Table 2
Characteristics of seven localities with which the Ipanema National Forest was compared. Boraceia Biological Station (BBS), Barreiro Rico Farm (BRF), Carlos Botelho State Park (CBSP), Caetetus Ecological Station (CES), Intervales State Park (ISP), Lençóis Paulista (LP), Serra do Mar State Park (SMSP). Evidences are museum specimens (S), photographs (P) and sound recordings (R).
Table 3
List of bird species (indicating those we consider forest dwellers) recorded within the Ipanema National Forest, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Sources: 1 (Pelzeln 1868PELZELN, A. 1868. Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens. Resultate von Johann Natterers Reisen in den Jahren 1817 bis 1835. Druck Verlag A Pichler's Witwe & Sohn, Wien.), 2 (Reinhardt 1870REINHARDT, J. 1870. Bidrag til Kundskab om Fuglefaunaen i Brasilien campos. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening I Köbenhavn 1–7:1–124.), 3 (Hellmayr 1906HELLMAYR, C.E. 1906. Revision der Spix’schen typen brasilianischer vögel. Abh. Mat.-Phys. K., K. Bayer Akad. Wiss. 22:561–726.), 4 (Stresemann 1948STRESEMANN, E. 1948. Der Naturfoscher Friedrich Sellow (1831) und sein Beitrag zur Kenntnis Brasiliens. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat. Ontog. Tiere 77(6):401–425.), 5 (Krabbe 2007KRABBE, N. 2007. Birds collected by P. W. Lund and J. T. Reinhardt in south-eastern Brazil between 1825 and 1855, with notes on P. w. Lund’s travels in Rio de Janeiro. Rev. Bras. Ornitol. 15(3):331–357.), 6 (Silva & Regalado 1998SILVA, C. & REGALADO, L.B. 1998. Nidificação em cavidade rochosa por urubu-rei, Sarcoramphus papa (Falconiformes: Cathartidae) no Morro de Araçoiaba (Floresta Nacional de Ipanema – Iperó, São Paulo). Boletim CEO 13:4–8.), 7 (Regalado 1999REGALADO, L.B. 1999. Composição e distribuição de aves passeriformes em uma parcela de mata do Morro de Araçoiaba (Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, Iperó/SP) utilizando um sistema de informação geográfica. Dissertação de Mestrado, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, São Carlos.), 8 (Willis & Oniki 2003WILLIS, E.O. & ONIKI, Y. 2003. Aves do Estado de São Paulo. Divisa, Rio Claro.), 9 (Silva 2010SILVA, C. 2010. Alterações na comunidade de aves do Morro de Araçoiaba (Floresta Nacional de Ipanema – FLONA, Iperó, SP). Rev. Conhecimento Online 2(2):1–36.), 10 (present authors), WA (Wiki Aves), XC (Xeno-canto). Atlantic Forest (AF) and Cerrado (CE) endemic species are according to Parker et al. (1996)PARKER, T.A, STOTZ, D.F.& FITZPATRICK, J.W. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases. In: Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation (D.F. Stotz, J.W. Fitzpatrick, T.A. Parker & D.K. Moskovits, eds). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 118–436. and Silva & Bates (2002)SILVA, J.M.C. & BATES, J.M. 2002. Biogeographic patterns and conservation in the South American Cerrado: a tropical savanna hotspot. BioScience 52(3):225–233., respectively. Evidences acquired in this study are aural (A) or visual (V) undocumented records, or photographed (P), audio-recorded (R) or mist-netted (MN). Skins collected during the nineteenth century (sources 1-5) represent museum vouchers. A question mark denotes a probable misidentification or typographic error (see Lopes et al. 2017LOPES, L.E., VASCONCELOS, M.F., GONZAGA, L.P. 2017. A cryptic new species of hummingbird of the Campylopterus largipennis complex (Aves: Trochilidae). Zootaxa 4268(1):1–33.). Threat status: Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU). IUCN = globally threatened taxa; BR = taxa threatened in Brazil; SP = taxa threatened is São Paulo. Invader species are indicated as inv on the recent records column.
Table 4
Jaccard Dissimilarity Indices comparing bird species richness between eight protected forests in São Paulo, southern Brazil. INF 1 refers to historical species richness, whereas INF 2 refers to recent species richness. Ipanema National Forest (INF), Intervales State Park (ISP), Carlos Botelho State Park (CBSP), Caetetus Ecological Station (CES), Lençóis Paulista (LP), Serra do Mar State Park (SMSP), Boraceia Biological Station (BBS), Barreiro Rico Farm (BRF).