLSON, D.M., DINERSTEIN, E., MCKNIGHT, M.W. & SHUGART, H.H. 2006. Global tests of biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism. Nature 440(7081):212-214., Martinelli et al. 2008MARTINELLI, G., VIEIRA, C., GONZALEZ, M., LEITMAN, P.M., PIRATININGA, A., COSTA, A.F. & FORZZA, R.C. 2008. Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação. Rodriguésia 59(1):209-258., Essl et al. 2009ESSL, F., STAUDINGER, M., STÖHR, O., SCHRATT-EHRENDORFER, L., RABITSCH, W. & NIKLFELD, H. 2009. Distribution patterns, range size and niche breadth of Austrian endemic plants. Biol. Conserv. 142(11):2547-2558., Nowak & Nobis 2010NOWAK, A. & NOBIS, M. 2010. Tentative list of endemic vascular plants of the Zeravshan Mts in Tajikistan: distribution, habitat preferences and conservation status of species. Biodivers. Res. Conserv. 19:65-80.), we expect this checklist could guide future studies and conservation strategies, as well as emphasize the importance of the BCF region as a key area for plant conservation.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for awarding a Master Fellowship to POB, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the Research Productivity Fellowship to AMA (grant # 310717/2015-9), and PF (grant # 306228/2016-5), and all specialists that provided updated information on endemic species distribution.

Supplementary material

The following online material is available for this article:

Appendix 1 - Taxonomic studies and specialists consulted by family.

References

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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
16 Aug 2018
Date of issue
2018

History

Received
29 Mar 2018
Reviewed
11 July 2018
Accepted
12 July 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Acanthaceae
Aphelandra ignea Nees ex Steud.
Clistax bahiensis Profice & Leitman
Harpochilus phaeocarpus Nees
Herpetacanthus magnobracteolatus Indriunas & Kameyama
Herpetacanthus strongyloides Indriunas & Kameyama
Herpetacanthus tetrandrus (Nees & Mart.) Herter
Justicia antirrhina Nees & Mart.
Justicia physogaster Lindau
Lepidagathis cuneiformis Kameyama
Mendoncia bahiensis Profice
Mendoncia blanchetiana Profice
Pseuderanthemum albiflorum (Hook.) Radlk.
Pseuderanthemum verbenaceum (Nees & Mart.) Radlk.
Ruellia sessilifolia (Nees) Lindau
Schaueria gonyostachya (Nees & Mart.) Nees
Schaueria hirsuta Nees
Schaueria marginata Nees
Schaueria pyramidalis A.L.A.Côrtes
Achariaceae
Kuhlmanniodendron macrocarpum Groppo, Favaretto & Fiaschi
Amaranthaceae
Lecosia formicarum Pedersen
Amaryllidaceae
Griffinia arifolia Ravenna
Griffinia parviflora Ker Gawl.
Griffinia paubrasilica Ravenna
Annonaceae
Annona bahiensis (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Duguetia magnolioidea Maas ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Duguetia restingae Maas ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Duguetia reticulata Maas ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Guatteria stenocarpa Lobão, Maas & Mello-Silva
Hornschuchia cauliflora Maas & Setten ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Hornschuchia leptandra D.M.Johnson ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Hornschuchia obliqua Maas & Setten ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Hornschuchia polyantha Maas ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Hornschuchia santosii D.M.Johnson ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Malmea obovata R.E.Fr. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Pseudoxandra bahiensis Maas ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Unonopsis bahiensis Maas & Orava
Xylopia involucrata M.C.Dias & Kinoshita ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Apocynaceae
Aspidosperma thomasii Marc.-Ferr. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Bahiella blanchetii (A.DC.) J.F.Morales
Bahiella infundibuliflora J.F.Morales
Lacmellea bahiensis J.F.Morales
Marsdenia carvalhoi Morillo & Carnevali
Matelea riparia Morillo
Matelea santosii Morillo & Fontella
Oxypetalum laciniatum Rapini & Farinaccio
Rauvolfia atlantica Emygdio
Araceae
Anthurium bromelicola subsp. bahiense Mayo et al. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Anthurium illepidum Schott
Anthurium molle E.G.Gonç. & J.G.Jardim
Anthurium teimosoanum E.G.Gonç. & J.G.Jardim
Asterostigma riedelianum (Schott) Kuntze
Dracontioides salvianii E.G.Gonç.
