Abstracts
The Floresta Nacional de Ipanema is located on the southeast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and belongs to the cities of Araçoiaba da Serra, Iperó and Capela do Alto. It extends over an area of 5,069 ha surrounded by several streams, small lakes, the Ipanema river and the Hedberg dam. The fish species in this area were sampled between 1993 and 2012 in several isolated studies, with the use of gill nets and sieves. Fifty species of fish were registered, 43 native and 7 non-native (Cyprinus carpio, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Brycon cephalus, Triportheus nematurus, Clarias gariepinus, Tilapia rendalli and Poecilia vivipara), distributed in seven Orders, 21 Families and 41 Genera. The present study aimed at cataloguing the fish species in the Ipanema National Forest. Handling and preservation actions will be based on the information obtained.
Floresta Nacional de Ipanema; ichthyofauna; inventory; fish; conservation unit
A Floresta Nacional de Ipanema está localizada no sudoeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil e pertence às cidades de Araçoiaba da Serra, Iperó e Capela do Alto. Estende-se por uma área de 5, 069 ha, onde ocorrem diversos riachos, pequenos lagos, o rio Ipanema e a represa de Hedberg. As espécies de peixes dessa unidade de conservação foram amostradas entre 1993 e 2012 em vários estudos realizados, com o uso de redes de espera e peneiras. Foram registradas 50 espécies de peixes, 43 nativas e 7 não-nativas (Cyprinus carpio, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Brycon cephalus, Triportheus nematurus, Clarias gariepinus, Tilapia rendalli e Poecilia vivipara), distribuídas em sete ordens, 21 famílias e 41 gêneros. O estudo teve como objetivo catalogar as espécies de peixes da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema. Ações de manejo e preservação deverão ser baseadas nas informações obtidas.
Floresta Nacional de Ipanema; ictiofauna; inventário; peixe; unidade de conservação
Introduction
Currently, there are 391 species described for São Paulo state, representing about 15% of freshwater fish species of the Brazil (Oyakawa & Menezes 2011OYAKAWA, O.T. & MENEZES, N.A. 2011. Checklist dos peixes de água doce do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 11(1a): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v11n1a/pt/abstract?inventory+bn0021101a2011 (último acesso em 21/08/2012).
http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v11n1a...
). Recently Smith et al. 2007SMITH, W.S., PETRERE JUNIOR, M. & BARRELLA, W. 2007. Fish, Sorocaba river sub-basin, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Check List 3(3):282-286. registered 71 species of fishes in the Sorocaba river basin, where it is located the Floresta Nacional de Ipanema.
The Floresta Nacional de Ipanema (FLONA de Ipanema) is a national conservation unit created in 1992, which is maintained by the Instituto Nacional do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA). It extends over an area of 5,069 ha, with 1,388 ha being covered with vegetation (Smith & Regalado 2008SMITH, W.S. & REGALADO, L.B. 2008. Floresta Nacional de Ipanema. Ciênc. Hoje 43(255):70-73.).
The three main watercourses that run across the area are the Ipanema, Verde and Ribeirão do Ferro streams. Ipanema and Verde streams make up the basin of Ipanema River, and Ribeirão do Ferro and other streams located within the conservation unit make up the microbasin of Ribeirão do Ferro. Besides these watercourses, there is the hydrographic basin of the Iperó River, located in the western portion of the Araçoiaba Mount.
Significant environmental impacts were identified in the microbasins comprised in the present study. The replacement of natural vegetation with pasture fields is noticeable in the Iperó River, which causes erosion and silting of watercourses. This is also found in the Ipanema River, where effluent discharge and use of pesticides are frequent. The microbasin of Ribeirão do Ferro, in turn, is in better conditions since it is located in the Araçoiaba Mount. However, this small stream is also affected by adverse conditions, such as the many dams in its bed and the silting resulting from a landslide of waste on its left edge next to the area of limestone mining, and the suppression of riparian vegetation in the lowest areas of the Araçoiaba Mount (downstream).
The above finding deserves attention, because the little-known fish species of the region may be endangered. The ichthyofauna of the basins located in the Floresta Nacional de Ipanema was first registred by Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, who visited the region, in 1825, and identified the following fish species: “jundiá” (Rhamdia quelen), “mandiuva” (Pimelodus maculatus), “traíra” (Hoplias malabaricus) and “tuvira” (Gymnotus carapo) (Expedição... 1821-1829EXPEDIÇÃO Langsdorff ao Brasil. 1821-1829. Rio de Janeiro, Edições Alumbramento. v.1, Aquarelas e Desenhos de Rugendas, 154p., v.2, Aquarelas e Desenhos de Taunay, 159p., v.3, Aquarelas e Desenhos de Florence, 134p.).
