Avaliação da mirmecofauna subterrânea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em paisagens nativas e modificadas na região subtropical do Neotrópico

Martins, Mila Ferraz de Oliveira; Thomazini, Marcílio José; Baretta, Dilmar; Brown, George Gardner; Rosa, Marcio Gonçalves da; Zagatto, Mauricio Rumenos Guidetti; Santos, Alessandra; Nadolny, Herlon Sérgio; Cardoso, Guilherme Borges Xarão; Niva, Cintia Carla; Bartz, Marie Luise Carolina; Feitosa, Rodrigo Machado

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Article • Biota Neotrop. 20 (1) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2019-0782 copiar

Avaliação da mirmecofauna subterrânea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em paisagens nativas e modificadas na região subtropical do Neotrópico

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo:

Vários estudos têm caracterizado e delimitado assembleias de formigas subterrâneas. A extração de solo, um dos métodos utilizados para amostragem dessa fala, implica na remoção de monólitos. Um dos métodos mais utilizados na extração de monólitos é chamado TSBF (desenvolvido pelo Programa Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility). Esse método fornece dados extremamente relevantes sobre as espécies associadas ao solo. No presente estudo, nós caracterizamos as assembleias de formigas subterrâneas usando o método TSBF em diferentes áreas subtropicais do Neotrópico. Utilizamos dois delineamentos amostrais distintos. O primeiro delineamento resultou em 315 amostras de TSBF obtidas a partir da estratificação do solo. O segundo resultou em 270 amostras de TSBF mais 270 provenientes de armadilhas pitfall epigeicas. Esse material foi utilizado para delimitar espécies que ocorrem exclusivamente no estrato subterrâneo (TSBF) e não são encontradas na superfície do solo. Registramos um total de 281 espécies. Destas, 57 podem ser consideradas subterrâneas (baseado na ocorrência no respectivo estrato). Também verificamos que a maior ocorrência de formigas se deu nos primeiros 10 cm de profundidade. Devido à importância do uso de métodos que coletem eficientemente formigas subterrâneas, sugerimos o uso do método TSBF em estudos de estratificação de comunidades ou sua associação a armadilhas do tipo pitfall epigeica para delimitar assembleias estritamente subterrâneas.