Philodendron aemulum Schott
Zomicarpa steigeriana Maxim. ex Schott
Araliaceae
Schefflera aurata Fiaschi
Arecaceae
Bactris soeiroana Noblick ex A.J.Hend.
Geonoma pohliana subsp. rubescens (Wendland ex Drude) Henderson
Geonoma pohliana subsp. unaensis Henderson
Syagrus × camposportoana (Bondar) Glassman
Syagrus itapebiensis (Noblick & Lorenzi) Noblick & Meerow
Syagrus santosii K. Soares & C.A.Guim.
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia brunneomaculata I.Abreu & Giul.
Aristolochia longispathulata F.González ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Asparagaceae
Hagenbachia brasiliensis Nees & Mart.
Asteraceae
Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K.Jansen
Austroeupatorium morii R.M.King & H.Rob.
Barrosoa atlantica R.M.King & H.Rob. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Diacranthera hebeclinia H.Rob.
Litothamnus ellipticus R.M.King & H.Rob. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Mikania amorimii Borges & Forzza
Mikania kubitzkii R.M.King & H.Rob. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Mikania mattos-silvae R.M.King & H.Rob. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Mikania santosii R.M.King & H.Rob. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Piptocarpha riedelii (Sch.Bip.) Baker
Santosia talmonii R.M.King & H.Rob. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Vernonanthura vinhae (H.Rob.) H.Rob. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Begoniaceae
Begonia delicata Gregório & J.A.S.Costa
Begonia elianeae Gregório & J.A.S.Costa
Begonia epibaterium Mart. ex A.DC.
Begonia goldingiana L.Kollmann & A.P.Fontana
Begonia mattos-silvae L.B.Sm. ex S.F.Sm. & Wassh. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Begonia pinheironis L.B.Sm. ex S.F.Sm. & Wassh. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Begonia russelliana L.B.Sm. ex S.F.Sm. & Wassh. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Begonia saxifraga A.DC.
Begonia subacida Irmsch.
Begonia sylvatica Meisn. ex A.DC.
Bignoniaceae
Handroanthus parviflorus Espírito-Santo & M.M. Silva-Castro
Bromeliaceae
Aechmea amicorum B.R.Silva & H.Luther
Aechmea amorimii Leme ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Aechmea ampla L.B.Sm.
Aechmea andersoniana Leme & H.Luther
Aechmea andersonii H.Luther & Leme
Aechmea carvalhoi E.Pereira & Leme
Aechmea correia-araujoi E.Pereira & Moutinho
Aechmea curranii (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
Aechmea digitata L.B.Sm. & R.W.Read
Aechmea discordiae Leme
Aechmea disjuncta (L.B.Sm.) Leme & J.A.Siqueira
Aechmea echinata (Leme) Leme ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Aechmea farinosa (Regel) L.B.Sm.
Aechmea glandulosa Leme
Aechmea gregaria Leme & L.Kollmann
Aechmea guaratingensis Leme & L.Kollmann
Aechmea heterosepala Leme
Aechmea incompta Leme & H.Luther
Aechmea ituberaensis Leme & L.Kollmann
Aechmea laevigata Leme
Aechmea lanata (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
Aechmea limae Leme
Aechmea lymanii W.Weber
Aechmea miniata Beer ex Baker
Aechmea mira Leme & H.Luther
Aechmea mollis L.B.Sm.
