Checklist of Bromeliaceae in the State of Bahia, Brazil

Checklist de Bromeliaceae para o Estado da Bahia, Brasil

Abstract

The Bromeliaceae family plays an important ecological, environmental, and economic role in Bahia, harboring high levels of diversity and endemism, although the state still lacks an updated species checklist to support conservation efforts. This study aimed to compile and systematize information on the species richness, distribution, life forms, endemism, and conservation status of Bromeliaceae in Bahia. Data were obtained from field collections and databases such as GBIF, Tropicos, Reflora, SpeciesLink, and the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, as well as herbarium specimen images from over 40 national and international herbaria. The data were organized into spreadsheets and analyzed in terms of taxonomy, life form, biome, endemism, and conservation status. A total of 433 taxa were recorded, comprising 426 species, six varieties, and one subspecies, distributed across 36 genera. The subfamily Bromelioideae was the most diverse (308 taxa), followed by Tillandsioideae (102), Pitcairnioideae (22) and Navioideae (1), with Aechmea, Hohenbergia, Cryptanthus, Vriesea, and Tillandsia being the most representative genera in the state. Of the total taxa, 241 (55.6%) are endemic to Bahia, highlighting the state as a center of diversification for the family. Only 180 taxa (41.6%) have been formally assessed for conservation status, of which 89 (20.5%) are considered threatened: 21 listed as Critically Endangered (CR), 48 as Endangered (EN), and 20 as Vulnerable (VU), with a predominance of threatened taxa within Bromelioideae. Regarding life forms, epiphytic species were the most common (90), followed by terrestrial (76) and rupicolous (61) taxa; 206 taxa exhibited ecological plasticity, occurring in more than one category. The highest species richness was recorded in the Atlantic Forest (266 taxa), followed by the Caatinga (86) and the Cerrado (14), reflecting the influence of multiple phytogeographic domains, altitudinal variation, and climatic gradients in Bahia. The study also identified inconsistencies in taxonomic databases, underscoring the need for expert scientific curation. It is concluded that the updated systematization of Bromeliaceae diversity in Bahia is essential to guide research, conservation strategies, and the sustainable use of this highly threatened flora.

Keywords
Bromeliad; Bromelioideae; Tillandsioideae; Pitcairnioideae; Genetic diversity

Resumo

A família Bromeliaceae desempenha um importante papel ecológico, ambiental e econômico na Bahia, abrigando elevada diversidade e endemismo, mas carece de uma listagem atualizada de espécies para subsidiar ações de conservação. Este estudo teve como objetivo compilar e sistematizar informações sobre a riqueza, distribuição, formas de vida, endemismo e status de ameaça das espécies de Bromeliaceae no estado. Foram utilizados dados provenientes de coletas de campo, além de plataformas como GBIF, Tropicos, Reflora, SpeciesLink e Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, bem como imagens de exsicatas de mais de 40 herbários nacionais e internacionais. As informações foram organizadas em planilhas e analisadas quanto à nomenclatura, forma de vida, bioma, endemismo e status de conservação. Foram registrados 433 táxons (426 espécies, seis variedades e uma subespécie), distribuídos em 36 gêneros. A subfamília Bromelioideae foi a mais diversa (308 táxons), seguida por Tillandsioideae (102), Pitcairnioideae (22) e Navioideae (1 táxon), com destaque para os gêneros Aechmea, Hohenbergia, Cryptanthus, Vriesea e Tillandsia, os mais abundantes no estado. Do total dos táxons, 241 (55,6%) são endêmicas da Bahia, reforçando o estado como centro de diversificação da família. Apenas 180 táxons (41,4%) possuem avaliação quanto ao status de conservação, das quais 89 (20,5%) estão ameaçadas: 21 classificadas como ‘Criticamente em Perigo’ (CR), 48 como ‘Em Perigo’ (EN) e 20 como ‘Vulneráveis’ (VU), com predominância de táxons ameaçados na subfamília Bromelioideae. Quanto ao hábito de vida, observou-se predominância de espécies epífitas (90), seguidas por terrícolas (76) e rupícolas (61); 206 táxons demonstraram plasticidade ecológica, ocorrendo em mais de uma dessas categorias. A maior diversidade foi registrada na Mata Atlântica (266 táxons), seguida pela Caatinga (86) e pelo Cerrado (14), refletindo a influência dos diferentes domínios fitogeográficos, variação altitudinal e gradiente climático da Bahia. O estudo também revelou inconsistências nas bases de dados taxonômicos, evidenciando a importância da curadoria científica especializada. Conclui-se que a sistematização atualizada da diversidade de Bromeliaceae na Bahia é fundamental para orientar ações de pesquisa, conservação e uso sustentável dessa flora altamente ameaçada.

Palavras-chave
Bromélia; Bromelioideae; Tillandsioideae; Pitcairnioideae; Diversidade genética

Introduction

The family Bromeliaceae extends from the southern United States, through Central America and the Caribbean, to South America, reaching southern Argentina and Chile (Smith & Downs 1974, 1977, 1979, Benzing 2000). On the African continent, the family is represented by a single species, Pitcairnia feliciana (A.Chevalier) Harms & Mildbraed, which occurs along the west coast of Africa, specifically in Guinea (Smith & Downs 1974, Porembski & Barthlott 1999, Benzing 2000, Jacques-Félix 2000).

The family occurs in a wide variety of phytophysiognomies, from sea level up to altitudes of approximately 4,000 meters, contributing to a high level of biological diversity (Benzing 2000). Currently, Bromeliaceae comprises 81 genera and 3,848 species (Gouda et al. 2025, cont. updated), standing out as one of the largest families among monocotyledons, with an almost exclusively Neotropical distribution (Gilmartin 1973, Benzing 2000).

Bromeliaceae species are herbaceous plants with epiphytic, terrestrial, or rupicolous habits. They possess a poorly developed stem and leaves arranged in a distichous or polystichous manner, either distributed along the stem or grouped in rosettes, allowing the accumulation of water and nutrients and the formation of phytotelmata that serve as habitats for various organisms, such as algae, amphibians, small reptiles, and bacteria (Romero et al. 2020, Lopes Filho et al. 2023). Leaf margins range from entire to serrated (Benzing 2000, Vasconcellos & Oliveira 2022), and their surfaces are covered by specialized peltate trichomes, which absorb moisture and nutrients from the atmosphere, a distinctive feature of the family (Vasconcellos & Oliveira 2019).

Tank-forming or phytotelm-forming bromeliads exhibit morphologies that favor the accumulation of water and debris, with wide and imbricated leaf sheaths (Benzing 2000). The phytotelma not only ensures plant hydration but also allows the absorption of nutrients derived from the decomposition of organic matter and the bodies of small invertebrates (Benzing 1973, 1990, Leme & Marigo 1993). The accumulated water can persist for long periods, depending on rainfall frequency, providing a suitable environment for insect reproduction, the growth of lichens, fungi, and algae, as well as sheltering amphibians and other organisms throughout their life cycles (Benzing 1980, 2000).

With an impressive diversity of forms, sizes, and colors, species of the family possess high ornamental value and attract landscaping interest, as exemplified by species of the genera Aechmea Ruiz & Pav., Ananas Mill., Bromelia L., Guzmania Ruiz & Pav., Puya Molina, Sincoraea Ule, Tillandsia L., and Vriesea Lindl. (Souza et al. 2012, 2014, Souza et al. 2015, Anacleto & Negrelle 2013). However, the ongoing habitat loss places many of these species at risk of extinction, reinforcing the need for conservation actions.

Traditionally divided into three subfamilies based on morphological characteristics (Bromelioideae, Pitcairnioideae, and Tillandsioideae) (Smith & Downs 1974, 1977, 1979), the family Bromeliaceae is currently subdivided into eight subfamilies based on morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic data: Bromelioideae, Brocchinioideae, Hechtioideae, Lindmanioideae, Navioideae, Pitcairnioideae, Puyoideae, and Tillandsioideae (Givnish et al. 2007, 2011).

The subfamily Bromelioideae is the most diverse, with 43 genera and 1,042 species (Gouda et al. 2025, cont. updated), and is characterized by generally serrated leaves, seeds covered by mucilage, the presence of petal appendages, reduced roots, and indehiscent berry fruits (Smith & Downs 1979, Givnish et al. 2007, Sass & Specht 2010).

The subfamily Tillandsioideae is the largest within Bromeliaceae, encompassing 23 genera and approximately 1,589 species (Gouda et al. 2025, cont. updated). Its species are predominantly epiphytic, with entire, spineless leaves, peltate scales, and plumose seeds (Smith & Downs 1977). The gynoecium generally has a superior ovary, with exceptions in Glomeropitcairnia Harms (with indehiscent capsules), Tillandsia (subg. Pseudalcantarea) Mez, and Alcantarea (E. Morren ex Mez) Harms., which possess a semi-inferior ovary (Beaman & Judd 1996, Versieux 2009, Smith & Downs 1977, Givnish et al. 2007, Barfuss et al. 2005, 2016).

The subfamily Pitcairnioideae comprises approximately 711 species distributed across five genera. In Brazil, it is primarily represented by the genera Dyckia Schult. & Schult.f., Encholirium Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f., and Pitcairnia L’Heritier (Gouda et al. 2025, cont. updated). Species of this subfamily are predominantly terrestrial and rupicolous, with functional roots and spiny leaves. Most are herbaceous plants, although some are subshrubby, such as in Deuterocohnia Mez. Leaves are often spiny-serrated and remain entire in many Pitcairnia species. The gynoecium of these plants generally presents a superior ovary, although some Pitcairnia species have an inferior ovary. The fruit is predominantly a capsule, occasionally indehiscent. Seeds often have intact appendages or, more rarely, lack a covering (Smith & Downs 1974).

The distinction of the subfamily Pitcairnioideae from other Bromeliaceae subfamilies is based on characteristics such as mature seeds with intact or slightly divided appendages, generally dehiscent fruits, thick and serrated leaves, finely divided scale indument, and the predominance of a terrestrial habit (Smith & Downs 1974).

The subfamily Navioideae currently comprises five genera and a total of 111 species (Gouda et al. 2025, cont. updated). Species of this genus are characterized by entire, serrated, or spiny leaves, with capsular fruits, and generally superior ovaries, although some Navia species present inferior ovaries (Smith & Till 1998).

Brazil harbors the greatest diversity of Bromeliaceae in the world, with approximately 1,417 species and 55 genera, representing about 40% of known species and 80% of the family’s genera (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2025). Furthermore, approximately 85.4% of these species are endemic to the country (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2025).

These numbers continue to increase with ongoing taxonomic research, with dozens of new species described annually (Gouda et al. 2025, cont. updated). Over the past five years, several new Bromeliaceae species have been described for Bahia, reinforcing its role as a major center of diversity. This floristic richness, including endemic genera, underscores the need for intensified conservation efforts and further studies on the state’s flora.

In this context, the preparation of an updated list of Bromeliaceae for Bahia is not only necessary but urgent. Floristic inventories and species lists are fundamental tools for documenting plant diversity, supporting research in botany, ecology, conservation, and sustainable use of biodiversity (Martinelli et al. 2008). Furthermore, such compilations provide a solid basis for environmental public policies and native flora management programs.

Therefore, this study aims to fill an important gap in the knowledge of Bahia’s flora by compiling and systematizing updated data on Bromeliaceae diversity in the state, significantly contributing to the conservation and rational use of these natural resources. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to provide information on the richness and geographic distribution of Bromeliaceae species in Bahia, as well as their conservation status, life forms, endemism, and chronology of species descriptions.

Material and Methods

1. Study area

The state of Bahia, with an area of 564,692.669 km², is located in the southern portion of Brazil’s Northeast region. It borders the states of Alagoas, Pernambuco, Piauí, Sergipe (Northeast), Tocantins (North), Goiás (Central-West), Espírito Santo, and Minas Gerais (Southeast), and has an extensive coastline of approximately 900 km along the Atlantic Ocean (SEI Bahia 2025).