Palavras-chave:
Solo; hipogeicas; Brasil; monólitos; pitfall

Species	Paraná		Santa Catarina
	Campos Gerais		West		Plateau
	PG	SMO	CHP	XAN	LGS	OTC	CBS
Amblyoponinae
Fulakora armigera (Mayr, 1887)♦						X
Fulakora elongata (Santschi, 1912)♦^I	X	X			X	X	X
Dolichoderinae
Dorymyrmex brunneus Forel, 1908	X	X		X
Dorymyrmex sp. 1♣			X				X
Dorymyrmex sp. 2♣							X
Linepithema gallardoi (Brèthes, 1914)♣		X					X
Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868)♣	X					X
Linepithema iniquum (Mayr, 1870)		X				X
Linepithema leucomelas (Emery, 1894)♣					X
Linepithema micans (Forel, 1908)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Linepithema pulex Wild, 2007^I	X
Dorylinae
Labidus coecus (Latreille, 1802)		X				X
Labidus praedator (Smith, 1858)♣						X	X
Neivamyrmex sp. 1♦^II	X	X	X
Neocerapachys splendens (Borgmeier, 1957)♦	X					X
Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr, 1866♦		X
Ectatomminae
Ectatomma edentatum Roger, 1863♣			X		X
Ectatomma permagnum Forel, 1908^I	X
Gnamptogenys rastrata (Mayr, 1866)♣					X
Gnamptogenys regularis Mayr, 1870	X
Gnamptogenys nr. striatula	X		X	X	X		X
Gnamptogenys sp. n. A♦						X
Gnamptogenys striatula Mayr, 1884^I	X		X	X	X	X	X
Gnamptogenys sulcata (Smith, 1858)♣					X
Typhlomyrmex major Santschi, 1923♦	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Typhlomyrmex pusillus Emery, 1894^I	X		X		X	X	X
Formicinae
Acropyga decedens (Mayr, 1887)♦					X
Acropyga goeldii Forel, 1893	X			X	X	X
Brachymyrmex coactus Mayr, 1887^I	X
Brachymyrmex pilipes Mayr, 1887♣	X		X
Brachymyrmex pilipes gr. sp. 1♦		X
Brachymyrmex sp. 1	X	X	X	X	X	X
Brachymyrmex sp. 2	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Brachymyrmex sp. 3	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Brachymyrmex sp. 4	X
Brachymyrmex sp. 5	X	X	X	X		X
Brachymyrmex sp. 6	X	X		X		X
Brachymyrmex sp. 7	X		X	X	X	X	X
Brachymyrmex sp. 8♣					X
Brachymyrmex sp. 9		X				X
Brachymyrmex sp. 10♣		X		X		X
Camponotus balzani Emery, 1894					X	X	X
Camponotus blandus (Smith, 1858)					X	X	X
Camponotus brasiliensis Mayr, 1862^I	X
Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862	X	X	X			X	X
Camponotus melanoticus Emery, 1894♣^I	X	X	X		X		X
Camponotus novogranadensis Mayr, 1870	X		X	X
Camponotus nr. cingulatus♣					X		X
Camponotus punctulatus Mayr, 1868					X	X	X
Camponotus renggeri Emery, 1894^II	X		X	X			X
Camponotus rufipes (Fabricius, 1775)		X	X	X		X	X
Camponotus sexguttatus (Fabricius, 1793)^II	X
Camponotus zenon Forel, 1912♣			X	X			X
Camponotus sp. 1^I	X
Camponotus sp. 2	X
Camponotus sp. 4♣							X
Camponotus sp. 5♣							X
Camponotus sp. 6♣				X
Myrmelachista catharinae Mayr, 1887♣				X
Myrmelachista nodigera Mayr, 1887♣						X
Myrmelachista gallicola Mayr, 1887^I	X
Nylanderia fulva (Mayr, 1862)^I	X	X	X	X
Nylanderia sp. 1	X	X	X	X		X
Nylanderia sp. 2			X	X	X
Nylanderia sp. 3♦		X
Heteroponerinae
Heteroponera dentinodis (Mayr, 1887)					X	X	X
Heteroponera mayri Kempf, 1962		X		X			X
Heteroponera microps Borgmeier, 1957♣		X
Myrmicinae
Acanthognathus ocellatus Mayr, 1887♦			X
Acromyrmex aspersus (Smith, 1858)♣			X
Acromyrmex crassispinus (Forel, 1909)^I	X	X	X	X	X		X
Acromyrmex landolti (Forel, 1885)♣					X
Acromyrmex lundii (Guérin-Méneville, 1838)♣					X		X
Acromyrmex subterraneus (Forel, 1893)♣			X	X			X
Apterostigma sp. 1			X
Apterostigma sp. 2♣			X	X
Atta sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758)		X	X	X	X	X
Carebara sp. 1♦			X
Carebara sp. 2♣						X	X
Carebara brasiliana Fernández, 2004♣			X
Crematogaster ampla Forel, 1912♣						X	X
Crematogaster bruchi Forel, 1912	X		X
Crematogaster corticicola Mayr, 1887♣	X			X
Crematogaster quadriformis Roger, 1863			X		X
Crematogaster sp. 1				X
Crematogaster sp. 2					X		X
Cyphomyrmex rimosus (Spinola, 1851)		X	X		X	X	X