Aechmea pendulispica Leme & L.Kollmann
Aechmea ramusculosa Leme
Aechmea tentaculifera Leme, Amorim & J.A. Siqueira
Aechmea turbinocalyx Mez
Aechmea viridipetala A.F.Costa & Amorim
Aechmea viridostigma Leme & H.Luther
Aechmea weberi (E.Pereira & Leme) Leme
Alcantarea cerosa Leme, A.P.Fontana & O.A.B.Ribeiro
Alcantarea pataxoana Versieux
Araeococcus montanus Leme
Araeococcus nigropurpureus Leme & J.A.Siqueira
Araeococcus sessiliflorus Leme & J.A.Siqueira
Billbergia fosteriana L.B.Sm.
Billbergia macrocalyx Hook.
Canistrum fosterianum L.B.Sm.
Canistrum guzmanioides Leme
Canistrum lanigerum H.Luther & Leme
Canistrum sandrae Leme
Canistrum seidelianum W.Weber
Cryptanthus colnagoi Rauh & Leme
Cryptanthus coriaceus Leme
Cryptanthus ilhanus Leme
Cryptanthus lyman-smithii Leme
Cryptanthus pseudopetiolatus Philcox ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Cryptanthus ruthiae Philcox
Cryptanthus ubairensis I.Ramírez
Cryptanthus vexatus Leme
Cryptanthus viridovinosus Leme
Cryptanthus walkerianus Leme & L.Kollmann
Hohenbergia barbarespina Leme & Fraga
Hohenbergia brachycephala L.B.Sm.
Hohenbergia burle-marxii Leme & W.Till
Hohenbergia capitata Schult. & Schult.f.
Hohenbergia castellanosii L.B.Sm. & Read
Hohenbergia correia-araujoi E.Pereira & Moutinho
Hohenbergia flava Leme & C.C.Paula
Hohenbergia hatschbachii Leme ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Hohenbergia itamarajuensis Leme & Baracho
Hohenbergia littoralis L.B.Sm.
Hohenbergia pabstii L.B.Sm. & Read
Hohenbergia reconcavensis Leme & Fraga
Hohenbergia sandrae Leme
Lymania alvimii (L.B.Sm. & R.W.Read) R.W.Read ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Lymania azurea Leme
Lymania brachycaulis (E.Morren ex Baker) L.F.Sousa
Lymania corallina (Brong. ex Beer) R.W.Read
Lymania globosa Leme
Lymania languida Leme
Lymania marantoides (L.B.Sm.) R.W.Read
Lymania spiculata Leme & Forzza ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Neoregelia azevedoi Leme
Neoregelia crispata Leme ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Neoregelia longisepala E.Pereira & I.A.Penna ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Neoregelia rothinessa Leme, H.Luther & W.Till
Neoregelia silvomontana Leme & J.A.Siqueira
Neoregelia viridolineata Leme
Neoregelia wilsoniana M.B.Foster
Orthophytum buranhense Leme & A.P.Fontana
Orthophytum guaratingense Leme & L.Kollmann
Orthophytum rubrum L.B.Sm.
Portea alatisepala Philcox ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Portea filifera L.B.Sm.
Portea grandiflora Philcox ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Portea kermesina K.Koch
Portea nana Leme & H.Luther
Quesnelia alborosea A.F.Costa & T.Fontoura
Quesnelia clavata Amorim & Leme
Quesnelia dubia Leme
Quesnelia koltesii Amorim & Leme
Ronnbergia brasiliensis E.Pereira & I.A.Penna ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Ronnbergia carvalhoi Martinelli & Leme ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Ronnbergia neoregelioides Leme
Ronnbergia silvana Leme
Vriesea dictyographa Leme
Vriesea graciliscapa W.Weber
Vriesea longisepala A.F.Costa
Vriesea minuta Leme
Vriesea minutiflora Leme
Vriesea roberto-seidelii W.Weber
Vriesea ruschii L.B.Sm. subsp. ruschii
Vriesea sandrae Leme
Vriesea silvana Leme
Burseraceae
Protium icicariba var. talmonii Daly ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Trattinnickia lorenziana Daly & M.F.F.Melo
Cactaceae
Rhipsalis hileiabaiana (N.P.Taylor & Barthlott) N.Korotkova & Barthlott ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Calophyllaceae
Kielmeyera itacarensis Saddi
Kielmeyera marauensis Saddi
Capparaceae
Colicodendron martianum Cornejo
Caryocaraceae
Caryocar edule Casar.
