Bia
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/bia.html
Figure 1A
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h present in both sexes, usually 4 oceli, that below M1 being the largest; females may also show c, d and f
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h, i, j present in both sexes, females may also show f; 3-4 oceli, that below Cu1 elongated and near wing edge and tail |
on the VFW of females between i and j; on the VHW of both sexes between i and j
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striated; widespread on both the VFW and VHW |
females may have more sparse VFW ripple pattern thus showing more yellow color and visible pattern elements than males |
Narope and Aponaropehttp://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/narope.html
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/aponarope.html
Figure 1B and D |
b to i may be present in both sexes, depending on the species; 4-7 small oceli; pattern elements usually highly fragmented or blurred, but better defined in N. denticulatus and N. anartes (not illustrated) |
c to i may be present in both sexes; typically 7 small oceli; pattern elements usually highly fragmented or blurred, but better defined in N. denticulatus and N. anartes (not illustrated) |
visible on both wings when present; variable: delicate (Figure 1B), or well-developed (Figure 1D); considering the group as a whole, most conspicuous in N. nesope and N. denticulatus (not illustrated) |
granulated, sparse; widespread on both the VFW and VHW |
pattern elements simpler and less developed in females than in males |
Brassolis
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/brassolis.html
Figure 1C
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c, d, f, h, i and j present in both sexes; the absence of i and j is a diagnostic character for B. haenschi (not illustrated); 4 oceli, that below M1 being the largest |
c and h present in both sexes; 3 oceli, anterior and posterior slightly exceeding cell width |
on VFW of both sexes, distal to d and f
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minute, regular dots; widespread on both the VFW and VHW |
pattern similar between the sexes |
Dynastorhttp://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/dynastor.htmlFigure 1E and F |
c, d and f vestigial or absent; h present in both sexes; 4-5 oceli with the three anterior near the wing margin and the posterior more proximally placed, the oceli can be small (D. darius) or large (D. macrosiris) |
h present in both sexes; usually 3 oceli, 5 in D. macrosiris stryx
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on the VFW distal to f, and in D. m. macrosiris and D. m. stryx these are also found distal to h
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granulated or striated; widespread on both the VFW and VHW |
pattern similar between the sexes; species broadly different from each other ventrally due to the appearance of the ripple pattern and oceli size |
Dasyophthalma
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/dasyophthalma.html
Figure 2A
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d and f vestigial or absent; h visible in both sexes, 1 or 2 well developed oceli (below R5 and below M1); i vestigial, blurry, more conspicuous in females (D. rusina, Figure 2A, and D. geraensis, not illustrated) or absent (D. creusa and D. vertebralis, not illustrated) |
h present in both sexes as 2 or 3 well developed oceli, that below M1 is well developed in D. creusa and D. vertebralis (not illustrated); i vestigial, blurry, or absent |
on the VFW distal to f and proximal to i; on the VHW proximal to i, but vestigial in D. creusa (not illustrated) |
striated; widespread on both the VFW and VHW |
pattern similar between the sexes |
Opopterahttp://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/opoptera.htmlFigure 2B and D |
b to i present in both sexes; 4 oceli, that below M1 being the largest; j present or absent |
c, d, f, h, i and sometimes j present in both sexes; usually 4 oceli, with those below M1 and M2 being rudimentary |
on the VFW, present between b and c, c and d, sometimes within d, distal to f, proximal to i, and sometimes distal to i; on the VHW, distal to d, proximal to i, distal to i and j
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striated; limited between f and h on the VFW |
pattern similar between the sexes; female paler than male |
Caligopsis
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/caligopsis.html
Figure 2C
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b to j present in both sexes, c and d composed of multiple twisted lines inside the discal cell; 5 oceli, those below M1 and M2 being the largest |
d, e, f, h, i and j present in both sexes; i and j located far from the wing margin; 3 oceli, with the 2 posterior ones being interconnected; f is adjacent to the anterior and posterior oceli |
on the VFW proximal to d, between d and f, distal to i, distal to j; on the VHW proximal to d, between h and i, distal to i
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striated; limited between f and h on the VFW; the region between the anterior and posterior VHW oceli lacks ripple pattern and, as a result, d is visible inside the discal cell |
pattern similar between the sexes; female paler than male |
Eryphanishttp://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/eryphanis.htmlFigure 2E and F |
b to j present in both sexes, c and d composed of multiple twisted lines inside the discal cell; g absent or present; 5 oceli, well-developed or rudimentary |
d, e, f, h, i and j present in both sexes; i and j located far from the wing margin; 3 oceli, with the 2 posterior ones being interconnected (the small ocelus below M3 may be absent); f is adjacent to the anterior and posterior oceli |
on the VFW proximal to d, between d and f, distal to i and distal to j in some species; on the VHW proximal to d, between h and i, distal to i and j in some species |
striated; limited between f and h on the VFW; the region between the anterior and posterior VHW oceli lacks ripple pattern and, as a result, d is visible inside the discal cell |
pattern similar between the sexes; females paler than males; pattern elements thinner in the automedon-group and wider in the zolvizora-group |