Bahia is part of the Coastal Zone, which includes characteristic ecosystems such as beaches, restingas, lagoons, and mangroves. The state’s vegetation is marked by the presence of rupestrian fields, seasonal forests, transitional areas, and coastal vegetation (CBPM 2020). The state encompasses three important biomes: Caatinga (64% of the territory), Cerrado (18%), and Atlantic Forest (18%), all of great relevance for Bromeliaceae diversity.

2. Data sources and sampling

The data for the preparation of this checklist were obtained through collection expeditions between 2009 and 2025, from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025, continuously updated), Tropicos (https://tropicos.org/) (2025, continuously updated), the Germplasm Bank of the Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources at UFRB/ Embrapa (Banco de Germoplasma do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais da UFRB/ Embrapa), as well as from the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliad database (Gouda et al. 2025, cont. updated). In addition, herbarium images from ALCB, HURB, HCF, HUEFS, HUFU, K, MBM, NY, US, SP, CEPEC, MBML, RB, GH, BM, WEB, UFG, HVASF, CVJBFZB, HbVirtFlBras, UFP, UPCB, HAL, MO, UFRN, R, BR, WU, CVRD, P, B, HBG (acronyms according to Thiers, 2025, continuously updated, Index Herbariorum) were verified through the SpeciesLink (2025, continuously updated), JABOT (2025, continuously updated), and Virtual Herbarium REFLORA (2025, continuously updated) databases to expand data on distribution, phenology, and any available label information.

The research was conducted in accordance with Brazilian legislation, under the authorization of the Biodiversity Authorization and Information System (Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade) (SISBIO) nº 69.870-1, and the activities are duly registered in the National System for the Management of Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge (Sistema Nacional de Gestão do Patrimônio Genético e do Conhecimento Tradicional Associado) (SisGen) under authorization A9E9F8D.

3. Data compilation and taxonomic treatment

From these sources, primary surveys were conducted based on collection records, field expeditions, and data from herbarium platforms of different institutions. Spreadsheets were organized containing all registered taxa. The criteria adopted for the research included threat status, endemism, geographic distribution, and habitat type. The taxonomic nomenclature adopted in this study followed the guidelines of the International Plant Names Index (IPNI 2025). The taxonomic circumscription adopted in this study follows Gouda et al. (2025, cont. updated), in which Encholirium is recognized as a valid genus distinct from Dyckia.

Subsequently, the data were organized into tables and evaluated regarding conservation status, biome of occurrence, presence or absence in the state of Bahia, life form, locality of species description (focusing solely on records from Bahia), year of publication, and the corresponding voucher number.

4. Conservation status assessment

Species extinction risk assessments were conducted based on official lists published by the Ministry of the Environment (Brazil 2022b, SEMA 2017), the Institute of Environment and Water Resources of Bahia (Bahia 2017), and the Red Book of Brazilian Flora (Forzza et al. 2013), which follow the criteria established by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2025). Additionally, scientific studies and articles published by specialists were considered, especially when species were directly assessed by their authors. Thus, the classifications reflect an integrated and updated evaluation of extinction risk, which is fundamental for guiding public policies and conservation strategies.

5. Geographic analysis and mapping

For the preparation of the geographic distribution map, occurrence records of species were collected based on herbarium labels available on the SpeciesLink (2025, continuously updated) and Virtual Herbarium REFLORA (2025, continuously updated) platforms, with locations verified using Google Maps. The map was generated using QGIS v. 3.34 software (QGIS Development Team, 2025), employing vector layers of biomes and political boundaries available in the Geocentric Reference System for the Americas (SIRGAS 2000), with the aim of visualizing the geographic distribution of species in the state of Bahia, as well as the municipality of description of Bromeliaceae taxa.

Results and Discussion

1. Richness and taxonomic composition

A total of 433 taxa were recorded in the state of Bahia, comprising 426 species, six botanical varieties, and one subspecies, belonging to 36 genera (Table 1). It was observed that the species are distributed throughout the state, occurring in the three phytogeographical domains, with a notable concentration in the Atlantic Forest of the southern region, which harbors the highest number of described species of the family, as well as the greatest degree of endemism (Figures 1 and 2).

Table 1
List of Bromeliaceae species occurring in Bahia with their respective endemism (END), threat status (THR): CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened; LC = Least Concern; DD = Data Deficient. Life form (LFO), biome of occurrence (BIO), occurrence in other states (OCC), city of species description (DES), year of publication (PUB), and voucher deposited in different herbaria (Voucher).