Chrysobalanaceae
Couepia bondarii Prance ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Couepia coarctata Prance ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Couepia impressa subsp. cabraliae Prance ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Couepia longipetiolata Prance ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Licania bahiensis Prance
Licania lamentanda Prance ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Licania littoralis Warm. var. littoralis
Licania santosii Prance ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Licania turbinata Benth.
Parinari alvimii Prance ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Clusiaceae
Tovomita iaspidis L.Marinho & Amorim
Tovomita megantha L.Marinho & Amorim
Commelinaceae
Dichorisandra jardimii Aona & M.C.E.Amaral
Dichorisandra leucophthalmos Hook.
Dichorisandra leucosepala Aona & M.C.E.Amaral
Dichorisandra marantoides Aona & Faden
Dichorisandra ordinatiflora Aona & Faden
Dichorisandra radicalis Nees & Mart.
Dichorisandra subtilis Aona & M.C.E.Amaral
Connaraceae
Connarus blanchetii var. laurifolius (Baker) Forero
Connarus cuneifolius Baker
Connarus portosegurensis Forero
Rourea bahiensis Forero ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Rourea carvalhoi Forero et al. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Rourea discolor Baker
Rourea macrocalyx Carbonó et al. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Rourea tenuis G.Schellenb.
Cucurbitaceae
Cayaponia nitida Gomes-Klein & Pirani
Fevillea bahiensis G.Rob. & Wunderlin
Gurania wawrei Cogn.
Cyclanthaceae
Asplundia maximiliani Harling
Cyperaceae
Becquerelia discolor Kunth
Hypolytrum bahiense M.Alves & W.W.Thomas ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Hypolytrum jardimii M.Alves & W.W.Thomas ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Hypolytrum lucennoi M.Alves & W.W.Thomas
Dichapetalaceae
Stephanopodium magnifolium Prance ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Tapura martiniae Amorim & D.Lisboa
Tapura zei-limae Amorim & Fiaschi
Dilleniaceae
Davilla bahiana Aymard
Davilla macrocarpa Eichler
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea macrothyrsa Uline
Ebenaceae
Diospyros amabi B.Walln.
Diospyros riedelii (Hiern) B.Walln.
Diospyros scottmorii B.Walln.
Eriocaulaceae
Actinocephalus ochrocephalus (Körn.) Sano
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum compressum Peyr.
Erythroxylum leal-costae Plowman
Erythroxylum martii Peyr.
Erythroxylum mattos-silvae Plowman ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Erythroxylum membranaceum Plowman ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Erythroxylum santosii Plowman ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Erythroxylum splendidum Plowman ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Euphorbiaceae
Actinostemon lasiocarpus (Müll.Arg.) Baill.
Algernonia bahiensis (Emmerich) G.L.Webster ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Bernardia gambosa Müll.Arg.
Bernardia micrantha Pax & K.Hoffm.
Croton sapiifolius Müll.Arg.
Croton thomasii Riina & P.E.Berry
Dalechampia armbrusteri G.L.Webster
Dalechampia viridissima G.L.Webster ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Gymnanthes gaudichaudii Müll.Arg.
Ophthalmoblapton pedunculare Müll.Arg.