The knowledge of the fish fauna of this region is mainly due to the work of Bernardo & Barrella (1999)BERNARDO, F.O. & BARRELLA, W. 1999. Estudo comparativo da comunidade de peixes em duas lagoas existentes na Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, Iperó, SP. São Paulo. Relatório Final do Programa de Iniciação Científica PUC-SP/CNPq., Smith (1999)SMITH, W.S. 1999. Pesque-pague: Uma ameaça à ictiofauna nativa? PUC-SP Ciências Biológicas Ambientais, São Paulo, v.1, n.3, p.313-319., Smith & Marciano (2000)SMITH, W.S. & MARCIANO, F.T. 2000. A ictiofauna da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema – Iperó, São Paulo, como base para ações de manejo, conservação e educação ambiental. In II Congresso Brasileiro de Unidades de Conservação. Campo Grande, p.409-417. well as studies for the preparation of the Management Plan in 2003 (Brasil 2003BRASIL. Ministério do Meio Ambiente – MMA. 2003. Plano de Manejo da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema. http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/imgs-unidades-coservacao/flona_ipanema.pdf (último acesso em 21/08/2012).
http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/s...
). More recently, the studies of Smith (2003)SMITH, W.S. 2003. Os peixes do rio Sorocaba: a história de uma bacia hidrográfica. Editora TCM, Sorocaba, 163p., Smith et al. (2007)SMITH, W.S., PETRERE JUNIOR, M. & BARRELLA, W. 2007. Fish, Sorocaba river sub-basin, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Check List 3(3):282-286., Smith & Regalado (2008)SMITH, W.S. & REGALADO, L.B. 2008. Floresta Nacional de Ipanema. Ciênc. Hoje 43(255):70-73., and Smith et al. (2009)SMITH, W.S., PETRERE JUNIOR, M. & BARRELLA, W. 2009. The fish community of the Sorocaba River Basin in different habitats (State of São Paulo, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 69(4):1015-1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000500005
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009...
were conducted. Being conservation areas considered place of survival within a larger unit changed (Sarmento-Soares & Martins-Pinheiro, 2007SARMENTO-SOARES, L.M. & MARTINS-PINHEIRO, R.F. 2007. A importância da ictiologia na definição de Unidades de Conservação. Bol. Soc. Bras. Ictiol. 88:7-8. http://www.sbi.bio.br/boletins/BOLETIM88.pdf (último acesso em 23/09/2012).
http://www.sbi.bio.br/boletins/BOLETIM88...
), knowledge of existing species is critical. So, the present study aimed at cataloguing the fish species in the conservation unit based on the above mentioned studies and on the sampling of species to provide information as a basis for handling and preservation actions.
Material and Methods
The Floresta Nacional de Ipanema is located between latitudes 23° 25′ and 23° 28′ S and longitudes 47° 33′ and 47° 40′ W in an area of 5,180 ha belonging the municipalities of Iperó, Araçoiaba da Serra and Capela do Alto, on the southeast of the state of São Paulo, 125 km far from the capital, São Paulo.
Various streams emerge from the Araçoiaba Mount (Figure 1), and the largest one is called Ribeirão do Ferro (Salazar 1998SALAZAR, J.M. 1998. Araçoiaba and Ipanema: a história daquela maravilhosa região, desde as forjas de Afonso Sardinha até a Real Fábrica de Ferro. Digipel, Sorocaba, 120p.). This stream is formed by three small irregular streams of water, in which confluence is the “Cobra” Lagoon, a reservoir of Ribeirão do Ferro, constructed in the beginning of 1970. There are other lagoons besides the Cobra Lagoon. The Ipanema River, a major tributary of the Sorocaba River, flows east of the Araçoiaba Mount, forming the Hedberg Dam, constructed in 1818 (Salazar 1998SALAZAR, J.M. 1998. Araçoiaba and Ipanema: a história daquela maravilhosa região, desde as forjas de Afonso Sardinha até a Real Fábrica de Ferro. Digipel, Sorocaba, 120p.). All these waterways make up the hydrographic basin of the Sorocaba River, main tributary of the left bank of the Tietê River.