Species	ENF	THR	LFO	BIO	OCC	DES	PUB	Voucher
Bromelioideae
Acanthostachys pitcairnioides (Mez) Rauh & Barthlott	–	DD	EPI	MA	ES	–	1896	B100202887
Acanthostachys strobilacea (Schult. & Schult.f.) Klotzsch	–	NE	EPI	MA/CE	AMP	–	1841	M0111406
Aechmea aguadocensis Leme & L.Kollmann	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	ES	–	2009	HURB28736
Aechmea alba Mez	–	LC	EPI/TER	MA	ES/MG/SP	SL	1892	HURB32802
Aechmea alopecurus Mez	–	EN	EPI/TER	MA	MG/RJ	–	1892	SP374527
Aechmea amicorum B.R.Silva & H.Luther	–	EN	TER	MA	ES	Porto Seguro	2002	HB89224
Aechmea ampla L.B.Sm.	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Canavieiras	1972	US3711699
Aechmea andersonii H.Luther & Leme	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Nazaré	1998	HB84088
Aechmea aquilega (Salisb.) Griseb	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	AM/CA/CE/MA	AMP	–	1806	HURB23513
Aechmea avaldoana Leme & W.Till	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Vitória da Conquista	2014	RB311538
Aechmea bahiana L.B.Sm.	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Rio de Contas	1966	US00091457
Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker) L.B.Sm.	–	NT	EPI/TER	MA	ES/CE/MG/RJ	–	1889	HURB26966
Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	AM/CA/CE/MA	AMP	–	1806	HURB20520
Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker var. bromeliifolia	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	AM/CA/CE	AM/ES/MG	–	1883	ALCB39064
Aechmea carvalhoi E.Pereira & Leme	X	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	–	Itamaraju	1986	HB75223
Aechmea conifera L.B.Sm	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AL	Água Preta – Itaju do Colônia	1941	GH00028990
Aechmea correia-araujoi E.Pereira & Moutinho	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Itamaraju	1980	HB70668
Aechmea digitata L.B.Sm. & Read	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Itaju do Colônia	1976	US2901555
Aechmea discordiae Leme	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Ubaitaba – Maraú	1986	HB75224
Aechmea disjuncta (L.B.Smith) Leme & J.A. Siqueira	X	EN	EPI/RUP	MA	MG/PE	Água Preta – Itaju do Colônia	1940	GH00029106
Aechmea echinata (Leme) Leme	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Uruçuca	1995	CEPEC52236
Aechmea emmerichiae Leme	–	EN	EPI/RUP/TER	CA/MA	PB/RN	Seabra	1987	HB72847
Aechmea farinosa (Regel) L.B.Sm.	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	AL	–	1868	HURB28962
Aechmea fasciata (Lindl.) Baker	–	VU	EPI	MA	AMP	–	1879	HURB25654
Aechmea fraudulosa Mez	X	NE	TER	MA	–	SL	1935	BM000885886
Aechmea floribunda Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/MG/RJ	–	1830	NY639012
Aechmea glandulosa Leme	X	EN	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	–	Wenceslau Guimarães	1999	HB84095
Aechmea guaratingensis Leme & L.Kollmann	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	MG	Guaratinga	2010	MBML40178
Aechmea gurkeniana Pereira & Moutinho	–	NE	EPI/RUP	MA	ES	Caravelas	1981	HB70978
Aechmea heterosepala Leme	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Una	2010	HB93224
Aechmea lamarchei (E.Morren ex Mez) Mez	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/MG	–	1892	HURB26340
Aechmea lanata (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Gongogi	1931	US704552
Aechmea leonard-kentiana H.Luther & Leme	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Una – Ilhéus	1996	HB78317
Aechmea leucolepis L.B.Sm.	–	NE	RUP/TER	MA	ES	Milagres	1955	US1952447
Aechmea lymanii W.Weber	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Aurelina Leal	1984	WEB624
Aechmea maasii Gouda & W.Till	–	NT	EPI/TER	MA	ES/RJ	–	1997	HUEFS183140
Aechmea marauensis Leme	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	AL/PE/SE	Maraú	1986	HB72254
Aechmea marcpignalii Leme	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Itambé	2025	Recém pub.
Aechmea mertensii (G.Mey.) Schult. & Schult.f.	–	NE	EPI/TER	AM/MA	AMP	–	1818	HURB22202
Aechmea miniata Beer ex Baker	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	SL	1856	HURB11598
Aechmea mira Leme & H.Luther	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Guaibim	2007	HB93247
Aechmea mollis L.B.Sm.	X	VU	EPI/TER	MA	–	Una	1970	US2571254A
Aechmea mulfordii L.B.Sm.	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	PE	SL	1970	K000294558
Aechmea nudicaulis (L.) Griseb	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	CE/MA	AMP	–	1882	HURB26410
Aechmea paradoxa (Leme) Leme	–	VU	EPI	MA	RJ	Buerarema	1989	HB72874
Aechmea perforata L.B.Sm.	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	CA/MA	ES	–	1941	HURB22281
Aechmea ramosa Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/MG/RJ	–	1830	RB422576
Aechmea ramusculosa Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Nova Viçosa	1995	MBM96944
Aechmea recurvipetala Leme & L.Kollmann	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	MG	–	2011	HURB32063
Aechmea seidelii (Leme) Sm. & Spencer	X	NE	EPI/TER	CA	–	Seabra	1987	HB72851
Aechmea urussucensis E.H.Souza & Leme	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Uruçuca	2024	HURB32805
Aechmea viridipetala A.F.Costa & Amorim	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Barro Preto	2012	CEPEC113641
Aechmea warasii E.Pereira	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	ES/SP	–	1972	HURB23954
Aechmea weberi (E.Pereira & Leme) Leme	X	VU	EPI/TER	MA	–	Una	1986	HB72133
Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L.B.Sm	–	NE	TER	AM/CA/CE/MA	AMP	–	1889	HURB17878
Ananas bracteatus (Lindl.) Schult. & Schult.f	–	NE	TER	CE/MA/PA	AMP	–	1827	HURB17881
Ananas comosus (L.) Merril	–	NE	TER	AM/CA/CE/MA/PA	AMP	–	1754	HURB23383
Billbergia amoena (Lodd.) Lindl.	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	CA/CE/MA	AMP	–	1817	HURB23971
Billbergia euphemiae E.Morren	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/MG/RJ/SP	–	1872	HURB13575
Billbergia fosteriana L.B.Sm.	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Maracús	1955	US2120880
Billbergia horrida Regel	–	LC	EPI/RUP	MA	ES/MG/RJ	–	1857	CEPEC116699
Billbergia iridifolia (Nees & Mart.) Lindley	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	CA/MA	ES/MG/RJ	–	1823	NY629747
Billbergia leptopoda L.B.Sm.	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/MG	–	1945	SP374494
Billbergia macrocalyx Hook.	X	DD	EPI/TER	CE/MA	–	SL	1859	HURB5242
Billbergia morelii Brongn.	–	LC	EPI/TER	MA	AMP	–	1848	HURB27851
Billbergia porteana Brong. ex Beer	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	CA/CE/MA	AMP	–	1856	HURB22191
Billbergia pyramidalis (Sims) Lindl.	–	DD	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1815	RB318640
Billbergia saundersii W.Bull	–	LC	EPI/TER	MA	MG	–	1874	HURB6062
Billbergia zebrina (Herb.) Lindl.	–	LC	EPI/RUP	MA/PA	ES/MG/RJ/SP	–	1826	HURB16221
Bromelia amplifolia Leme & W.Till	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Itapetinga	2014	RB306474
Bromelia antiacantha Bertol	–	NE	TER	MA/PAMPA	AMP	–	1824	HURB 24337
Bromelia arenaria Ule	–	LC	RUP/TER	CA	CE/PI	Remanso	1908	HBG514381
Bromelia boqueiranensis Leme & J.A. Siqueira	X	NE	TER	CA	–	Santo Sé	2025	Recém pub.
Bromelia ferox Esteves	–	NE	TER	CA	PE	–	2014	UFG47926
Bromelia grandiflora Mez	–	LC	TER	MA/AM/CE	AMP	–	1919	HVASF7194
Bromelia gurkeniana var. funchiana Pereira & Leme	X	NE	TER	CA	–	Palmeira	1985	HB72132
Bromelia laciniosa Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.	–	LC	TER	CA	AMP	–	1830	M0111438
Bromelia lagopus Mez	–	NE	TER	MA	GO/PI/TO	–	1889	RB250062
Bromelia lindevaldae Leme & Esteves	–	NE	TER	CE	GO/TO	Barreiras	2003	CVJBFZB507
Bromelia magnifica Esteves & Gouda	–	NE	TER	CE	GO/MA/TO	Carinhanha	2017	UFG4456
Bromelia unaensis Leme & Scharf	–	NE	TER	MA	ES/SE	Una	2011	HB95214
Bromelia villosa Mez	–	LC	TER	CE	TO/GO/MT	–	1902	P00753383
Canistropsis albiflora (L.B.Sm.) H.Luther & Leme	–	VU	EPI/TER	MA	ES	–	1943	RB340593
Canistropsis billbergioides (Schult. & Schult.f.) Leme	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1830	HURB26103
Canistrum auratum Leme	–	NE	EPI	MA	MG	–	1993	HURB5823
Canistrum camacaense Martinelli & Leme	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Camacan	1986	RB00167946
Canistrum fosterianum L.B.Sm.	X	CR	EPI	MA	–	Salvador	1952	US00091428
Canistrum guzmanioides Leme	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Wenceslau Guimarães	1999	CEPEC092972
Canistrum lanigerum H.Luther & Leme	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Valença	1999	HB89867
Canistrum montanum Leme	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Una	1997	HB78424
Canistrum sandrae Leme	X	VU	TER	MA	–	Jaguaripe	1999	HB84101
Canistrum seidelianum W.Weber	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Caatiba – Itambé	1986	HB74100
Cryptanthus apiculatantherus D.M.C. Ferreira, E.M. Almeida & Louzada	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Itacaré	2021	UFP88409
Cryptanthus arelii H.Luther	X	NE	TER	CA	–	Palmeira	1999	HB92703
Cryptanthus argyrophyllus Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Santa Cruz da Vitória	2001	HB89568
Cryptanthus bahianus L.B.Sm.	–	LC	TER	CA	PA/PE	Jacobina	1943	GH00032943
Cryptanthus beuckeri E.Morren	–	NT	TER	CA	ES	–	1880	HUEFS242601
Cryptanthus bibarrensis Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Itapetinga	2002	HB89875
Cryptanthus boanovensis Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Boa Nova	2015	RB640189
Cryptanthus bivittatus (Hook.) Regel	–	NE	TER	MA	–	–	1861	HbVirtFlBras
Cryptanthus brevibracteatus D.M.C. Ferreira & Louzada	X	NE	TER	CA/MA	–	Boa Nova	2021	UFP88403
Cryptanthus cajuitensis Leme & L. Kollmann	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Guaratinga	2025	Recém pub.
Cryptanthus colnagoi Rauh & Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Potiraguú	1989	HB73715
Cryptanthus coriaceus Leme	–	EN	TER	MA	ES	–	1991	HUEFS196699
Cryptanthus crassifolius Leme	–	NE	TER	CA	ES	Ituaçu	2008	HB93257
Cryptanthus cruzalmensis Leme & E.H.Souza	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Cruz das Almas	2020	HB93257
Cryptanthus diamantinensis Leme	X	CR	RUP/TER	CA	–	Palmeiras	1999	HB81972
Cryptanthus euglossinii E.D.S. Almeida & Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Miguel Calmon	2022	HUEFS247792
Cryptanthus flesheri E.H.Souza & Leme	X	CR	TER	MA	–	Igrapiúna	2021	HURB25043
Cryptanthus ilhanus Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Guaratinga	2013	RB 303384
Cryptanthus lacerdae Antoine	X	NE	TER	MA	–	SL	1882	HURB25981
Cryptanthus lutandensis E.H.Souza & Leme	X	CR	TER	MA	–	Pindobaçu	2021	HURB25803
Cryptanthus lyman-smithii Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Jaguaripe	1999	HB84096
Cryptanthus maritimus L.B.Sm.	–	EN	TER	MA	ES	–	1943	ALCB047417
Cryptanthus pseudopetiolatus Philcox	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Una	1992	CEPEC21258
Cryptanthus reisii Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Itapetinga	2002	HB90733
Cryptanthus robsonianus Leme	–	NE	TER	MA	ES	–	2014	CEPEC49506
Cryptanthus ruthae Philcox	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Maraú	1992	CEPEC21257
Cryptanthus santateresinhensis Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Santa Teresinha	2020	RB670739
Cryptanthus santosii Leme & E.H.Souza	X	CR	TER	MA	–	Belmonte	2021	HURB26104
Cryptanthus seidelianus W.Weber	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Milagres	1986	HAL0075357
Cryptanthus sergipensis I.Ramírez	–	CR	TER	MA	SE	–	1998	HURB32018
Cryptanthus solidadeanus Leme & E.H.Souza	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Brejões	2021	HURB23255
Cryptanthus spathulatifolius Leme & E.H.Souza	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Guaratinga	2025	Recém pub.
Cryptanthus ubairensis I.Ramirez	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Ubaíra	1998	US2781988
Cryptanthus vexatus Leme	–	NE	TER	MA	ES	Una	1995	HURB23994
Cryptanthus vinosibracteatus D.M.C.Ferreira & Louzada	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Itapetinga	2022	UFP88421
Cryptanthus viridovinosus Leme	X	NE	TER	CA/MA	–	Alagoinhas	2010	HB93258
Cryptanthus walkerianus Leme & L.Kollmann	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Camamu	2014	RB306140
Cryptanthus warren-loosei Leme	X	NE	TER	CA	–	Itaberaba	1993	HB73937
Edmundoa lindenii (Regel) Leme	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1997	NY545599
Forzzaea bahiana Engels	X	DD	RUP	CA	–	Ibitiara	2023	UPCB0057691
Hohenbergia alba B.P. Cavalcante, E.H.Souza & Versieux	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Itamaraju	2024	Recém pub.
Hohenbergia amargosensis E.H.Souza & Leme	X	CR	TER	MA	–	Amargosa	2022	HURB26115
Hohenbergia arcuata Leme & M.Machado	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Morro do Chapéu	2010	RB495806
Hohenbergia augusta (Vell.) E.Morren	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1829	HURB26099
Hohenbergia barbarespina Leme & Fraga	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Wenceslau Guimarães	2010	RB849328
Hohenbergia belemii L.B.Sm. & Read	X	NT	EPI/TER	MA	–	Marau	1976	G00099574
Hohenbergia blanchetii (Baker) Mez	–	LC	EPI	MA	ES/PE	Ilhéus	1889	HURB25911
Hohenbergia brachycephala L.B.Sm.	X	CR	EPI	MA	–	Gongogi	1940	K000294551
Hohenbergia burle-marxii Leme & W.Till	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Porto Seguro	1996	HB77780
Hohenbergia capitata Schult. & Schult.f.	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Ilhéus	1830	HURB25319
Hohenbergia castellanosii L.B.Sm. & Read	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Marau	1976	HB50882
Hohenbergia catingae Ule	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	CA/CE/MA	AMP	SL	1908	HURB13599
Hohenbergia catingae var. elongata M.B.Foster	–	NE	RUP/TER	CA	PE	Jacobina	1961	GH00029107
Hohenbergia catingae var. eximbricata L.B.Sm. & Read	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA/CE	–	Rio de Contas	1976	CEPEC10679
Hohenbergia catingae var. extensa L.B.Sm. & Read	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Itiúba	1976	K000294534
Hohenbergia conquistensis Leme	X	NE	TER	CA	–	Vitória da Conquista	2003	HURB25315
Hohenbergia correia-araujoi Pereira & Moutinho	X	CR	EPI	MA	–	Milagres	1980	HB71017
Hohenbergia edmundoi L.B.Sm. & Read	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	CA	AL/SE	SL	1976	HURB17890
Hohenbergia erecta B.P. Cavalcante, Versieux & A.P. Martinelli	X	DD	TER	CA	–	Mucugê	2022	HURB25311
Hohenbergia estevesii Pereira & Moutinho	X	NE	RUP	MA	–	SL	1980	HB70001
Hohenbergia flava Leme & C.C.Paula	X	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	–	Amargosa	2004	HB89545
Hohenbergia halutheriana Leme	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Una	2013	HURB25317
Hohenbergia hatschbachii Leme	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Olivença	1999	MBM184930
Hohenbergia humilis L.B.Sm. & Read	X	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	–	Planalto	1976	US2855940
Hohenbergia igatuensis Leme	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Andaraí Igatu	2010	HURB22210
Hohenbergia itamarajuensis Leme & Baracho	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Itamaraju	1999	HB81971
Hohenbergia ituberaensis B.P. Cavalcante, E.H.Souza & Versieux	X	VU	EPI/TER	MA	–	Ituberú	2020	HURB22226
Hohenbergia kollmannii Leme & A.P. Fontana	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Guaratinga	2025	Recém pub.
Hohenbergia lanata Pereira & Moutinho	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Milagres–Amargosa	1980	HB69482
Hohenbergia lativaginata J.R.Maciel & Louzada	X	NE	TER	CA	–	Ourolândia	2014	UFP75193
Hohenbergia lemei H.Luther & K.Norton	X	VU	EPI	MA	–	Barra da Estiva	2005	HB90642
Hohenbergia leopoldo-horstii E.Gross, Rauh & Leme	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	SL	1991	HURB22225
Hohenbergia littoralis L.B.Sm.	X	EN	TER	MA	–	Salvador	1940	GH00029110
Hohenbergia loredanoana Leme & L.Kollmann	–	NE	EPI	MA	MG	–	2011	RB569372
Hohenbergia magnispina Leme	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Morro do Chapéu	2010	HURB25308
Hohenbergia minor L.B.Sm.	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Itapira	1940	GH00029114
Hohenbergia nidularioides B.P. Cavalcante, E.H.Souza, A.P. Martinelli & Versieux	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Una	2021	HURB18862
Hohenbergia oxoniensis W.Weber	–	NE	–	–	PE	–	1983	HAL0099857
Hohenbergia pabstii L.B.Sm. & Read	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Santa Cruz da Vitória	1976	HB50879
Hohenbergia pennae Pereira	X	EN	RUP/TER	CA	–	Andaraí	1983	HURB22211
Hohenbergia ramageana Mez	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1896	HURB33413
Hohenbergia reconcavensis Leme & Fraga	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Santo Amaro	2010	RB501431
Hohenbergia rosea L.B.Sm. & Read	X	NE	EPI	CA	–	Itapetinga	1976	US2855865
Hohenbergia salzmannii (Baker) E.Morren ex Mez	–	LC	EPI/TER	MA	SE/MG	Porto Seguro	1889	HURB36974
Hohenbergia sandrae Leme	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Maracús	2003	HURB22811
Hohenbergia sparsiflora B.P. Cavalcante, E.H.Souza & Versieux	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Una	2024	Recém pub.
Hohenbergia stellata Schult. & Schult.f.	–	NE	EPI/TER	CA/MA	AL/PI/SE	Lençóis	1830	HURB17895
Hohenbergia undulatifolia Leme & H.Luther	X	NE	EPI/TER	CA	–	Contendas do Sincorú	1998	HURB25314
Hohenbergia utriculosa Ule	–	NE	TER	CA/MA	RN	Lençóis	1908	HURB25313
Hohenbergia vestita L.B.Sm.	–	NE	RUP/TER	CA	MG	–	1792	HURB22196
Hohenbergia viridorubra Leme	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Santa Teresinha	2013	HURB24542
Hohenbergia ymboreorum E.H.Souza & B.P.Cavalcante	X	CR	EPI/TER	MA/CA	–	Vitória da Conquista	2022	HURB26337
Karawata depressa (L.B. Sm.) J.R. Maciel & G. Sousa	–	EN	EPI/TER	MA	ES	Uruçuca	1941	RB844426
Karawata gustavoi (J.A. Siqueira & and Leme) J.R. Maciel & G. Sousa	–	CR	EPI/RUP	MA	PE	–	2001	RB844213
Karawata multiflora (L.B. Sm.) J.R. Maciel & G. Sousa	–	LC	EPI/TER	MA	AL/SE	–	1937	HURB28020
Karawata nigribracteata (J.R. Maciel, Louzada & and M. Alves) J.R. Maciel & G. Sousa	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Una	2014	MO101223989
Lymania alvimii (L.B.Sm. & Read) Read	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Camacan	1977	US2826022
Lymania azurea Leme	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Olivença	1987	HB72883
Lymania brachycaulis (E.Morren ex Baker) L.F.Sousa	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	SL	1889	HURB25954
Lymania corallina (Brongn. ex Beer) Read	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Uruçuca	1856	HURB29473
Lymania globosa Leme	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Itamaraju	1987	HB72884
Lymania involucrata Leme & E.H.Souza	X	CR	EPI	MA	–	Igrapiúna	2021	HURB25815
Lymania languida Leme	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Uruçuca	2006	HB90739
Lymania marantoides (L.B.Sm.) Read	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Gongogi	1931	US704564
Lymania smithii R.W.Read	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	AL/PE	Una	1984	HURB36452
Lymania spiculata Leme & Forzza	X	CR	EPI	MA	–	Jussari	2001	HB89563
Neoglaziovia burlemarxii Leme	X	NE	TER	CA	–	SL	1990	HB72870
Neoglaziovia concolor C.H.Wright	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	SL	1910	K000322267
Neoglaziovia variegata (Arruda) Mez	–	NE	RUP/TER	CA	AMP	–	1810	HURB28952
Neoregelia azevedoi Leme	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Jacareci	1998	HB84104
Neoregelia bahiana (Ule) L.B.Sm	–	LC	RUP	CA/CE	MG	Lençóis	1908	HURB28135
Neoregelia crispata Leme	X	VU	EPI	MA	–	Una	1996	HB77781
Neoregelia cruenta (Graham) L.B.Sm.	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/RJ/SP	–	1828	RB202399
Neoregelia farinosa (Ule) L.B.Sm.	–	LC	EPI/TER	MA	ES/RJ/MG	–	1900	HURB18189
Neoregelia kerryi Leme	–	EN	EPI/RUP	MA	MG	Una	1998	HURB31936
Neoregelia longisepala E.Pereira & I.A.Penna	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	Una	1983	HB71940
Neoregelia mucugensis Leme	–	NE	RUP	CA	MG	Chapada Diamantina	1998	SP453022
Neoregelia pascoaliana L.B.Sm.	–	NT	EPI/TER	MA	ES	Itabuna	1972	US2651500
Neoregelia pauciflora L.B.Sm.	–	NE	EPI	MA	ES/RJ	–	1955	CEPEC114712
Neoregelia retrorsa Leme & L.Kollmann	–	NE	RUP/TER	MA	ES	–	2011	RB815889
Neoregelia rothinessa Leme, H.Luther & W.Till	X	NE	EPI/RUP	MA	–	Iguaí	2010	HB93228