Fabaceae
Andira carvalhoi R.T.Penn. & H.C.Lima ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Andira marauensis N.F.Mattos ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Arapatiella psilophylla (Harms) R.S.Cowan ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Canavalia cassidea G.P.Lewis ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Canavalia dolichothyrsa G.P.Lewis ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Chamaecrista amabilis H.S.Irwin & Barneby ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Chamaecrista amorimii Barneby ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Chamaecrista onusta H.S.Irwin & Barneby ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Chamaecrista salvatoris (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Copaifera majorina Dwyer
Dahlstedtia bahiana (A.M.G.Azevedo) M.J.Silva & A.M.G.Azevedo
Harleyodendron unifoliolatum R.S.Cowan ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Inga aptera (Vinha) T.D.Penn. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Inga conchifolia L.P.Queiroz
Inga pedunculata (Vinha) T.D.Penn. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Inga pleiogyna T.D.Penn.
Machaerium aureum Filardi & H.C.Lima
Moldenhawera blanchetiana var. multijuga L.P.Queiroz et al.
Moldenhawera intermedia G.P.Lewis & L.P.Queiroz
Moldenhawera luschnathiana Yakovlev
Moldenhawera nutans L.P.Queiroz et al.
Muellera longiunguiculata (MJ.Silva & AMG.Azevedo) MJ.Silva & AMG.Azevedo
Ormosia lewisii D.B.O.S.Cardoso, C.H.Stirt. & Torke ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Ormosia limae D.B.O.S.Cardoso & L.P.Queiroz
Ormosia timboensis D.B.O.S.Cardoso, Meireles & H.C.Lima
Parapiptadenia ilheusana G.P.Lewis ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Phanera carvalhoi (Vaz) Vaz
Piptadenia killipii var. cacaophila G.P.Lewis ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Piptadenia ramosissima Benth.
Piptadenia santosii Barneby ex G.P.Lewis ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Schnella lilacina (Wunderlin & Eilers) Wunderlin
Senegalia amorimii M.J.F.Barros & M.P.Morim
Senegalia olivensana (G.P.Lewis) Seigler & Ebinger
Senegalia piptadenioides (G.P.Lewis) Seigler & Ebinger
Swartzia alternifoliolata Mansano
Swartzia arenophila R.B.Pinto, Torke & Mansano
Swartzia curranii R.S.Cowan
Swartzia pinheiroana R.S.Cowan ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Swartzia riedelii R.S.Cowan
Swartzia thomasii R.B.Pinto, Torke & Mansano
Zollernia magnifica A.M.Carvalho & Barneby ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Gentianaceae
Macrocarpaea atlantica J.R.Grant & V.Trunz
Macrocarpaea dolichophylla J.R.Grant & V.Trunz
Macrocarpaea orbiculata J.R.Grant & V.Trunz
Icacinaceae
Pleurisanthes brasiliensis (Val.) Tiegh.
Iridaceae
Neomarica brachypus (Baker) Sprague
Neomarica floscella A.Gil & M.C.E.Amaral
Neomarica portosecurensis (Ravenna) Chukr ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Neomarica unca (Ravenna) A.Gil
Lauraceae
Nectandra micranthera Rohwer
Ocotea montana (Meisn.) Mez
Ocotea ramosissima L.C.S.Assis e Mello-Silva
Ocotea sperata P.L.R.Moraes et van der Werff
Ocotea thinicola van der Werff et P.L.R.Moraes
Lecythidaceae
Eschweilera complanata S.A.Mori
Eschweilera mattos-silvae S.A.Mori ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Eschweilera sphaerocarpa M.Ribeiro & S.A.Mori
Linderniaceae
Cubitanthus alatus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Barringer
Loganiaceae
Spigelia genuflexa Popovkin & Struwe
Strychnos alvimiana Krukoff & Barneby ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Strychnos setosa Krukoff & Barneby
Loranthaceae
Psittacanthus excrenulatus Rizzini
Psittacanthus salvadorensis Kuijt
Struthanthus longiflorus Rizzini
Malpighiaceae
Bunchosia itacarensis W.R.Anderson ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Heteropterys sanctorum W.R.Anderson ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Peixotoa sericea C.E.Anderson ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Stigmaphyllon hispidum C.E.Anderson
Stigmaphyllon macropodum A.Juss.