Cyphomyrmex sp. 1	X
Cyphomyrmex sp. 2		X	X			X	X
Cyphomyrmex sp. 3♣						X
Hylomyrma balzani (Emery, 1894)		X	X		X	X	X
Hylomyrma reitteri (Mayr, 1887)^I	X	X	X
Megalomyrmex pusillus Forel, 1912							X
Mycetophylax asper (Mayr, 1887)♣				X
Mycetophylax lectus (Forel, 1911)		X	X	X			X
Mycetophylax olitor Forel, 1893		X					X
Mycetophylax plaumanni Kempf, 1962		X		X
Mycocepurus goeldii (Forel, 1893)	X		X	X
Mycocepurus smithii (Forel, 1893)		X	X
Ochetomyrmex semipolitus Mayr, 1878♣					X
Octostruma rugifera (Mayr, 1887)			X		X	X	X
Octostruma stenognatha (Brown & Kempf, 1960)♣		X				X	X
Oxyepoecus plaumanni Kempf, 1974^I	X
Oxyepoecus reticulatus Kempf, 1974	X	X	X		X	X
Oxyepoecus rosai Albuquerque & Brandão, 2009		X	X			X
Pheidole aberrans Mayr, 1868	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Pheidole acutidens (Santschi, 1922)♣						X
Pheidole breviseta Santschi, 1919		X	X	X	X	X	X
Pheidole cavifrons Emery, 1906	X				X	X	X
Pheidole fallax gr. sp. 1⁰	X
Pheidole gertrudae Forel, 1886⁰	X	X	X	X
Pheidole heyeri Forel, 1899		X	X	X	X	X	X
Pheidole oxyops Forel, 1908	x
Pheidole nr. rosula					X	X	X
Pheidole radoszkowskii Mayr, 1884^I	X
Pheidole rosae Forel, 1901	X
Pheidole subarmata Mayr, 1884	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Pheidole transversostriata Mayr, 1887		X
Pheidole triconstricta Forel, 1886		X	X	X
Pheidole vafra Santschi, 1923	X
Pheidole sp. n. A	X
Pheidole sp. n. I^I	X
Pheidole sp. n. N^I	X
Pheidole sp. 1	X
Pheidole sp. 2♦^I	X		X
Pheidole sp. 3^I	X
Pheidole sp. 4	X
Pheidole sp. 5^I	X
Pheidole sp. 6	X
Pheidole sp. 7	X
Pheidole sp. 8	X
Pheidole sp. 9	X
Pheidole sp. 10	X
Pheidole sp. 11		X			X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 12		X					X
Pheidole sp. 13					X	X
Pheidole sp. 14♣		X			X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 15♣		X	X		X		X
Pheidole sp. 16♣		X	X	X		X	X
Pheidole sp. 17♣		X		X	X
Pheidole sp. 18					X	X
Pheidole sp. 19		X	X	X	X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 20			X	X	X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 21		X			X	X
Pheidole sp. 22♦						X
Pheidole sp. 23♣					X
Pheidole sp. 24♣		X		X		X
Pheidole sp. 25♣		X
Pheidole sp. 26		X	X		X		X
Pheidole sp. 27		X
Pheidole sp. 28♣				X
Pheidole sp. 29♣		X	X			X	X
Pheidole sp. 30			X	X	X		X
Pheidole sp. 31		X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 32♦					X
Pheidole sp. 33				X		X
Pheidole sp. 34			X		X	X
Pheidole sp. 35♣					X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 36♣			X
Pheidole sp. 37♣				X	X		X
Pheidole sp. 38♣			X	X
Pheidole sp. 39♣		X
Pheidole sp. 40♣		X	X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 41			X	X	X		X
Pheidole sp. 42♣		X	X
Pheidole sp. 43♣					X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 44♣		X	X
Pheidole sp. 45♣		X	X	X	X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 46♣			X	X	X		X
Pheidole sp. 47♣		X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 48♣			X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 49♣		X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 50			X			X
Pheidole sp. 51			X			X
Pheidole sp. 52						X	X
Pheidole sp. 53♣				X
Pheidole sp. 54♣		X
Pheidole sp. 55♣		X	X
Pheidole sp. 56♣				X		X	X
Pheidole sp. 57					X		X
Pheidole sp. 58♦					X
Pheidole sp. 59♣					X
Pheidole sp. 60♣					X
Pheidole sp. 61					X	X
Pheidole sp. 62		X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 63♣				X
Pheidole sp. 64♣				X
Pheidole sp. 65♣				X
Pheidole sp. 66♣							X
Pheidole sp. 67♣		X
Pheidole sp. 68				X	X		X
Pheidole sp. 69♦						X
Pheidole sp. 70♣					X
Pheidole sp. 71♣		X
Pheidole sp. 72♣					X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 73♣					X		X
Pheidole sp. 74♣						X
Pheidole sp. 75♣					X		X
Pheidole sp. 76♣				X		X	X