Neoregelia silvimontana Leme & J.A.Siqueira	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Nova Canaã	2006	HB93252
Neoregelia viridolineata Leme	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Nova Canaã	2010	HB93250
Neoregelia wilsoniana M.B.Foster	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Ilhéus	1959	US2231110
Nidularium amorimii Leme	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Una	2000	HB87022
Nidularium bicolor (E.Pereira) Leme	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/MG/RJ	–	1973	CEPEC110483
Nidularium innocentii Leme	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1855	HURB24548
Nidularium espiritosantense Leme	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES	–	1995	HURB32087
Nidularium procerum Lindm	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1891	HURB32806
Orthophytum alvimii W.Weber	–	NE	RUP	MA	MG	Itambé	1986	NY02448594
Orthophytum argentum Louzada & Wand.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Rio de Contas	2011	HUEFS189224
Orthophytum benzingii Leme & H.Luther	–	NE	RUP/TER	MA	MG	–	1998	HURB30548
Orthophytum braunii Leme	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Seabra	1994	HB77784
Orthophytum brejoense Leme	X	NE	RUP	–	–	Brejões	2020	HURB25771
Orthophytum buranhense Leme & A.P.Fontana	–	NE	RUP	MA	MG	Guaratinga	2010	RB458894
Orthophytum catingae Leme	–	NE	RUP/TER	CA	PE	Jeremoabo	2007	HB93238
Orthophytum cearense Leme & F.Monteiro	–	NE	RUP/TER	CA	CE	–	2010	HURB23665
Orthophytum conquistense Leme & M.Machado	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Vitoria da Conquista	2006	HB93241
Orthophytum disjunctum L.B.Sm.	–	NE	RUP	CA/MA	AMP	–	1955	HURB23962
Orthophytum erigens Leme	X	NE	TER	CA	–	Seabra	2010	HB93237
Orthophytum falconii Leme	–	NE	RUP/TER	MA	MG	Candido Sales	2003	HB89876
Orthophytum guaratingense Leme & L.Kollmann	X	NE	RUP	MA	–	Guaratinga	2010	HB93239
Orthophytum harleyi Leme & M.Machado	X	EN	RUP	CA	–	Érico Cardoso	2006	HB93232
Orthophytum jacaraciense Leme	X	NE	TER	CA	–	Jacaraci	2010	RB807527
Orthophytum lemei Pereira & I.A.Penna	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Mucugê	1985	HB71948
Orthophytum leprosum (Mez) Mez	–	NE	RUP/TER	MA	MG/PE/ES	–	1891	SP320305
Orthophytum lymanianum Pereira & I.A.Penna	–	NE	RUP	CA	MG	SL	1983	K000294487
Orthophytum macroflorum Leme & M.Machado	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Licínio de Almeida	2005	HB90737
Orthophytum maracasense L.B.Sm.	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	CA	AL/PE/SE	Maracús	1955	HURB27628
Orthophytum pseudoestevesii Leme	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Guaratinga	2025	Recém pub.
Orthophytum riocontense Leme	X	EN	RUP/TER	CA	–	Rio de Contas	2005	HB90722
Orthophytum rubrum L.B.Sm.	X	VU	RUP/TER	CA	–	Maracús	1955	US2057911
Orthophytum santosianum Leme	X	NE	TER	CA	–	Jussiape	2020	RB816019
Orthophytum saxicola (Ule) L.B.Sm.	–	NE	RUP	CA/MA	CE	–	1908	HURB32073
Orthophytum sucrei H.Luther	–	NE	RUP/TER	MA	ES	SL	1997	HURB30550
Orthophytum toscanoi Leme	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Cordeiros	2003	HB89561
Portea alatisepala Philcox	X	VU	EPI/TER	MA	–	Una	1992	CEPEC19665
Portea filifera L.B.Sm.	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Água Preta	1941	GH00257863
Portea grandiflora Philcox	X	VU	EPI/TER	MA	–	Itacaré	1992	CEPEC21781
Portea kermesina Brongniart ex C.Koch	X	EN	EPI/TER	MA	–	SL	1856	P00753452
Portea nana Leme & H.Luther	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Una	2003	HB89566
Portea petropolitana (Wawra) Mez	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/MG/RJ	–	1880	HUEFS47712
Portea santosiana Leme & E.H.Souza	X	LC	TER	MA	–	Guaratinga	2025	Recém pub.
Portea silveirae Mez	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	ES/MG	–	1902	ALCB72610
Pseudananas sagenarius (Arruda) Camargo	–	LC	RUP/TER	CE/MA	AMP	–	1810	HUEFS183123
Pseudaraeococcus chlorocarpus (Wawra) R.A.Pontes & Versieux	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	AL/PE	Ilhéus	1862	HUEFS50121
Pseudaraeococcus lageniformis (R.A.Pontes & Versieux) R.A.Pontes & Versieux	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Apuarema	2019	HURB7446
Pseudaraeococcus montanus (Leme) R.A.Pontes & Versieux	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Wenceslau Guimarães	1999	HB84089
Pseudaraeococcus nigropurpureus (Leme & J.A.Siqueira) R.A.Pontes & Versieux	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Uruçuca	2006	HB93219
Pseudaraeococcus parviflorus (Mart. ex. Schult. f.) R.A. Pontes & Versieux	X	LC	EPI/TER	MA	–	SL	1830	K000294449
Pseudaraeococcus serranensis R.A. Pontes, E.H.Souza & Versieux	X	EN	EPI	MA	–	Brejões	2022	HURB28754
Pseudaraeococcus sessiliflorus (Leme & J.A.Siqueira) R.A.Pontes & Versieux	X	VU	EPI/TER	MA	–	Jequié	2006	CEPEC102955
Quesnelia alborosea A.F.Costa & T.Fontoura	X	DD	EPI	MA	–	Jussari	2012	CEPEC116973
Quesnelia alvimii Leme	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	SL	1991	HB76140
Quesnelia clavata Amorim & Leme	X	LC	EPI/TER	MA	–	Arataca	2009	CEPEC120852
Quesnelia conquistensis Leme	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Vitória da Conquista	2008	RB532990
Quesnelia dubia Leme	X	DD	EPI/TER	MA	–	Camacan	2005	HB89555
Quesnelia koltesii Amorim & Leme	X	LC	EPI/TER	MA	–	Camacan	2009	CEPEC124573
Sincoraea albopicta (Philcox) Louzada & Wand.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Mucugê	1985	CEPEC52789
Sincoraea amoena Ule	X	EN	RUP	CA	–	Lençóis	1908	HURB26353
Sincoraea burle-marxii (L.B.Sm. & Read) Louzada & Wand.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Palmeiras	1979	US2848681
Sincoraea hatschbachii (Leme) Louzada & Wand.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Rio de Contas	1995	MBM151223
Sincoraea heleniceae (Leme) Louzada & Wand.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Andaraí	2004	HB89870
Sincoraea mucugensis (Wand. & A.A. Conc.) Louzada & Wand.	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Mucugê	2006	SP453024
Sincoraea navioides (L.B.Sm.) Louzada & Wand.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Jacobina	1940	US1906401
Sincoraea ophiuroides (Louzada & Wand.) Louzada & Wand.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Lençóis	2008	SP384545
Sincoraea rafaelii (Leme) Louzada & Wand.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Palmeira	2011	RB552871
Sincoraea ulei (Louzada & Wand.) Louzada & Wand.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Mucugê	2010	SP402484a
Wittmackia altocaririensis Leme & L.Kollmann	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	MG	–	2011	CEPEC106057
Wittmackia amorimii (Leme) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Uruçuca	1996	HB77764
Wittmackia andersoniana (Leme & H.Luther) Aguirre-Santoro	X	EN	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	–	Wenceslau Guimarães	2003	HB89863
Wittmackia aurantiolilacina Leme, E. Fernandez & Amorim	X	CR	EPI	MA	–	Guaratinga	2025	Recém pub.
Wittmackia bicolor (L.B.Sm.) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Itiruçu– Jequié	1955	US1952441
Wittmackia brasiliensis (E.Pereira & I.A.Penna) Aguirre-Santoro	X	DD	EPI	MA	–	Ilhéus	1985	HB71942
Wittmackia burle-marxii (E.Pereira) Aguirre-Santoro	–	NE	EPI	MA	MG	–	1979	HURB23966
Wittmackia canaliculata (Leme & H.Luther) Aguirre-Santoro	X	VU	EPI/TER	MA	–	Wenceslau Guimarães	1999	HB89573
Wittmackia carvalhoi (Martinelli & Leme) Aguirre-Santoro	X	EN	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	–	Uruçuca	1987	CEPEC33806
Wittmackia conduruensis Leme & E.H.Souza	X	CR	EPI	MA	–	Uruçuca	2023	HURB22229
Wittmackia froesii (L.B.Sm.) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	SL	1955	NY247029
Wittmackia gregaria (Leme & L.Kollmann) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Nilo Peçanha	2014	RB303256
Wittmackia guedesiae E.H.Souza & Leme	X	CR	EPI	MA	–	Igrapiúna	2023	HURB27182
Wittmackia incompta (Leme & H.Luther) Aguirre-Santoro	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	ES	Porto Seguro	1999	HB87014
Wittmackia ituberaensis (Leme & L.Kollmann) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	TER	MA	–	Ituberú	2013	RB531510
Wittmackia laevigata (Leme) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Ibicuí	2005	HB89557
Wittmackia limae (Leme) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Ituberú	2011	HURB30522
Wittmackia lingulatoides (Leme & H.Luther) Aguirre-Santoro	–	LC	EPI/TER	CA/MA	AL/PE/SE	SL	1999	HB78322
Wittmackia linharesiorum (Leme) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Santa Terezinha	1999	HURB26482
Wittmackia neoregelioides (Leme) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Wenceslau Guimarães	1999	CVJBFZB479
Wittmackia patentissima (Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Mez	–	NE	EPI	MA	AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, RN, SE, ES, RJ	–	1830	HURB32000
Wittmackia pendulispica (Leme & L.Kollmann) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Igrapiúna	2013	RB303382
Wittmackia silvana (Leme) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Nova Canaã	2003	HB89556
Wittmackia sulbahianensis (Leme, Amorim & J.A.Siqueira) Aguirre-Santoro	–	NE	EPI	MA	ES	Uruçuca	2006	HB90741
Wittmackia tentaculifera (Leme, Amorim & J.A.Siqueira) Aguirre-Santoro	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Camacan	2006	CEPEC102099
Wittmackia turbinocalyx (Mez) Aguirre-Santoro	X	EN	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	–	SL	1892	HURB24679
Wittmackia viridostigma (Leme & H.Luther) Aguirre-Santoro	X	VU	EPI	MA	–	Ibicuí	2003	HURB34916
Wittrockia flavipetala (Wand.) Leme & H.Luther	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	CA/CE	MG	Abaíra	2008	UFRN02886
Tillandsioideae
Alcantarea cerosa Leme, A.P.Fontana & O.B.C.Ribeiro	–	NE	RUP	MA	MG	Guaratinga	2010	HB93209
Alcantarea nahoumii (Leme) J.R.Grant	X	VU	RUP	CA/MA	–	Milagres	1993	HB73936
Alcantarea pataxoana Versieux	X	NE	RUP	MA	–	Porto Seguro	2012	MO101237617
Alcantarea vandenbergii Versieux	X	VU	RUP	CA	–	Feira de Santana	2018	HUEFS69732
Arachnandra drepanocarpa (Baker) Barfuss, Leme & W. Till	–	VU	EPI/TER	MA	AMP	–	1888	HURB32832
Catopsis berteroniana (Schult.f.) Mez	–	NE	EPI	MA	AMP	–	1830	HURB18868
Catopsis sessiliflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez	–	NE	EPI	AM/MA	AMP	–	1802	HURB23384
Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez	–	NE	EPI	AM/MA	AMP	–	1753	HURB23894
Racinaea aeris-incola (Mez) M.A.Spence & L.B.Sm.	–	LC	EPI	MA	AMP	–	1894	HUEFS94564
Racinaea spiculosa (Griseb.) M.A.Spence & L.B.Sm.	–	LC	EPI/TER	AM/MA	AMP	–	1865	HURB25970
Stigmatodon andaraiensis (Leme) D.R.Couto & A.F.Costa	X	NE	RUP	CE	–	Andaraí	2012	R010092515
Stigmatodon ilhanus Leme & D.R. Couto	X	NE	RUP	MA	–	Guaratinga	2022	Recém pub.
Stigmatodon itamarajuensis Leme, D.R. Couto & L.Kollmann	X	NE	RUP	MA	–	Itamaraju	2022	RB844015
Stigmatodon lancifolius (Baker) D.R.Couto & A.F.Costa	X	NE	EPI/RUP	CA/CE	–	SL	1941	BR857777
Stigmatodon pseudoliganthus (Philcox) D.R.Couto & A.F.Costa	X	NE	EPI/RUP	CE	–	Barra de Estiva	1992	CEPEC527888
Tillandsia bulbosa Hook.f.	–	NE	EPI	AM/MA	AMP	–	1826	HURB26396
Tillandsia burle-marxii Ehlers	X	NE	RUP	CA/CE	–	SL	1994	WU5869
Tillandsia candida Leme	X	VU	EPI/RUP	CA/MA	–	Nova Itarana	1987	HB72880
Tillandsia chapeuensis Rauh	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Morro do Chapéu	1986	RB 669154
Tillandsia chapeuensis var. turriformis Ehlers	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Morro do Chapéu	2012	RB560728
Tillandsia didisticha (E.Morren) Baker	–	NE	EPI/RUP	CA/CE/MA/PAMPA	AMP	–	1881	HVASF220
Tillandsia dura Baker	–	LC	EPI/RUP	MA	AMP	–	1889	HURB25809
Tillandsia gardneri Lindl.	–	LC	EPI/RUP	CA/CE/MA/PA	AMP	–	1842	HURB32068
Tillandsia geminiflora Brongn.	–	LC	EPI	CE/MA	AMP	–	1829	HURB28126
Tillandsia globosa Wawra	–	NE	EPI	MA	AMP	–	1880	HURB25569
Tillandsia grao-mogolensis Silveira	–	NE	RUP	CE/MA	MG	–	1931	HURB25000
Tillandsia heubergeri Ehlers	–	VU	EPI/RUP	CA/CE	MG	Lençois	1997	HURB28014
Tillandsia hofackeri Ehlers	X	NE	EPI/RUP	CA	–	Ituaçu	2013	WU0015004
Tillandsia iassuensis L.Hrom. & H.Hrom.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Iaçu	2021	HURB16246
Tillandsia itatiensis E.H.Souza & Leodegario	X	CR	RUP	CA	–	Itatim	2020	HURB25011
Tillandsia jequiensis L.Hrom. & H.Hrom.	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Jequié	2020	WU20075
Tillandsia juncea (Ruiz & Pav.) Poir.	–	NE	EPI/TER	CA/MA	AMP	–	1802	HURB26364
Tillandsia linearis Vell.	–	LC	EPI	CE/MA	PR/RJ/SC/SP	–	1825	HURB23932
Tillandsia loliacea Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.	–	NE	EPI/RUP	CA/CE/MA/PA	AMP	–	1830	HURB26752
Tillandsia milagrensis Leme	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Milagres	1993	HB73937
Tillandsia oliveirae E.H.Souza & Leme	X	CR	RUP	CA	–	Itatim	2021	HURB25010
Tillandsia paraensis Mez	–	NE	EPI	AM/CA/CE/MA	AMP	–	1894	HURB25932
Tillandsia pohliana Mez	–	NE	EPI/RUP	CA/CE/MA	AMP	–	1894	HURB27594
Tillandsia polystachia (L.) L	–	NE	EPI/RUP	AM/CA/CE/MA	AMP	–	1753	HURB32140
Tillandsia pruinosa Sw.	–	NE	EPI	AM/CA/MA	ES/PA/MG/RJ	–	1797	HURB26395
Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L.	–	NE	EPI/RUP	CA/CE/MA/PA	AMP	–	1753	HURB28329
Tillandsia streptocarpa Baker	–	LC	EPI/RUP	AM/CA/CE/MA/PA	AMP	–	1887	HURB20281
Tillandsia stricta Sol.	–	NE	EPI/RUP	CA/CE/MA/PA	AMP	–	1813	HURB25384
Tillandsia stricta subsp. piniformis Rauh ex Ehlers & H. Heidt	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Morro do Chapéu	2013	RB506365
Tillandsia tenuifolia L.	–	LC	EPI/RUP	AM/CA/CE/MA	AMP	–	1753	HURB26406
Tillandsia tricholepis Baker	–	LC	EPI	CA/CE/MA/PA	AMP	–	1878	HURB25804
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.	–	LC	EPI	AM/CA/CE/MA/PA	AMP	–	1753	HURB28326
Vriesea bahiana Leme	X	NE	RUP	MA	–	Santa Terezinha	1995	HB77775
Vriesea bituminosa Wawra	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/MG/RJ/SP	Ilhéus	1862	ALCB107595
Vriesea blackburniana Leme	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Nova Canaã	2005	RB493586
Vriesea breviscapa (E.Pereira & I.A.Penna) Leme	–	DD	EPI	MA	ES/MG/RJ	–	1985	HURB32084
Vriesea carinata Wawra	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1862	HURB25925
Vriesea chapadensis Leme	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA/CE	–	Andaraí	1999	HURB28946
Vriesea corcovadensis (J Britten) Mez	–	LC	EPI	MA	AMP	–	1888	HUEFS13221
Vriesea dictyographa Leme	X	NE	EPI/RUP	MA	–	Camacan	2001	HB89571
Vriesea duvaliana E.Morren	–	NT	EPI	MA	SP	–	1884	HURB31951
Vriesea ensiformis (Vell.) Beer	–	LC	EPI/TER	MA	AMP	–	1829	HURB36473
Vriesea exaltata Leme	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Andaraí	1999	HB84092
Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm.	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1941	HURB26404
Vriesea flexuosa F.P.Uribbe & A.F.Costa	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	SP	–	2020	HVASF22597
Vriesea friburgensis Mez	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	CE/MA	AMP	–	1894	HURB28340
Vriesea gelatinosa R.Moura & A.F.Costa	X	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	CE	–	Rio de Contas	2014	R219218
Vriesea gigantea Gaudich.	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1843	HURB23339
Vriesea guttata Linden & André	–	LC	EPI	MA	AMP	–	1875	HURB26111
Vriesea jonghei (K.Koch) E.Morren	–	NE	EPI/RUP	MA	PA/RJ/SP/SC	–	1868	ALCB57386
Vriesea lilliputiana Leme	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	MG	Santa Terezinha	2014	HB81975
Vriesea linharesiae Leme & J.A.Siqueira	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Santa Terezinha	2001	HB89552
Vriesea longisepala A.F.Costa	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Arataca	2012	R212049
Vriesea longicaulis (Baker) Mez	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	CE/MA	AMP	–	1888	HURB26399
Vriesea longiscapa Ule	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/RJ/SP/MG	–	1900	RB3340594
Vriesea maculosa Mez	X	CR	EPI/RUP	CE	–	Lençois	1913	HBG514471
Vriesea minuta Leme	X	NE	EPI/TER	MA	–	Uruçuca	1995	HB77779
Vriesea minutiflora Leme	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Iguai	2011	HB553946
Vriesea modesta Mez	–	NE	EPI	MA	ES/RJ/MG	–	1902	US2958461
Vriesea neoglutinosa Mez	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/PA/RJ	–	1935	HURB32017
Vriesea noblickii Martinelli & Leme	–	NE	EPI	MA	MG/RJ	Castro Alves	1987	HUEFS5329
Vriesea oleosa Leme	–	NE	EPI	MA	ES/MG	Ilhéus	1999	HB84094
Vriesea paradoxa Mez	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	SL	1896	B1000243445
Vriesea paraibica Wawra	–	NE	EPI/RUP	MA	AMP	–	1883	NY400528
Vriesea pauperrima E.Pereira	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1972	HURB4949
Vriesea platynema Gaudich.	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	CA/CE/MA	AMP	–	1843	CEPEC49541
Vriesea procera (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Wittm.	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	CA/CE/MA	AMP	SL	1830	HURB34902
Vriesea psittacina (Hook.) Lindl.	–	LC	EPI/TER	CA/CE/MA	ES/RJ/RS/SC	–	1828	HURB6006
Vriesea psittacina var. jiboiensis Kessous, M.G.C.Nogueira & A.F.Costa	X	-	EPI	MA		Santa Teresinha	2021	R241316
Vriesea pulchra Leme & L.Kollmann	–	NE	EPI	MA	ES	–	2011	R218916
Vriesea punctatissima Leme & E.H.Souza	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Camacã	2025	Recém pub.
Vriesea recurvata Gaudich.	–	DD	EPI	MA	PA	–	1843	HURB27815
Vriesea retroflexa E.Morren	–	DD	EPI	MA	SP	–	1884	HURB28965
Vriesea rhodostachys L.B.Sm.	–	DD	EPI/TER	MA	ES	–	1943	HURB4690
Vriesea roberto-seidelii W.Weber	–	NE	TER	MA	ES/RJ	Piatã	1986	CVRD5038
Vriesea rodigasiana E.Morren	–	LC	EPI/TER	MA	AMP	–	1882	HURB32824
Vriesea ruschii L.B.Sm.	–	NE	EPI/TER	MA	ES/MG	–	1941	CEPEC114960
Vriesea saltensis Leme & L.Kollmann	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/MG	–	2013	HURB28015
Vriesea scalaris E.Morren	–	LC	EPI	MA	AMP	–	1879	HURB6452
Vriesea seideliana W.Weber	–	DD	EPI	MA	ES	–	1986	RB815361
Vriesea serraourensis E.H.Souza & Leme	X	CR	RUP	CE	–	Barra da Estiva	2025	HURB28947
Vriesea silvana Leme	X	NE	EPI	MA	–	Ibicuí	2002	HB89565
Vriesea simplex (Vell.) Beer	–	NE	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	ES/RJ/SP/MG	–	1829	HURB32085
Vriesea sincorana Mez	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Lençois	1913	HBG514476
Vriesea takahashiana Leme & W.Till	X	NE	RUP	MA	–	Vereda	2020	RB815961
Vriesea tijucana E.Pereira	–	LC	EPI/RUP/TER	MA	AMP	–	1971	HURB27819
Vriesea wawranea Antoine	–	EN	EPI/TER	MA	AMP	–	1884	ALCB81863
Pitcairnioideae
Dyckia burle-marxii L.B.Sm. & Read	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Chapada Diamantina	1977	HB66609
Dyckia dissitiflora Schult. & Schult.f.	–	EN	RUP	CA	MG/GO	Chapada Diamantina	1830	M0010689
Dyckia elongata Mez	X	NE	RUP/TER	CE	–	SL	1896	P00713124
Dyckia hohenbergioides Leme & Esteves	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Seabra	1998	HB87081
Dyckia maracasensis Ule	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Maracús	1908	HBG514385
Dyckia milagrensis Leme	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Milagres	1999	HB84085
Dyckia racemosa Baker	–	NE	RUP/TER	CE	MA/TO/GO	–	1889	RB570888
Dyckia saxatilis Mez	–	LC	RUP/TER	CE	GO/MT/MG	–	1896	SP276580
Dyckia secunda L.B.Sm.	X	EN	RUP/TER	CA/CE	–	Barreiras	1967	NY247089
Encholirium brachypodum L.B.Sm. & R.W.Read	X	LC	RUP	CA	–	Jequié	1989	US2855942
Encholirium bracteatum P.J.Braun & Esteves	–	NE	RUP	CE	MG	Wanderley	2017	UFG18175
Encholirium fragae Forzza	X	DD	RUP	CA/CE	–	São Desidério	2015	RB488655
Encholirium horridum L.B.Sm.	–	EN	RUP	CE/CA	ES/MG	–	1940	CEPEC128049
Encholirium longiflorum Leme	–	CR	RUP	CA	MG	–	1995	CEPEC138583
Encholirium maximum Forzza & Leme	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	Oliveira dos Brejinhos	2002	RB394980
Encholirium pierre-braunii Esteves	X	NE	RUP	CA	–	São Francisco	2017	UFG50535
Encholirium spectabile Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.	–	LC	RUP/TER	CA	AMP	Juazeiro	1830	K000294357
Encholirium splendidum Forzza	X	EN	RUP	CA	–	Santana	2015	RB443467
Pitcairnia carinata Mez	–	NE	RUP	MA	ES/RJ/MG	–	1894	HURB25961
Pitcairnia flammea Lindl.	–	LC	RUP/TER	CE	AMP	–	1827	RB3400862
Pitcairnia piepenbringii Rauh & E.Gross	X	NE	RUP	CE	–	Barreiras	1988	NY00873341
Pitcairnia torresiana L.B.Sm.	–	NE	RUP	AM/CE	GO/MA/PA/TO	–	1952	RB52578
Navioideae
Cottendorfia florida Schult. & Schult.f.	X	NE	RUP/TER	CA	–	Serra do Sincorú	1830	M0111440