Malvaceae
Byttneria cristobaliana Dorr
Pavonia cauliflora (Nees) Fryxell ex G.L.Esteves
Pavonia ciliata G.L.Esteves & Krapov. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Pavonia crispa Krapov. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Pavonia gerleniae Gonçalez & M.C.Duarte
Pavonia goetheoides (Hassl.) Fryxell ex G.L.Esteves
Pavonia latibracteolata Krapov. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Pavonia longifolia A.St.-Hil.
Pavonia macrobracteolata Gonçalez & M.C.Duarte
Pavonia ovaliphylla G.L.Esteves & Krapov. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Pavonia paucidentata Fryxell
Pavonia pilifera Krapov.
Pavonia rubriphylla G.L.Esteves
Pavonia sancti Krapov.
Pavonia spectabilis Krapov. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Pavonia spiciformis Krapov. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Pavonia stipularis Krapov. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Marantaceae
Goeppertia fasciata (Linden ex K.Koch) Borchs. & S.Suárez
Goeppertia rufibarba (Fenzl) Borchs. & S.Suárez
Ischnosiphon bahiensis L.Andersson ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Monotagma grallatum Hagberg & R. Erikss. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Stromanthe bahiensis Yosh.-Arns, Mayo & J.M.A. Braga
Marcgraviaceae
Schwartzia geniculatiflora Gir.-Cañas & Fiaschi
Melastomataceae
Bertolonia alternifolia Baumgratz, Amorim & A.B.Jardim
Bertolonia bullata Baumgratz, Amorim & A.B.Jardim
Huberia carvalhoi Baumgratz
Huberia sessilifolia R. Godenberg & Michelangelo
Meriania inflata Michelangeli & R.Goldenb.
Miconia lurida Cogn.
Ossaea loligomorpha R.Goldenb. & Reginato
Ossaea sulbahiensis D'El Rei Souza
Physeterostemon aonae Amorim, Michelangeli & R.Goldenb.
Physeterostemon fiaschii R.Goldenb. & Amorim
Physeterostemon jardimii R.Goldenb. & Amorim
Physeterostemon thomasii Amorim, Michelangeli & R.Goldenb.
Pleiochiton amorimii Reginato & R.Goldenb.
Tibouchina bahiensis Wurdack ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Tibouchina bradeana Renner
Tibouchina paulo-alvinii Guimarães da Vinha ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Tibouchina stipulacea Vinha ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Tibouchina taperoensis Wurdack ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Tibouchina tomentulosa Wurdack
Meliaceae
Guarea anomala T.D.Penn
Trichilia florbranca T.D.Penn. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Trichilia magnifoliola T.D.Penn. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Menispermaceae
Curarea crassa Barneby ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Moraceae
Dorstenia setosa Moric.
Myrtaceae
Calyptranthes blanchetiana O.Berg
Eugenia barrana Sobral
Eugenia beruttii (Mattos) Mattos
Eugenia fissurata Mattos
Eugenia itacarensis Mattos ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Eugenia longifolia DC.
Eugenia serraegrandis Sobral
Eugenia sessilifolia DC.
Eugenia unana Sobral
Marlierea lealcostae G.M.Barroso & Peixoto
Marlierea verticillaris O.Berg
Myrcia abrantea (O.Berg) E.Lucas & Sobral
Myrcia cataphyllata M.F.Santos
Myrcia felisbertii (DC.) O.Berg
Myrcia gigantea (O.Berg) Nied.
Myrcia grazielae NicLugh.