Fish were collected in some stretches of Ribeirão do Ferro and Verde rivers, in one stretch of the Ipanema River (dam and downstream the dam), in the Hedberg Dam, in the Limão and Cobra lagoons and in other lagoons that occur in the FLONA (Table 1). The fish were captured with sieves and nets with meshes of 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 cm between opposing knots. The organisms collected were stored in the fish collection of the biology museum of the Universidade Paulista – Campus Sorocaba.
Sampling stations sampled in the Floresta Nacional de Ipanema with their ecological status and geographic location.
Results
A total of 50 species distributed in seven orders, 21 families and 41 genera were identified. The taxonomic list of identified species is shown in Table 2. Most of these species belonged to the Characiformes order (25 species) and the Siluriformes (18 species). The most represented families are: Characidae, Loricariidae, Heptapteridae and Callichthyidae with 15, 6, 3 and 3 species, respectively. Of the total identified species, 43 are native and seven are considered non-native. Regarding the distribution of the fish fauna, 27 species are widely distributed throughout the conservation area while 23 were recorded to a particular habitat (Table 3). Besides, non-native species present in the area are concentrated in lentic environment as the Hedberg reservoir and Cobra lagoon, except Tilapia rendalli which is widely distributed by the numerous water bodies of the area. According to Table 3 is possible to see eight species that exhibit migratory habit, eight exhibit parental care and two, both Poeciliidae, have internal fertilization. Regarding the feeding habits of the species found in the Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, predominated omnivorous and insectivorous species (14 and 13 species respectively). One of the identified species (Prochilodus vimboides) is considered vulnerable in the state according to the book of threatened fauna in the State of São Paulo (Bressan et al. 2009BRESSAN, P.M., KIERULFF, M.C.M. & SUGIEDA, A.M. 2009. Fauna ameaçada de extinção no estado de São Paulo: Vertebrados. Governo do Estado de São Paulo, Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo, 2009.). Other features and details of the distribution of species are included in Table 3.
Discussion
The ichthyofauna composition is the one expected for non estuarine waters of the neotropical region (Lowe-McConell 1987LOWE-McCONNELL, R.H.L. 1987. Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 382p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511721892
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO97805117218...
, Castro & Menezes 1998CASTRO, R.M.C. & MENEZES N.A. 1998. Estudo diagnóstico da diversidade de peixes do Estado de São Paulo. In Biodiversidade do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Síntese do conhecimento ao final do século XX, v.6 Vertebrados. (C.A. Joly & C.E.M. Bicudo, orgs.). Winnergraph, FAPESP, São Paulo, p.1-13.). Among the various water ecosystems in this conservation unit, we can cite the streams with moderate to high flows, waterfall stretches, gravelly soil, in some cases consolidated substratum, great concentration of allochthonous and autochthonous insects and the typical herbaceous and shrubby vegetation, which favors the presence of small characids (“lambaris”), loricariids (“cascudos”), and catfish.
The ichthyofauna of the region consists of small-sized fish, such as “carás”, “lambaris”, “cascudos” and small catfish, which depend on the riparian vegetation for their food source of allochthonous material. The presences of Astyanax scabripinnis, a species typically found in streams, was registered (Castro & Casatti 1997CASTRO, R.M.C. & CASATTI L. 1997. The fish fauna from a small forest stream of the upper Paraná River Basin, southeastern Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. 7(4):337-352.). The streams located in the conservation unit are ecosystems with a little known ichthyofauna (Castro & Menezes 1998CASTRO, R.M.C. & MENEZES N.A. 1998. Estudo diagnóstico da diversidade de peixes do Estado de São Paulo. In Biodiversidade do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Síntese do conhecimento ao final do século XX, v.6 Vertebrados. (C.A. Joly & C.E.M. Bicudo, orgs.). Winnergraph, FAPESP, São Paulo, p.1-13., Menezes et al. 2007MENEZES, N.A., WEITZMAN, S., OYAKAWA, O.T., LIMA, F., CASTRO, R. & WEITZMAN, M. 2007. Peixes de água doce da mata atlântica. Museu de Zoologia, USP, Conservação Internacional, FAPESP, CNPq, São Paulo.). According Oyakawa et al. (2006)OYAKAWA, O.T., AKAMA, A., MAUTARI, K.C. & NOLASCO, J.C. 2006. Peixes de riachos da Mata Atlântica nas Unidades de Conservação do Vale do Rio Ribeira de Iguape no estado de São Paulo. Editora Neotropica, São Paulo, 201p., this lack of knowledge is related to the fact that the fish are small and uninteresting streams for fishing, besides their cryptic habits and occur in aquatic environments quite restricted. The author also highlights the difficulty in sampling all species present in a given stretch of river.