Figure 1
Distribution of endemic Bromeliaceae species and the corresponding municipalities of their original description in Bahia, according to the different phytogeographic domains.

Figure 2
Occurrence of Bromeliaceae species across different vegetation types in the state of Bahia. (A) Lymania involucrata, a microendemic species recorded in Dense Ombrophilous Forest at the Reserva Ecológica da Michelin, Igrapiúna. (B) Aechmea ampla, a microendemic species occurring in restinga areas in southern Bahia, recorded in Belmonte. (C) Wittmackia lingulatoides, a species occurring in Caatinga and Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, recorded in an urban area in Amargosa. (D) Pseudaraeococcus serranensis, a microendemic species recorded in Seasonal Semideciduous Forest in Brejões. (E) Aechmea bahiana, a microendemic species from the Chapada Diamantina, recorded in Rio de Contas. (F) Tillandsia usneoides, a widely distributed species in the Americas, occurring in Caatinga in Milagres. (G) Encholirium spectabile, Hohenbergia flava, and Vriesea neoglutinosa occurring on Caatinga inselbergs in Milagres. (H) Tillandsia oliveira and Encholirium spectabile, occurring on Caatinga inselbergs in Itatim. (I) Ananas ananassoides, a widely distributed species in the Brazilian Cerrado, recorded in Barreiras. Photos: E.H. Souza.

