Ansari et al., 202077. Ansari R, Gheitani M, Heidari F, Heidari F. Oral cavity lesions as a manifestation of the novel virus (COVID-19): a letter-to-editor. Oral Dis. 2020;odi.13465. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13465 https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13465...
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Case 1 (Iran) |
F, 56 ys (DM) |
Several painful irregular ulcers varying in size, on a red background of the whole hard palate |
Aphthous ulcer |
Histopathology: diffuse edema with mucosal desquamation, along with granulation and ulceration with invasion of mono-nuclear cells. |
Topical of: diphen-hydramine, dexamethasone, tetracycline, and lidocaine (after one week) |
Symptoms: fever, shortness of breath |
Onset: After day 5 |
Serology: negative for herpes antibodies |
|
Treatment: remdesivir, azithromycin, and supportive treatment |
Case 2 (iran) |
M, 75 ys (Hypertension) |
Several small painful ulcers, with irregular margins on red back-ground on the anterior tongue |
Aphthous ulcer |
Histopathology: identical to the first case. |
Diphenhydramine, dexamethasone, tetracycline, lidocaine (after one week) |
Symptoms: hypoxia |
Onset: After one week |
Serology: negative for herpes antibodies |
|
Treatment: azithromycin and supportive treatment |
Chaux-Bodard et al., 20201212. Chaux-Bodard AG, Deneuve S, Desoutter A. Oral manifestation of covid-19 as an inaugural symptom? J Oral Med Oral Surg. 2020;26(2):18. https://doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2020011 https://doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2020011...
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Case 1 (Frace) |
F, 45 ys (Healthy) |
Irregular, nonpainful ulcer on the dorsum of the tongue |
NM |
None |
NM (after 10 days) |
Symptoms: mild asthenia |
Onset: First sign |
|
Treatment: NM |
Martín Carreras-Presas et al., 202088. Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF, Jané-Salas E, Somacarrera Pérez ML. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis. 2020 May;odi.13382. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13382 https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13382...
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Case 1 (Spain) |
F, 65 ys (Hypertension) |
Blisters on the labial mucosa and desquamative gingivitis |
Viral enanthema |
None |
Hyaluronic acid and CHX MW, |
Symptoms: fever, diarrhea |
Onset: After 31 days |
Prednisolone 30 mg tab (within 3 days) |
Treatment: lopinavir 200 mg, ritonavir 50 mg, hydroxychloroquine 200 mg |
Putra et al., 202099. Putra BE, Adiarto S, Dewayanti SR, Juzar DA. Viral exanthem with “spins and needles sensation” on extremities of a covid-19 patient: a self-reported case from an indonesian medical frontliner. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;96:355-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.0...
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Case 1 (Indonesia) |
M; 29 ys (Healthy) |
Intraoral ulcer along with skin lesions |
Hand-foot-mouth disease, |
None |
Typical oral hygiene care |
Symptoms: fever, myalgia, sore throat and dry cough, skin lesions |
Onset: After day 7 |
Aphthous stomatitis, |
(resolved on day ten) |
Treatment: paracetamol 500 mg, azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine, oseltamivir, vitamins |
Cebeci Kahraman et al., 20201111. Cebeci Kahraman F, Çaşkurlu H. Mucosal involvement in a COVID-19-positive patient: a case report. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Jun;e13797. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13797 https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13797...
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Case 1 (Turkey) |
M, 51 ys (Healthy) |
Large erythematous surface in the oropharynx, and 1-3 mm size petechiae on the hard and soft palate |
Viral enanthema |
None |
Clarithromycin 500 mg |
Symptoms: sore throat, fever, fatigue, dry cough, ageusia, anosmia, and skin rash |
Onset: After 10 days |
(after few days of antibiotic therapy) |
Treatment: clarithromycin 500 mg |
Santos et al., 20201818. Santos JAD, Normando AGC, Silva R, Paula RM, Cembranel AC, Santos-Silva AR, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in a covid-19 patient: new signs or secondary manifestations? Int J Infect Dis. 2020 June 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.0...