Caligohttp://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/caligo.htmlFigure 3A, B and C |
b to j present in both sexes, c and d usually composed of multiple twisted lines inside the discal cell, but sometimes vestigial (Figure 3A); g absent or vestigial; 4 oceli, 1-3 well-developed, but element h may be expressed across the entire wing (e.g., Figure 3C) |
d, e, f, h, i and j present in both sexes; i and j located far from the wing margin; 2-3 oceli, small ocelus below M1 sometimes vestigial (Figure 3B) or absent; f may be visible adjacent to the anterior and posterior oceli in some species |
sometimes absent or faded (Figure 3A); on the VFW, may be visible distal to c, distal to f, distal to i; on the VHW, proximal to d, distal to i and j
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striated; on the VFW, variable from widespread (Figure 3A) to localized between f and h (Figure 3B) to nearly absent (Figure 3C); on the VHW, variable from tight striations that are widespread (Figure 3A, B) to loose striations absent from the submedial area (Figure 3C) |
pattern similar between the sexes; females paler than males |
Selenophanes
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/selenophanes.html
Figure 3D
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b to j present in both sexes, c and d composed of multiple twisted lines inside the discal cell; g absent or vestigial; 4-6 oceli, that below M1 being the largest and most complex |
d, h, i and j present in both sexes; anterior ocelus round (S. josephus, not illustrated) or sickle-shaped (Figure 3D); 2-6 oceli, anterior and posterior well-developed |
on the VFW trailing colors interspersed with c and d, and a subtle shade distal to f
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striated-granular, present on the distal half of the VFW and throughout the VHW |
female colors similar to male but VHW h series may be more visible |
Penetes
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/penetes.html
Figure 3E
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pattern elements extremely reduced in both sexes; f, g and h diffuse, barely noticeable |
pattern elements extremely reduced in both sexes; h diffuse and barely visible |
on the VFW, distal to f (weak) |
absent |
pattern similar between the sexes; females paler than males |
Catoblepiahttp://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/opsiphanes.htmlFigs 3F, 4A and B |
quite variable among species; b to j present in both sexes of some species, but e, f and g vestigial or absent in others; c and d may be simple or intricate inside the discal cell; 4 oceli, that below M1 being the largest |
in both sexes c, d, f, h, i, and j present and f may be vestigial (Figure 3F); 2-6 oceli, depending on the species (compare Figure 4A and B); pattern elements quite variable among species |
quite variable among species; on the VFW of C. xanthus (Figure 3F) trailing colors are subdued distal to f and proximal to i, and are diffuse on the VHW; in C. orgetorix (Figure 4A) they are prominent on the VFW between b and c, c and d, distal to f, and proximal to i and are diffuse on the VHW |
striated to granular, variable in contrast from faded to bold; present on the VFW discal cell and space between f and h, and throughout the VHW |
pattern similar between the sexes; females may be paler than males |
Mielkella
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/mielkella.html
Figure 4C
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b to j present in both sexes; 4 oceli, that below M1 being the largest |
b, c, d, e, f, h, i, j present in both sexes; i and j fragmented; 2-3 oceli, the anterior being the largest, and that below M2 may be vestigial or absent |
on the VFW, visible between c and d, distal to f and proximal to i; poorly developed on the VHW |
striated; limited to a narrow stripe between f and h on the VFW, present throughout the VHW except for a localized region near the wing base |
pattern similar between the sexes; females paler than males |
Orobrassolis
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/orobrassolis.html
Figure 4D
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b, c, d, e, f, h, i present in both sexes; 3-4 oceli, that below M1 being the largest |
b, c, d, e, f, h, i present in both sexes, but f barely noticeable and i fragmented; 2 oceli, the anterior being the largest |
on the VFW, visible between b and c, c and d, distal to f; and distal to i; on the VHW, visible between b and c, and c and d
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striated; limited to a narrow stripe between f and h on the VFW, present throughout the VHW |
pattern similar between the sexes; females may be slightly paler than males |
Blepolenis
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/blepolenis.html
Figure 4E
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b to j present in both sexes; h particularly well developed across the entire wing, forming a dark band that is unique to Blepolenis among all brassoline genera; 4-5 oceli, that below M1 being the largest |
c, d, e, f, h, i, j present in both sexes; j fragmented; 2 oceli of approximately the same size |
on the VFW, visible between b and c, c and d, and distal to f; on the VHW, visible between b and c, distal to f, proximal and distal to i
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striated; limited to a triangle between g and h on the VFW, present throughout the VHW |
pattern similar between the sexes; females paler than males |
Opsiphanes
http://fs.uno.edu/cpenz/opsiphanes.html
Figure 4F
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b to j visible in both sexes; 3-4 oceli, that below M1 being the largest |
b, c, d, e, f, h, i, j present in both sexes, but f and e vestigial or absent, and i and j fragmented; 2 oceli, the anterior usually larger |
variable among species from being nearly absent (O. cassiae, not illustrated) to quite conspicuous (e.g., O. cassina, not illustrated); on the VFW, visible distal to f below M3 or Cu1, and may also be present distal to d (Figure 4F); usually absent or very faint on the VHW (except for O. blythekitzmillerae, not illustrated) |
striated; between f and h on the VFW, present throughout the VHW, but sometimes absent from the VHW base |
pattern similar between the sexes; females paler than males |