The high degree of endemism observed in the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia can be attributed to a combination of ecological, historical, and anthropogenic factors that make this region a unique center of diversity in Brazil (Ferreira et al. 2024). Humid and stable climatic conditions, with annual precipitation exceeding 2,000 mm and high temperatures throughout the year, favor the maintenance of Dense Ombrophilous Forests, which in turn support highly specialized plant communities (Peres et al. 2020, Ferreira et al. 2024). Furthermore, the historical floristic isolation of the region, separated from other forest formations by areas of Cerrado and Caatinga, has favored allopatric speciation processes over time, resulting in a flora with a high degree of endemism (Mori et al. 1981). Traditional agricultural practices, such as the cabruca system, based on cacao cultivation under the shade of native trees, have also contributed to biodiversity conservation by maintaining forest structure and allowing the persistence of native and endemic species in anthropized landscapes (Schroth & Harvey 2007, Ferreira et al. 2024). According to the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF 2020), the region hosts several endemic and threatened species, justifying its recognition as one of the highest conservation priority areas within the Atlantic Forest.

The distribution map of endemic Bromeliaceae species reveals that the central-southern region of Bahia harbors the highest diversity of these plants. The municipality of Una stands out with 15 species, followed by Guaratinga with nine species and Uruçuca with eight species. Camacan and Wenceslau Guimarães each host seven species, while Itamaraju, Milagres, Rio de Contas, and Santa Teresinha present six taxa. Andaraí, Itapetinga, Morro do Chapéu, Mucugê, Palmeira, and Vitória da Conquista each contain five species, and the remaining municipalities have distributions of fewer than five species. The highest concentration of these taxa occurs in the Atlantic Forest biome, where diversity is strongly associated with factors such as climate and high temperatures, contributing to the high ecological plasticity of the central-southern Bahia region (Peres et al. 2020, Ferreira et al. 2024).

The subfamily Bromelioideae was the most representative, with 24 genera and 308 taxa, followed by Tillandsioideae with eight genera and 102 taxa, Pitcairnioideae with four genera and 22 species, and Navioideae with one species (Table 1). These numbers confirm that Bahia is one of the main centers of diversity for the Bromeliaceae family in Brazil (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2025).

The most representative genera in Bromelioideae were Aechmea Ruiz & Pav. and Hohenbergia Schult. & Schult.f. with 52 taxa, Cryptanthus Otto & A.Dietr. with 38 species, and Orthophytum Beer and Wittmackia Mez with 27 species (Figure 3). In Tillandsioideae, the most representative genera were Vriesea Lindl. with 55 taxa and Tillandsia L. with 32 taxa. In Pitcairnioideae, the most representative genera were Dyckia Schult. & Schult.f. and Encholirium Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f., with nine species each. Finally, the subfamily Navioideae comprises only one genus in the state, Cottendorfia Schult. & Schult.f. (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Distribution of taxa by Bromeliaceae genera recorded in Bahia.

The remarkable diversity of species in the subfamily Bromelioideae can be attributed to an adaptive radiation process, reflected in the wide morphological and ecological variation observed in the group (Smith & Downs 1974, Benzing 2000). Many of these species have developed an epiphytic habit and specialized structures, such as peltate trichomes and leaf rosettes capable of accumulating water and organic debris, forming phytotelmata. These adaptations, combined with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), confer remarkable efficiency in nutrient acquisition and water conservation (Smith & Downs 1974, Benzing 2000). Furthermore, the occurrence of species from this subfamily across different edaphoclimatic conditions in the state—from humid environments to dry and rocky regions—demonstrates their ecological plasticity. This adaptive capacity is closely linked to the group’s rich morphological diversity and the high occurrence of endemic species, particularly in ecosystems such as the Bahian Atlantic Forest and rupestrian fields (Smith & Downs 1974, Benzing 2000).

2. Distribution and ecological patterns

The state of Bahia encompasses three important phytogeographical domains: the Atlantic Forest, the Cerrado, and the Caatinga, in addition to distinct phytophysiognomies, whose proximity and transition are facilitated by a wide altitudinal range (from sea level up to over 2,000 meters) and a marked thermal gradient (with mean annual temperatures ranging from approximately 14 °C to 35 °C). These factors contribute to high environmental heterogeneity and considerable floristic diversity (Campos et al. 2023).

The Bromeliaceae species present in Bahia exhibit considerable ornamental and economic potential, primarily due to their morphological diversity and environmental adaptations. Many of them have foliage with intense coloration, long-lasting inflorescences, and architectural forms that make them highly valued for landscaping and ornamental cultivation, both indoors and outdoors (Souza et al. 2014, 2017, 2025, Donato et al. 2018, Mota et al. 2023). Additionally, some species have direct economic relevance, such as Ananas comosus, widely cultivated for fruit production, particularly in the regions of Itaberaba and Coração de Maria (Matos et al. 2016), and Neoglaziovia variegata, known for the traditional use of its fibers in the manufacture of ropes, nets, and handicrafts, mainly in the Valente region (Silveira et al. 2009). The presence of these genera demonstrates the utilitarian potential of Bahia’s flora, with applications ranging from ornamental and food uses to the textile industry, highlighting not only the ecological but also the socioeconomic importance of these species (Souza et al. 2018, Mota et al. 2024, Silva et al. 2025).

The Atlantic Forest harbors the highest species richness, with 266 records (61.43%), followed by the Caatinga with 86 taxa (19.86%) and the Cerrado with 14 species (3.23%) (Figure 4). The occurrence of 67 taxa in more than one phytogeographical domain demonstrates the ecological plasticity and adaptive potential of these species.

Figure 4
Distribution of Bromeliaceae taxa across the different biomes in Bahia.

Regarding the distribution of subfamilies by phytogeographical domain, Bromelioideae exhibits 212 taxa in the Atlantic Forest, 62 in the Caatinga, three in the Cerrado, and 31 occurring simultaneously across all three domains. For the subfamily Tillandsioideae, 53 taxa are recorded in the Atlantic Forest, 12 in the Caatinga, five in the Cerrado, and 32 occur in all three biomes. In Pitcairnioideae, 11 species are found in the Caatinga, six in the Cerrado, and only one in the Atlantic Forest, with four species occurring across all three phytogeographical domains. Finally, in Navioideae, the single species occurs in the rupestrian fields of the Chapada Diamantina (Figure 4).