Myrcia marianae Staggemeier & E.Lucas
Myrcia monoclada Sobral
Myrcia pendula Sobral
Myrcia pseudomarlierea Sobral
Myrcia raminfinita L.Marinho & E.Lucas
Myrcia spathulifolia Proença
Myrcia stigmatosa O.Berg
Myrcia teimosa Sobral
Myrcia tetraphylla Sobral
Myrcia thomasii B.S.Amorim & A.R.Lourenço
Myrcia truncata Sobral
Plinia callosa Sobral ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Plinia longiacuminata Sobral
Plinia muricata Sobral ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Plinia rara Sobral ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Plinia spiciflora (Nees & Mart.) Sobral
Nyctaginaceae
Neea alumnorum M.Pignal, Soares Filho & Romaniuc
Neea duckei (Huber) Furlan
Ochnaceae
Ouratea bahiensis Sastre ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Ouratea gigantophylla (Erhard) Engl.
Ouratea longipes Sastre ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Ouratea papulosa Sastre
Ouratea platicaulis Sastre ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Orchidaceae
Anathallis velvetina Luer & Toscano
Aspasia silvana F.Barros ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Bifrenaria silvana V.P.Castro ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Brassavola reginae Pabst
Bulbophyllum teimosense E.C.Smidt & Borba
Cattleya alaorii (Brieger & Bicalho) Van den Berg
Cattleya grandis (Lindl. & Paxton) A.A.Chadwick
Cattleya kerrii Brieger & Bicalho ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Cirrhaea silvana V.P.Castro & Campacci ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Coryanthes bahiensis Marçal & Chiron
Coryanthes bueraremensis Campacci & Bohnke
Elleanthus hymenophorus (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
Encyclia fimbriata C.A.Bastos, Van den Berg & Meneguzzo
Epidendrum garciae Pabst
Gomesa silvana (V.P.Castro & Campacci) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams
Gongora meneziana V.P.Castro & G.Gerlach
Koellensteinia abaetana L.P.Queiroz
Leptotes bohnkiana Campacci
Masdevallia sururuana Campacci
Pabstiella dasilvae Chiron & Xim.Bols.
Promenaea silvana F.Barros & Cath. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Prosthechea bohnkiana V.P.Castro & G.F.Carr
Prosthechea bueraremensis (Campacci) Campacci
Stanhopea bueraremensis Campacci & Marçal
Stenia bohnkiana V.P.Castro & G.F.Carr
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis alata var. hirta Lourteig ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Oxalis bela-vitoriae Lourteig ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Oxalis kuhlmannii var. adpressipila Lourteig
Passifloraceae
Passiflora igrapiunensis T.S.Nunes & L.P.Queiroz
Phyllanthaceae
Discocarpus pedicellatus Fiaschi & Cordeiro
Phyllanthus carvalhoi G.L.Webster
Picramniaceae
Picramnia coccinea W.W.Thomas ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Piperaceae
Peperomia epipremnifolia D.Monteiro & Leitman
Peperomia riparia Yunck.
Peperomia serpentarioides Miq.
Peperomia sulbahiensis D.Monteiro & M.Coelho
Piper bahianum Yunck.
Piper robustipedunculum Yunck.
Piper vellosoi Yunck.
Poaceae
Alvimia auriculata Soderstr. & Londoño ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Alvimia gracilis Soderstr. & Londoño ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Anomochloa marantoidea Brongn. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Arberella bahiensis Soderstr. & Zuloaga ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Atractantha cardinalis Judz. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Atractantha radiata McClure ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Chusquea clemirae A.C.Mota, R.P.Oliveira & L.G.Clark
Diandrolyra pygmaea Soderstr. & Zuloaga ex R.P.Oliveira & L.G.Clark
Digitaria doellii Mez ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Eremetis robusta Hollowell, F.M.Ferreira & R.P.Oliveira
Eremocaulon aureofimbriatum Soderstr. & Londoño ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Ichnanthus longhi-wagnerae A.C.Mota & R.P.Oliveira
Merostachys annulifera Send.
Merostachys argentea Send.
Merostachys lanata Send.
Merostachys magnispicula Send.
Merostachys medullosa Send.
Merostachys ramosissima Send.
Olyra bahiensis R.P.Oliveira & Longhi-Wagner
Olyra filiformis Trin.