According to Bressan et al. (2009)BRESSAN, P.M., KIERULFF, M.C.M. & SUGIEDA, A.M. 2009. Fauna ameaçada de extinção no estado de São Paulo: Vertebrados. Governo do Estado de São Paulo, Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo, 2009. the species Prochilodus vimboides and Bunocephalus larai occur in vulnerable state in the area of the Floresta Nacional de Ipanema. However, no individual from Bunocephalus larai was collected during this work.
The predominant species in these rivers, including Verde and Ipanema rivers, are the “cará” (Geophagus brasiliensis), the “lambaris” (Astyanax altiparanae and A. fasciatus), the “saguirú” (Cyphocharax modestus and Steindachnerina insculpta), the lacustris catfish (Rhamdia quelen, Pimelodus maculatus and Iheringichthys labrosus), the “cascudo” (Hypostomus ancistroides), the “peixe-cadela” (Acestrorhynchus lacustris) and the “guarú” (Phalloceros reisi).
In addition to rivers and streams there are several lagoons as the Cobra and the Limão lagoons with several fish species. Fish of five species were identified there, as follows: “cará” (Geophagus brasiliensis), “lambari” (Astyanax altiparanae), “tilapia” (Tilapia rendalli), “barrigudinho” (Phalloceros reisi) and “cascudo” (Hypostomus ancistroides). Because these lagoons are located in the headwater of rivers they have reduced diversity of species.
The Hedberg Dam, constructed in 1818, showed an ichthyofauna typical of lentic environment mainly formed by “saguirus” (Cyphocharax modestus and Steindachnerina insculpta), “carás” (Geophagus brasiliensis) and “lambaris” (Astyanax fasciatus and A. altiparanae). Moreover, species from typical lotic environments have been captured, such as the “curimbatá” (rheophilic species) and the “cascudo” (Hypostomus ancistroides), that are supposed to reproduce in the upstream stretches or in tributaries such as the Verde River. Being an old dam, the Hedberg Dam has a highly structured fish community. According to Lowe-McConnell (1987)LOWE-McCONNELL, R.H.L. 1987. Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 382p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511721892
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO97805117218...
, it takes around 5 to 15 years for a fish community to reach stability.
This dam has been transformed into a pay to fish lake, and several species were added to this environment, such as the Tilapia rendalli, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Brycon cephalus and Cyprinus carpio (Smith 2003SMITH, W.S. 2003. Os peixes do rio Sorocaba: a história de uma bacia hidrográfica. Editora TCM, Sorocaba, 163p.), which may contribute to the decreased stability of this fish community. Currently, although the fishing has been disabled, in addition to these species, it is also possible to verify the presence of the “catfish”, Clarias gariepinus. This is because aquatic environments located in conservation areas, although legally protected, are subject to threats of a species is introduced elsewhere in the basin, because a water system tends to be virtually connected with all parts and subsystems, from the source to the mouth, the main channel of the lagoons (Agostinho et al. 2006AGOSTINHO, A.A., PELICICE, F.M. & JÚLIO JUNIOR, H.F. 2006. Biodiversidade e introdução de espécies de peixes: unidades de conservação. Unidades de conservação: ações para valorização da biodiversidade. Instituto Ambiental do Paraná, Curitiba, p.95-117.).
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the ICMBio for the logistic support, Dr. Heraldo Britski for confirming the identified species, Dr. Walter Barrella for the comments and Dr. Luciano Bonatti Regalado for the support and map.
References
- AGOSTINHO, A.A., PELICICE, F.M. & JÚLIO JUNIOR, H.F. 2006. Biodiversidade e introdução de espécies de peixes: unidades de conservação. Unidades de conservação: ações para valorização da biodiversidade. Instituto Ambiental do Paraná, Curitiba, p.95-117.
- BERNARDO, F.O. & BARRELLA, W. 1999. Estudo comparativo da comunidade de peixes em duas lagoas existentes na Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, Iperó, SP. São Paulo. Relatório Final do Programa de Iniciação Científica PUC-SP/CNPq.