The Atlantic Forest is one of the most species-rich biomes and exhibits a high degree of endemism. However, it is also one of the most threatened domains globally, having suffered intense fragmentation of its original coverage over recent decades (SOS Mata Atlântica 2025). This degradation is strongly associated with fires, predatory extractive practices, and the uncontrolled expansion of human activities, compromising ecosystem integrity (Tabarelli et al. 2005). It is estimated that the Atlantic Forest harbors approximately 20,000 plant species, of which around 8,000 are endemic (SOS Mata Atlântica 2025).

Originally, this biome occupied an area of 1,110,182 km², corresponding to about 15% of the national territory. Currently, only approximately 12.5% of its original forest cover remains (SOS Mata Atlântica 2025). The Atlantic Forest encompasses different native forest formations, such as Dense Ombrophilous Forest, Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (also known as Araucaria Forest), Open Ombrophilous Forest, Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest, and Deciduous Seasonal Forest, in addition to associated ecosystems such as mangroves, restingas, high-altitude fields, inland wetlands, and forest enclaves in the Northeast (Brasil 2022a).

The predominance of Bromelioideae in the Atlantic Forest can be explained by the structural and environmental complexity of this phytogeographical domain, which presents high relative humidity, elevated annual rainfall, and great topographic heterogeneity, creating multiple microhabitats favorable to the diversification of Bromeliaceae species, especially epiphytic ones (Siqueira Filho & Tabarelli 2006, Martinelli et al. 2008, Ferreira et al. 2024). According to Benzing (2000), the constant humidity and the availability of arboreal niches in the Atlantic Forest are key factors for the proliferation and specialization of epiphytic Bromeliaceae, which rely on humid environments for their reproductive and physiological development. Scarano (2002) and Ferreira et al. (2024) further emphasize that the Atlantic Forest harbors one of the greatest floristic diversities in the world, with a high degree of endemism, favoring the presence of taxa exclusive to Bromelioideae. The variable altitude, which in Bahia can reach over 2,000 meters in the Chapada Diamantina National Park, also expands climatic diversity, resulting in specific adaptations and higher species richness (Giulietti et al. 2009).

The Caatinga, an exclusively Brazilian biome, occupies approximately 862,818 km², representing 10.1% of the national territory (IBGE 2019). It is rich in biodiversity, with about 4,963 plant species. However, it faces threats such as wildfires, deforestation, and predatory extractive practices. Approximately 80% of its original area has already been altered (Brasil 2022a). In 2024, about 174,511 hectares were deforested for wind and solar energy projects, as well as agricultural expansion (MapBiomas 2024). This biome, characterized by more adverse environmental conditions such as low rainfall, high temperatures, rocky soils, and prolonged dry periods, harbors 84 Bromeliaceae species. This number is highly relevant, demonstrating the family’s adaptive capacity to semi-arid ecosystems (Souza et al. 2021a). Bromeliaceae species in the Caatinga exhibit morphological and physiological adaptations, such as leaves covered with trichomes that reduce water loss and specialized roots for efficient water uptake, reinforcing their ecological role in xerophytic environments (Rodal et al. 2008, Souza et al. 2021a). Additionally, the Caatinga is recognized for its highly endemic flora, which is also reflected in the occurrence of Bromeliaceae adapted to specific ecological niches, contributing to the maintenance of regional biodiversity (Leal et al. 2005).

It is noteworthy that many species of the genus Tillandsia exhibit high ecological specialization, occurring mainly on inselbergs within the Caatinga, as observed in the regions of Itatim and Milagres, which harbor several microendemic species (Hromadnik & Hromadnik 2020, 2021, Souza et al. 2021a). This specialization is due to the unique environmental conditions of these rocky outcrops, characterized by shallow soils, high solar exposure, extreme temperature fluctuations, and limited water availability, promoting geographic and selective isolation, which favors local speciation processes and endemism (Leodegário et al. 2020, Souza et al. 2021a).

Although recognized worldwide as a biodiversity hotspot, the Cerrado exhibits a lower number of Bromeliaceae species in the state of Bahia, covering approximately 1,983,017 km² (23.3% of the national territory) (Brasil 2022a). It comprises different phytophysiognomies, including grassland, savanna, and forest formations. The biome harbors around 12,829 plant species, many of which have potential for the recovery of degraded areas and soil protection. However, it suffers from deforestation, wildfires, habitat fragmentation, and agricultural pressure. Currently, only 49.9% of its native vegetation remains (Klink & Machado 2005a, Brasil 2022a).

The limited occurrence of Bromeliaceae in this biome may be associated with the predominance of open formations, with acidic soils and edaphic conditions that favor the presence of grasses and legumes to the detriment of Bromeliaceae (Klink & Machado 2005b). Additionally, the lower representation may reflect gaps in sampling effort, as many areas of the Bahian Cerrado still lack detailed floristic inventories (França & Giulietti 2019). Nevertheless, the presence of species typical of the subfamily Pitcairnioideae, generally adapted to drier conditions and rupestrian environments, indicates the family’s capacity for colonization and specialization within this biome.

Therefore, the greater richness and diversity of Bromeliaceae in the Atlantic Forest of Bahia can be attributed to a combination of climatic factors (high humidity and mild temperature), geomorphological factors (broad altitudinal gradient and complex relief), and ecological factors (availability of niches for epiphytic species). These conditions provide a favorable environment for the adaptive radiation of Bromeliaceae, particularly epiphytic species and those with high ecological specialization (Benzing 2000, Scarano 2002). The significant presence in the Caatinga highlights the phenotypic and physiological plasticity of the family, allowing its survival in arid environments subjected to intense water stress. Finally, although the Cerrado exhibits lower Bromeliaceae diversity in Bahia, it represents an important biogeographic corridor and refuge for some specialized species, emphasizing the need for further studies to better understand the distribution and conservation potential of Bromeliaceae in this biome.

3. Endemism

Regarding endemism, 241 taxa were found to be exclusive to the state of Bahia, corresponding to 55.6% of the total recorded species (Figure 5). The subfamily Bromelioideae presents the highest number of endemic species (192 taxa), followed by Tillandsioideae (37 taxa), Pitcairnioideae (13 taxa), and Navioideae (1 taxon) (Figure 5). Among the species with restricted distribution in Bahia, numerous taxa of Hohenbergia, Lymania, Pseudaraeococcus, Tillandsia, Cryptanthus, and Wittmackia stand out.

Figure 5
Endemic species occurring in the state of Bahia, distributed by subfamilies.

The high rate of endemism confirms Bahia as an important center of diversification and speciation for the Bromeliaceae family, resulting from the interaction of various environmental, historical, and geographic factors. The presence of three phytogeographical domains, combined with a pronounced altitudinal and thermal gradient, generates a wide variety of ecological niches, promoting population isolation and consequently favoring speciation (Giulietti et al. 2009, Flora e Funga do Brasil 2025). In addition, transition areas between biomes and geologically ancient environments, such as inselbergs and mountain ranges in Chapada Diamantina and northeastern Bahia, provide unique conditions that contribute to the emergence of microendemic species (Martinelli et al. 2008, Versieux & Wendt 2007).

The concentration of species with extremely restricted distribution makes these regions a priority for conservation actions, as these taxa are highly vulnerable to environmental changes, particularly habitat loss and fragmentation, fires, mining, invasive species, and urban expansion (Zappi et al. 2017). Therefore, conservation strategies should include the expansion and strengthening of fully protected conservation units, the promotion of ex situ conservation programs (such as seed banks and living collections), the restoration of degraded habitats, and the continuous mapping and monitoring of threatened species populations (Ferreira et al. 2024). Integration between scientific research, public policies, and environmental education is essential to ensure the preservation of Bahia’s unique biodiversity and to prevent local extinction of endemic species with highly restricted distributions (Rocha et al. 2004).

4. Conservation status and threats

Of the 433 Bromeliaceae species recorded for Bahia, only 180 (41.57%) have been assessed for conservation status. Among these, 21 species (4.84%) are classified as “Critically Endangered” (CR), 20 (4.61%) as “Vulnerable” (VU), while 48 (11.08%) fall under the “Endangered” (EN) category, distributed among the three subfamilies (Table 1, Figure 6). It is noteworthy that the conservation status of these species was determined based on official lists of threatened species (Forzza et al. 2013, Bahia 2017, Brasil 2022b) and recently published risk assessments in species descriptions.

Figure 6
Number of taxa by IUCN Red List threat category. CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened; DD = Data Deficient; LC = Least Concern.

Despite these advances, most species still lack adequate evaluation. Approximately 252 taxa (58.3%) are currently classified as ‘Not Evaluated’ (NE), highlighting Cottendorfia florida Schult. & Schult.f., the only species belonging to the subfamily Navioideae and endemic to Bahia (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2025).

This high number of unevaluated species reflects a significant knowledge gap regarding the conservation of the family in the state (Figure 6). This deficiency compromises the effectiveness of conservation policies, as the lack of information on threat levels hinders the prioritization and protection of key biodiversity areas (Martinelli et al. 2008, Ferreira et al. 2024).

The situation becomes even more critical when considering the high level of endemism in Bahia’s flora. Many of these species occur in restricted areas and under strong anthropogenic pressure, significantly increasing the risk of local extinction. The study by Almeida Júnior et al. (2025) on the genus Quesnelia, endemic to the Atlantic Forest, exemplifies this scenario: prior to assessment, only four species were officially considered threatened; after a detailed analysis of distribution, population size, and threats, the authors identified 15 of the 26 assessed species as belonging to risk categories according to IUCN criteria. This example underscores the importance of in-depth taxonomic and ecological studies as a basis for effective conservation actions.

In the breakdown by subfamily, Bromelioideae concentrates the highest number of threatened species: 16 classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR), 15 as ‘Vulnerable’ (VU), and 43 as ‘Endangered’ (EN). In addition, 39 species were considered ‘Least Concern’ (LC), five ‘Near Threatened’ (NT), and eight ‘Data Deficient’ (DD). In the subfamily Tillandsioideae, four species were identified as ‘CR’, five as ‘VU’, one as ‘EN’, five as ‘DD’, and 28 as ‘LC’. Pitcairnioideae presents one species as ‘CR’, one as ‘DD’, three as ‘EN’, and five as ‘LC’ (Figure 6).

The predominance of threatened species in Bromelioideae can be attributed to the higher vulnerability of their habitats, often located in areas of the Atlantic Forest, one of the phytogeographical domains most impacted by deforestation and urban and agricultural expansion (Ferreira et al. 2024). Illegal collection of ornamental species and extractivism are also relevant factors for the population decline of these taxa (SOS Mata Atlântica 2025). The absence of legal protection and ecosystem fragmentation make it urgent to expand conservation efforts, including the creation of protected areas, implementation of management plans, and promotion of scientific research focused on understudied groups.

5. Life forms and ecological distribution

Regarding growth habits observed in Bromeliaceae, epiphytism is the most representative, with 90 taxa, predominating in the subfamilies Bromelioideae and Tillandsioideae (Table 1 and Figure 7). Species with an exclusively terrestrial habit total 76 records, while 61 species are classified as rupicolous. Additionally, 206 species demonstrate ecological plasticity, occurring in more than one of these categories (Table 1 and Figure 7). The subfamily Bromelioideae, the most diverse in the state, also stands out for the broad range of ecological habits. It has 75 exclusively terrestrial taxa, 58 epiphytic, and 27 rupicolous. Furthermore, it exhibits various combinations of habits: seven species are epiphytic and/or rupicolous, 37 exhibit all three habits (epiphytic, rupicolous, and terrestrial), 76 combine epiphytic and terrestrial habits, and 28 species occur as both rupicolous and terrestrial. This diversity of growth forms reflects the high ecological plasticity of the group, facilitating its occupation of distinct environments, from shaded humid forests to open rocky areas.

Figure 7
Number of species distributed according to life form.

In the subfamily Tillandsioideae, epiphytic species predominate (32 taxa), although 20 rupicolous taxa and one terrestrial taxon are also represented. Other combined habits are observed: 19 species occur as epiphytic and rupicolous, 15 as epiphytic, rupicolous, and terrestrial, 12 as epiphytic and terrestrial, three as rupicolous and terrestrial, and one exclusively terrestrial. This distribution reinforces the adaptive tendency of Tillandsioideae to occupy varied microhabitats, especially on arboreal and rocky substrates, often associated with drier or seasonally dry climates.