Olyra latispicula Soderstr. & Zuloaga ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Parianella carvalhoi (R.P.Oliveira & Longhi-Wagner) F.M.Ferreira & R.P. Oliveira
Parianella lanceolata (Trin.) F.M.Ferreira & R.P.Oliveira
Paspalum restingense Renvoize ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Paspalum strigosum Döll
Piresia palmula M.L.S.Carvalho & R.P.Oliveira
Raddia distichophylla (Schrad. ex Nees) Chase ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Raddia stolonifera R.P.Oliveira & Longhi-Wagner
Polygalaceae
Caamembeca martinelli (Marques & E.F.Guim.) J.F.B.Pastore ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Caamembeca martinelli var. carnosa (Marques & E.F.Guim.) J.F.B.Pastore
Securidaca revoluta (A.W.Benn.) Marques
Primulaceae
Cybianthus nemoralis (Mez) G.Agostini
Rubiaceae
Chomelia bahiae J.H.Kirkbr.
Denscantia andrei (E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo) E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Denscantia macrobracteata (E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo) E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Faramea bicolor J.G.Jardim & Zappi
Faramea nocturna J.G.Jardim & Zappi
Ixora bahiensis Benth.
Ixora cabraliensis Di Maio et Peixoto
Malanea harleyi J.H.Kirkbr. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Mitracarpus anthospermoides K.Schum.
Posoqueria bahiensis Macias & Kin.-Gouv.
Psychotria martiusii Müll.Arg.
Psychotria megalocalyx Müll.Arg.
Psychotria salzmanniana Müll.Arg.
Psychotria silvicola Müll.Arg.
Psychotria strigosa Müll.Arg.
Psychotria wawrana Müll.Arg.
Rudgea hileiabaiana Zappi & Bruniera
Rudgea ilheotica Müll.Arg.
Rudgea involucrata Müll.Arg.
Rudgea malpighiacea Standl.
Rudgea mouririoides Standl.
Salzmannia arborea J.G. Jardim
Sphinctanthus insignis Steyerm.
Rutaceae
Andreadoxa flava Kallunki ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus concinnus Kallunki ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus dasyanthus Kallunki ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus fissicalyx Pirani ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus gaudichaudianus subsp. bahiensis Kallunki ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus hirsutus Pirani ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus inopinatus Pirani ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus longipes Kallunki ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus mastigophorus Kallunki ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus modestus Kallunki ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus punctatus Kallunki ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Conchocarpus racemosus (Nees & Mart.) Kallunki & Pirani
Conchocarpus santosii Pirani & Kallunki ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Ertela bahiensis (Engl.) Kuntze
Galipea revoluta Pirani
Neoraputia calliantha Kallunki
Neoraputia micrantha Kallunki
Zanthoxylum nemorale Mart.
Zanthoxylum retusum (Albuq.) P.G.Waterman
Sapindaceae
Cardiospermum integerrimum Radlk. ^* * Taxon also in Thomas et al. (2003).
Paullinia livescens Radlk.
Paullinia unifoliolata Perdiz & Ferrucci
Serjania morii Acev.-Rodr.
Serjania scopulifera Radlk.
Sapotaceae
Chromolucuma apiculata Alves-Araújo & M.Alves
Pouteria atlantica Alves-Araújo & M.Alves
Pouteria glauca T.D.Penn.
Pouteria synsepala Popovkin & A.D.Faria
Pouteria trifida Alves-Araújo & M.Alves
Pradosia longipedicellata Alves-Araújo & M.Alves
Verbenaceae
Citharexylum obtusifolium Kuhlm.
Stachytarpheta hirsutissima Link
Vochysiaceae
Vochysia talmonii M.C.Vianna et al.

Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP Departamento de Biologia Vegetal - Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP CP 6109, 13083-970 - Campinas/SP, Tel.: (+55 19) 3521-6166, Fax: (+55 19) 3521-6168 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: contato@biotaneotropica.org.br

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