- BRASIL. Ministério do Meio Ambiente – MMA. 2003. Plano de Manejo da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema. http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/imgs-unidades-coservacao/flona_ipanema.pdf (último acesso em 21/08/2012).
» http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/imgs-unidades-coservacao/flona_ipanema.pdf - BRESSAN, P.M., KIERULFF, M.C.M. & SUGIEDA, A.M. 2009. Fauna ameaçada de extinção no estado de São Paulo: Vertebrados. Governo do Estado de São Paulo, Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo, 2009.
- CASTRO, R.M.C. & CASATTI L. 1997. The fish fauna from a small forest stream of the upper Paraná River Basin, southeastern Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. 7(4):337-352.
- CASTRO, R.M.C. & MENEZES N.A. 1998. Estudo diagnóstico da diversidade de peixes do Estado de São Paulo. In Biodiversidade do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Síntese do conhecimento ao final do século XX, v.6 Vertebrados. (C.A. Joly & C.E.M. Bicudo, orgs.). Winnergraph, FAPESP, São Paulo, p.1-13.
- EXPEDIÇÃO Langsdorff ao Brasil. 1821-1829. Rio de Janeiro, Edições Alumbramento. v.1, Aquarelas e Desenhos de Rugendas, 154p., v.2, Aquarelas e Desenhos de Taunay, 159p., v.3, Aquarelas e Desenhos de Florence, 134p.
- LOWE-McCONNELL, R.H.L. 1987. Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 382p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511721892
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511721892 - MENEZES, N.A., WEITZMAN, S., OYAKAWA, O.T., LIMA, F., CASTRO, R. & WEITZMAN, M. 2007. Peixes de água doce da mata atlântica. Museu de Zoologia, USP, Conservação Internacional, FAPESP, CNPq, São Paulo.
- OYAKAWA, O.T., AKAMA, A., MAUTARI, K.C. & NOLASCO, J.C. 2006. Peixes de riachos da Mata Atlântica nas Unidades de Conservação do Vale do Rio Ribeira de Iguape no estado de São Paulo. Editora Neotropica, São Paulo, 201p.
- OYAKAWA, O.T. & MENEZES, N.A. 2011. Checklist dos peixes de água doce do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 11(1a): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v11n1a/pt/abstract?inventory+bn0021101a2011 (último acesso em 21/08/2012).
» http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v11n1a/pt/abstract?inventory+bn0021101a2011 - SALAZAR, J.M. 1998. Araçoiaba and Ipanema: a história daquela maravilhosa região, desde as forjas de Afonso Sardinha até a Real Fábrica de Ferro. Digipel, Sorocaba, 120p.
- SARMENTO-SOARES, L.M. & MARTINS-PINHEIRO, R.F. 2007. A importância da ictiologia na definição de Unidades de Conservação. Bol. Soc. Bras. Ictiol. 88:7-8. http://www.sbi.bio.br/boletins/BOLETIM88.pdf (último acesso em 23/09/2012).
» http://www.sbi.bio.br/boletins/BOLETIM88.pdf - SMITH, W.S. 1999. Pesque-pague: Uma ameaça à ictiofauna nativa? PUC-SP Ciências Biológicas Ambientais, São Paulo, v.1, n.3, p.313-319.
- SMITH, W.S. 2003. Os peixes do rio Sorocaba: a história de uma bacia hidrográfica. Editora TCM, Sorocaba, 163p.
- SMITH, W.S. & MARCIANO, F.T. 2000. A ictiofauna da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema – Iperó, São Paulo, como base para ações de manejo, conservação e educação ambiental. In II Congresso Brasileiro de Unidades de Conservação. Campo Grande, p.409-417.
- SMITH, W.S. & REGALADO, L.B. 2008. Floresta Nacional de Ipanema. Ciênc. Hoje 43(255):70-73.
- SMITH, W.S., PETRERE JUNIOR, M. & BARRELLA, W. 2007. Fish, Sorocaba river sub-basin, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Check List 3(3):282-286.
- SMITH, W.S., PETRERE JUNIOR, M. & BARRELLA, W. 2009. The fish community of the Sorocaba River Basin in different habitats (State of São Paulo, Brazil). Braz. J. Biol. 69(4):1015-1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000500005
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000500005
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Apr-Jun 2013
History
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Received
5 Oct 2012 -
Reviewed
7 Mar 2013 -
Accepted
6 May 2013