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Case 1 (Brazil) |
M, 67 ys (Hypertension, CKD) |
White plaque, multiple pinpoint yellowish ulcers on the dorsum of tongue |
RHU, Candidiasis, Geographic tongue |
Tongue scrape culture |
IV fluconazole, oral nystatin, CHX MW, and 1% H2O2 |
Symptoms: fever, dyspnea, diarrhea, hypogeusia |
Onset: After 24 days |
|
(after 2 weeks) |
Treatment: hydroxychloroquine ceftriaxone sodium 2 g, azithromycin 500 mg, sulfamethoxazale |
Jimenez-Cauhe et al., 20201414. Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, Carretero-Barrio I, Suarez-Valle A, Saceda-Corralo D, Moreno-Garcia Del Real C, et al. Erythema multiforme-like eruption in patients with COVID-19 infection: clinical and histological findings. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2020 May;45(7):892-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.14281 https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.14281...
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Case 1 (Spain) |
F, 63 ys (NM) |
Palatal macules and petechiae on the hard palate along with skin rash |
EM |
Histopathology of the skin lesions. |
Systemic corticosteroids |
Symptoms: NM |
Onset: After 19 days |
(NM) |
Treatment: lopinavir, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, corticosteroids, ceftriaxone |
Case 2 (Spain) |
F, 77 ys (NM) |
Palatal macules and petechia along with skin rash |
EM |
Histopathology of the skin lesions |
Systemic corticosteroids |
Symptoms: NM |
Onset: After 16 days |
Microbial: negative for CMV, VZV, HSV, syphilis |
(NM) |
Treatment: lopinavir, hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, azithromycin |
Case 3 (Spain) |
F, 58 ys |
Palatal macules and petechia along with skin rash |
EM |
Histopathology of the skin lesions |
Systemic corticosteroids |
Symptoms: NM |
Onset: After 24 days |
(NM) |
Treatment: lopinavir, hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone |
Case 4 (Spain) |
F, 69 ys (NM) |
Palatal macules and petechiae |
EM |
Histopathology of the skin lesions. |
Systemic corticosteroids |
Symptoms: NM |
Onset: After 19 days |
Microbial: negative for CMV, VZV, HSV, syphilis |
(NM) |
Treatment: lopinavir hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin |
Sakaida et al., 20201717. Sakaida T, Tanimoto I, Matsubara A, Nakamura M, Morita A. Unique skin manifestations of COVID-19: is drug eruption specific to COVID-19? J Dermatol Sci. 2020 Jul;99(1):62-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.05.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020....
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Case 1 (Japan) |
F, 52 ys(NM) |
Erythematous lesions and erosions on lips and buccal mucosa |
NM |
Histopathology of the skin lesions. |
Prednisolone |
Symptoms: In the first 4 days, no symptoms except skin rash; on day 5, fever, cough, chills, shortness of breath |
Onset: Couple of days prior to systemic signs |
(NM) |
Soares et al., 202066. Soares CD, Carvalho RA, Carvalho KA, Carvalho mg, Almeida OP. Letter to editor: Oral lesions in a patient with covid-19. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2020 Jul 1;25 (4):e563-4. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.24044 https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.24044...
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Case 1 (Brazil) |
M, 42 ys (Hypertension, DM) |
Painful ulcer in buccal mucosa and multiple reddish macules varying in size on buccal mucosa, hard palate, tongue and lips along with skin vesiculobullous lesions |
NM |
Histopathology: severe vacuolization and occasional exocytosis of the epithelium; a diffuse chronic inflammatory infiltrate; blood vessels were obliterated with thrombi. |
NM |
Symptoms: cough, shortness of breath, high fever, and skin lesions |
Onset: NM |
HSV, CMV, EBV, and syphilis were negative |
(after 3 weeks) |
Treatment: dipyrone, dexamethasone |
Labe et al., 20201515. Labé P, Ly A, Sin C, Nasser M, Chapelon-Fromont E, Ben Saïd P, et al. Erythema multiforme and kawasaki disease associated with covid-19 infection in children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Oct;34(10)):e539-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16666 https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16666...
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Case 1 (France) |
M, 6 ys (healthy) |
Severe erosive cheilitis with diffuse gingival erosion and thick hemorrhagic crusts on the lips |
EM |
HSV and Mycoplasma pneumoniae tests were negative |
|
Symptoms: fever, anosmia, rash extremities and target lesions, and conjunctivitis |
Onset: After 2 weeks |
(after 2 weeks) |
Treatment: NM |
Lechien et al., 20201616. Lechien JR, Chetrit A, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y, Distinguin L, Circiu M, Saussez S, et al. Parotitis-like symptoms associated with covid-19, france, march-april 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;26(9):26. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.202059 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.202059...