In Pitcairnioideae, habits are predominantly rupicolous, with 14 species found on rocky outcrops and nine species occurring as both rupicolous and terrestrial. This predominance is linked to morphological and physiological traits adapted to open, dry environments with high solar incidence, such as coriaceous leaves, presence of peltate trichomes, and in many cases, the use of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), which contributes to water conservation (Crayn et al. 2004, Ferreira et al. 2024).

Overall, Bromeliaceae species in Bahia exhibit a wide diversity of life forms. Epiphytic species, common in humid forests, perform essential ecological functions, such as maintaining microhabitats, providing water for fauna, and cycling nutrients within the canopy (Romero et al. 2020). Conversely, rupicolous and terrestrial species are frequently associated with more arid and extreme environments, such as rocky outcrops, where they develop specialized adaptations that ensure survival (Benzing 2000). This variety of habits demonstrates the broad adaptive capacity of the Bromeliaceae family and underscores the importance of conserving different environments, from dense forests to rupestrian fields, as a strategy for maintaining regional biodiversity.

6. Taxonomic advances and data limitations

This study showed that 290 of the 433 Bromeliaceae species recorded in Bahia were originally described based on specimens collected within the state, representing 66.9% of the total. This number highlights Bahia as an important center of diversification for the family, particularly due to its diversity of environments and ecological transition zones (Pontes et al. 2020, Leme et al. 2025).

The subfamily Bromelioideae is by far the most representative, accounting for 229 of the 290 species initially described in Bahia (78.9%). Examples include Aechmea marcpignalii Leme, Bromelia boqueiranensis Leme & J.A.Siqueira, Cryptanthus cruzalmensis Leme & E.H.Souza, Pseudaraeococcus sessiliflorus (Leme & J.A.Siqueira) R.A.Pontes & Versieux, and Wittmackia aurantiolilacina Leme, E. Fernandez & Amorim. The subfamily Tillandsioideae contributes 45 described species (15.6%), including taxa such as Alcantarea nahoumii (Leme) J.R.Grant, Tillandsia itatiensis E.H.Souza & Leodegário, and Vriesea bahiana Leme. Pitcairnioideae, with 16 species (5.5%), includes representatives such as Dyckia burle-marxii L.B.Sm. & Read, Dyckia milagrensis Leme, Encholirium fragae Forzza, and Pitcairnia piepenbringii Rauh & E.Gross (Table 1). Navioideae includes only the species Cottendorfia florida Schult. & Schult.f.

During the construction of the database used in this study, significant inconsistencies were identified in the digital platforms Virtual Herbarium Reflora and SpeciesLink, raising concerns about the reliability of these systems when used as primary sources of taxonomic data. One example is the erroneous record of Aechmea huebneri Harms (US 2526828), an Amazonian species listed for Bahia, when in fact the specimen corresponds to Aechmea ampla L.B.Sm. This taxonomic confusion highlights the need for rigorous identification of exsiccates to avoid incorrect interpretations regarding the geographic distribution of species.

Furthermore, several species have not yet been officially incorporated into the Flora e Funga do Brasil database, such as Hohenbergia alba B.P.Cavalcante, E.H.Souza & Versieux, Hohenbergia sparsiflora B.P.Cavalcante, E.H.Souza & Versieux, Hohenbergia amargosensis E.H.Souza & Leme, and Wittmackia aurantiolilacina. The absence of these species in digital platforms limits access to information and compromises analyses related to the total number of taxa, their distribution, life forms, and threat status.

Another challenge is the lack of nomenclatural updates across various databases. For example, the genus Araeococcus, now segregated as Pseudaraeococcus based on phylogenetic studies by Pontes et al. (2020), continues to be listed under its former classification. The same occurs with Wittmackia species, still erroneously included under the genus Aechmea (Aguirre-Santoro 2017). These taxonomic inconsistencies complicate researchers’ work and may negatively impact data compilation and the formulation of conservation policies.

Additionally, the synonymization of Encholirium with Dyckia, proposed in some recent revisions (Gomes-da-Silva et al. 2019), is not widely accepted by the national and international scientific community, reflecting the need for more rigorous studies before adopting significant nomenclatural changes.

Finally, in SpeciesLink, inconsistencies were also observed regarding exsiccate images, many of which are mislabeled or even belong to other botanical families. Such errors not only hinder the correct identification of specimens but also compromise the reliability of data used in scientific studies. To mitigate these problems, a rigorous review of the provided data is recommended, with direct involvement of taxonomic specialists in curating the information.

The temporal analysis of historical records of Bromeliaceae species described in Bahia shows significant growth, although marked by some fluctuations, over nearly three centuries (Table 1; Figure 8). The first milestone in Bromeliaceae taxonomy was the description of the genus Bromelia by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, which laid the foundations for the study and classification of the family (Linnaeus 1753).

Figure 8
Temporal analysis of historical records of Bromeliaceae species occurring in Bahia.

From 1753 to 1800, only eight species were recorded for Bahia, corresponding to the earliest collections and scientific descriptions of the local flora. During this period, pioneering naturalists such as Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, together with botanists like Joseph August Schultes, played a fundamental role in cataloging and expanding knowledge of Bromeliaceae, driving botanical exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries (Saint-Hilaire 1825, Schultes 1830).

The 19th century was marked by a significant increase in the number of described species, peaking at 44 species between 1876 and 1900. This growth reflected the intensification of floristic explorations in Brazil and the increasing interest of European botanists, such as James Smith, who played an important role in the classification and systematic organization of the family, enhancing the understanding of its diversity (Smith 1889).

In the 20th century, especially in the first five decades, the number of descriptions fluctuated, highlighting the work of taxonomist Lyman Smith, whose revisions were fundamental for consolidating Bromeliaceae systematics (Smith 1955). A significant advance occurred with the publication of Flora Neotropica (1974, 1977, 1979), organized by Smith and Downs, which represented a milestone in botany by systematizing and synthesizing knowledge about Bromeliaceae genera and species, strengthening the foundation for subsequent research (Smith & Downs 1974, 1977, 1979).

From the 1970s onwards, a new impulse in species descriptions is observed, with consistent growth culminating in a peak of 45 species described between 1986 and 1995. This period coincides with the consolidation of specialized research groups on the family and intensified collections in Bahia, reflecting greater technical and scientific capacity (Leme 1990).

Over the past two decades, although there have been some variations and a slight reduction in certain intervals, the number of descriptions has remained high, totaling around 120 species described between 2005 and 2025, indicating the continuity of scientific effort and collection work. Contemporary researchers, such as Elton Leme, have played a crucial role both in the description of new species and in taxonomic revisions, promoting deeper understanding of Bromeliaceae biodiversity in Bahia. Of the species described in the state, 139 were recorded or reclassified by this author (Leme 2010, 1995, Leme et al. 2010, 2014, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2025, Leme & Kollmann, 2011, 2013). In the past five years, our research group, represented by Everton Hilo de Souza, has described 22 new species from Bahia (Cavalcante et al. 2020, 2022a, 2022b, 2024, Leme et al. 2020, 2023, 2025, Leodegário et al. 2020, Souza et al. 2021b, 2021c, 2022, 2025, Souza & Leme 2021, Pontes et al. 2021, Ferreira et al. 2024).

Among the recently described species, notable examples include Pseudaraeococcus lageniformis (R.A.Pontes & Versieux) R.A.Pontes & Versieux, Cryptanthus cruzalmensis Leme & E.H.Souza, C. santateresinhensis Leme, Orthophytum brejoense Leme, Vidigal & E.H.Souza, Hohenbergia ituberaensis B.P.Cavalcante, E.H.Souza & Versieux, H. amargosensis E.H.Souza & Leme, Alcantarea vanderbergii Versieux, Tillandsia itatiensis E.H.Souza & Leodegário, T. jequiensis L.Hrom. & H.Hrom., Wittmackia guedesiae E.H.Souza & Leme, W. conduruensis Leme & E.H.Souza, and W. aurantiolilacina Leme, E.Fernandez & Amorim (Cavalcante et al. 2020, Hromadnik & Hromadnik 2020, Leme et al. 2020, 2023, 2025a, 2025b, Leodegário et al. 2020, Pontes et al. 2020, Souza et al. 2022, 2025).

In 2025, new species have already been described for Bahia, including Aechmea marcpignalii Leme, Bromelia boqueiranensis Leme & J.A.Siqueira, Cryptanthus cajuitensis Leme & L.Kollmann, C. spathulatifolius Leme & E.H.Souza, Hohenbergia kollmannii Leme & A.P.Fontana, Orthophytum pseudoestevesii Leme, Portea santosiana Leme & E.H.Souza, Vriesea punctatissima Leme & E.H.Souza, V. serraourensis E.H.Souza & Leme, and W. aurantiolilacina (Leme et al. 2025a, 2025b, Souza et al. 2025). Furthermore, new genera with representatives in Bahia have also been proposed, such as Karawata J.R.Maciel & G.Sousa and Pseudaraeococcus (Mez) R.A.Pontes & Versieux (Maciel et al. 2020; Pontes et al. 2020).

This historical progress highlights the gradual evolution of scientific effort and botanical collection and analysis techniques in Bahia. The contributions of early pioneers, followed by the systematization promoted by Smith and Downs, and the continuous work of current specialists, reflect a trajectory of advances that remains ongoing, given that the inventory of Bromeliaceae in the region is still incomplete. Investment in research and the strengthening of conservation initiatives are therefore essential to expand knowledge and ensure the preservation of this important botanical family.

Conclusion

The systematization of Bromeliaceae diversity in Bahia highlights the state as one of the main centers of diversification and endemism for the family in Brazil, with a total of 433 recorded taxa, of which 55.6% are endemic. The subfamily Bromelioideae proved to be the most diverse, followed by Tillandsioideae and Pitcairnioideae, with emphasis on the genera Vriesea, Aechmea, Hohenbergia, Cryptanthus, Tillandsia, and Wittmackia, which are the most representative in the Bahian flora.

The predominance of species in the Atlantic Forest reinforces the ecological importance of this biome, whose environmental complexity, high humidity, and altitudinal variation favor diversification, particularly of epiphytic species. The data also demonstrate the remarkable ecological plasticity of Bromeliaceae, reflected in the diversity of life forms and the capacity to adapt to both humid and arid environments, including the Caatinga and Cerrado. However, despite this richness, there remains a significant knowledge gap regarding the conservation status of most species, with only 41.57% formally assessed, of which 89 are classified as threatened.

This scenario is further aggravated by inconsistencies in major taxonomic databases, which include incorrect records, outdated nomenclature, and the absence of recently described species. Such limitations compromise access to reliable information and hinder the formulation of effective conservation strategies. In this context, specialized scientific curation proves indispensable for the continuous correction and updating of information.

It can be concluded, therefore, that strengthening floristic inventories and taxonomic curation is essential for biodiversity conservation, guiding concrete actions for the management, protection, and sustainable use of Bromeliaceae species in Bahia.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the support from of Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (Finance Code 001), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB) (FIOL Project PPF 0014/2021) and Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação de Árvores Ameaçadas de Extinção do Sul da Bahia – PAN Hileia Baiana. We also thank the Reserva Ecológica Michelin (Process no.: 23007.00020318/2021-14) for providing the research permit and logistical and financial support; Parque Estadual da Serra do Conduru (PESC) and Instituto do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos (INEMA/Bahia: 046.0525.2022.0004974-68) for providing the research permit. FVDS and LYSA thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for a productivity grant (307128/20210 and 314502/2023-8, respectively).

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available at: https://doi.org/10.48331/SCIELODATA.0PEJFS.

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*Corresponding author:

[e-mail]

Associate Editor

Carmen Zickel.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

Ethics

The samples were collected under SISBIO authorization no. 69870-1 and the activities carried out are duly registered in SISGEN under authorization A9E9F8D.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 July 2026
• Date of issue
  2026

History

• Received
  01 Dec 2025
• Accepted
  02 June 2026