Pheidole sp. 77♣				X	X	X
Pheidole sp. 78♣							X
Pheidole sp. 79♣				X
Pheidole sp. 80♣		X
Pogonomyrmex naegelli Emery, 1878	X		X		X	X
Rogeria bruchi Santschi, 1922♦					X
Solenopsis gr. geminata sp. 1^I	X
Solenopsis gr. geminata sp. 2		X	X	X	X	X	X
Solenopsis gr. geminata sp. 3♣			X	X
Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Solenopsis sp. 1♣	X	X		X
Solenopsis sp. 2	X	X				X
Solenopsis sp. 3^I	X			X		X	X
Solenopsis sp. 4	X
Solenopsis sp. 5	X
Solenopsis sp. 6^II	X
Solenopsis sp. 7♣	X					X
Solenopsis sp. 8^I	X
Solenopsis sp. 9	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Solenopsis sp. 10		X	X	X	X	X	X
Solenopsis sp. 11			X	X	X		X
Solenopsis sp. 12		X	X	X	X	X	X
Solenopsis sp. 13		X	X	X	X	X	X
Solenopsis sp. 14♣		X	X		X	X
Solenopsis sp. 15		X	X	X	X	X	X
Solenopsis sp. 16		X					X
Solenopsis sp. 17					X	X
Solenopsis sp. 18♦				X
Strumigenys appretiata (Borgmeier, 1954)					X		X
Strumigenys denticulata Mayr, 1887♦			X
Strumigenys eggersi Emery, 1890		X	X
Strumigenys louisianae Roger, 1863^I	X
Strumigenys oglobini Santschi, 1936♣		X
Strumigenys nr. epinotalis^I	X
Strumigenys nr. louisianae sp. 1♣					X
Strumigenys nr. louisianae sp. 2			X	X	X	X
Strumigenys nr. louisianae sp. 3♣					X
Mycetomoellerius holmgreni Wheeler, 1925					X	X	X
Mycetomoellerius sp. 1					X	X	X
Mycetomoellerius sp. 2♣					X
Tranopelta gilva Mayr, 1866	X				X
Wasmannia affinis Santschi, 1929	X	X	X		X	X
Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863)		X	X	X	X	X	X
Wasmannia sulcaticeps Emery, 1894		X	X		X	X
Ponerinae
Centromyrmex brachycola (Roger, 1861)	X
Hypoponera foreli (Mayr, 1887)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Hypoponera opaciceps (Mayr, 1887)		X	X	X	X	X	X
Hypoponera sp. 1	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Hypoponera sp. 2	X	X	X	X			X
Hypoponera sp. 3	X
Hypoponera sp. 4	X
Hypoponera sp. 5♦	X		X		X	X
Hypoponera sp. 6 I	X	X		X	X	X	X
Hypoponera sp. 7	X
Hypoponera sp. 8	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Hypoponera sp. 9⁰	X
Hypoponera sp. 10^I	X				X	X	X
Hypoponera sp. 11	X		X	X	X	X	X
Hypoponera sp. 12^II	X
Hypoponera sp. 13		X			X	X	X
Hypoponera sp. 14			X			X
Hypoponera sp. 15						X	X
Hypoponera sp. 16♦		X	X		X	X	X
Hypoponera sp. 17♦			X	X
Hypoponera sp. 18♦					X
Hypoponera sp. 19♦						X
Hypoponera sp. 21♦						X
Hypoponera sp. 22♦				X
Hypoponera sp. 23♦	X	X
Neoponera bucki (Borgmeier, 1927)♣					X		X
Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille, 1802)		X	X	X
Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius, 1804)		X	X	X			X
Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858		X	X	X	X	X	X
Rasopone ferruginea (Smith, 1858)♦				X
Simopelta curvata (Mayr, 1887)♦		X	X
Proceratiinae
Discothyrea sexarticulata Borgmeier, 1954⁰	X
Proceratium brasiliense Borgmeier, 1959♦						X
Pseudomyrmecinae
Pseudomyrmex flavidulus (Smith, 1858)♦	X	X
Pseudomyrmex gracilis (Fabricius, 1804)^I	X
Pseudomyrmex longus (Forel, 1912)^I	X
Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877)♦			X
Pseudomyrmex sp. 1	X		X
Pseudomyrmex sp. 2♣							X
Total number of species	101	103	108	94	111	109	101

Methods	Sobs	Jack1	Boot	Exclusive
Pitfall	202	260	227	89
TSBF	149	213	176	36
Total	238	294	323	-

Strata	Sobs	Jack1	Boot	Exclusive
0	44	66	54	4
I	88	125	106	30
II	53	77	64	5
Total	101	129	114	-

Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP Departamento de Biologia Vegetal - Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP CP 6109, 13083-970 - Campinas/SP, Tel.: (+55 19) 3521-6166, Fax: (+55 19) 3521-6168 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: contato@biotaneotropica.org.br

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[1] *Corresponding author: Mila Ferraz de Oliveira Martins, e-mail: milafomartins@gmail.com