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Case 1 (Fance) |
F, 23 ys (Healthy) |
Unilateral, ear pain and retromandibular swelling with no pus discharge. |
Acute parotitis |
MRI: |
Paracetamol 1 g |
Symptoms: Headache, sore throat, myalgia, fatigue, nasal obstruction anosmia and ageusia |
Onset: First sign of the disease in two patients; day 3 in the third. |
Intraparotid, lymphadenitis |
(10 days) |
Treatment: paracetamol 1 g |
Case 2 (Fance) |
F, 27 ys (Healthy) |
Ear pain, retromandibular edema |
Acute parotitis |
MRI: |
Paracetamol 1 g |
Symptoms: anosmia, fever, headache, malaise, and dyspnea |
Intraparotid lymphadenitis |
(3 days) |
Treatment: paracetamol 1 g |
Case 3 (Fance) |
F, 31 ys (Healthy) |
Ear pain, retromandibular edema, sticky saliva, pain during chewing |
Acute parotitis |
MRI: |
Paracetamol 1 g |
Symptoms: cough, arthralgia, fatigue, diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain |
Intraparotid lymphadenitis |
Vitamins (15 days) |
Treatment: paracetamol 1 g |
Fisher et al., 20202020. Fisher J, Monette DL, Patel KR, Kelley BP, Kennedy M. COVID-19 associated parotitis: a case report. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Jun;S0735-6757(20)30549-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.059 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.0...
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Case 1 (USA) |
F, 21 ys (Healthy) |
Left-sided facial and neck swelling associated with malocclusion and trismus |
Acute parotitis |
CT of the neck |
Amoxicillin/ |
Symptoms: fever, cough, and dyspnea, decrease in oral intake |
showed a diffuse asymmetric enlargement of the left parotid gland |
clavulanate |
Treatment: NM |
Capaccio et al., 20201010. Capaccio P, Pignataro L, Corbellino M, Popescu-Dutruit S, Torretta S. Acute parotitis: a possible precocious clinical manifestation of sars-cov-2 infection? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Jul;163(1):182-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820926992 https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820926992...
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Case 1 (Italy) |
M, 26 ys (Healthy) |
Discrete painful swelling of left parotid, with no purulent discharge |
Acute parotitis |
Ultrasonography |
NM |
Symptoms: fever, myalgia, hyposmia, and ageusia |
Onset: First sign |
CMV and paramyxovirus antibodies were negative |
(after 2-3 days) |
Treatment: NM |
Ciccarese et al., 20201313. Ciccarese G, Drago F, Boatti M, Porro A, Muzic SI, Parodi A. Oral erosions and petechiae during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2020 Jun;jmv.26221. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26221 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26221...
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Case 1 (Italy) |
F, 19 ys (Healthy) |
Erosions, ulcerations and blood crusts on the inner surface of the lips; palatal and gingival petechiae |
NM |
None |
NM |
Symptoms: fever, myalgia, hyposmia, sore throat, skin rash and petechial rash |
Onset: 5 days |
(day 10) |
Treatment: methyl-prednisolone; immune globulins |
Hedou et al., 202044. Hedou M, Carsuzaa F, Chary E, Hainaut E, Cazenave-Roblot F, Masson Regnault M. Comment on “Cutaneous manifestations in covid-19: a first perspective “ by Recalcati S. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Jul;34(7):e299-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16519 https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16519...
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Case 1 (France) |
NM |
Oral ulcer |
Herpetic-like ulcer |
None |
NM |
The patient was in the intensive care unit |
Dominguez-Santos, 20201919. Dominguez-Santas M, Diaz-Guimaraens B, Fernandez-Nieto D, Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, Suarez-Valle A. Minor aphthae associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Dermatol. 2020 Aug;59(8):1022-3. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15004 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15004...
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Case 1 (Spain) |
F, 43 ys (Healthy) |
Single oral ulcer in right buccal mucosa |
Minor aphthous ulcer |
Serology test: negative for syphilis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and Epstein-Barr virus |
NM |
Symptoms: anosmia, fever, headache, malaise, and dyspnea |
Onset: 4 days |
Case 2 (Spain) |
M, 33 ys (Healthy) |
Single aphthous ulcer in the superior mucogingival junction |
Minor aphthous ulcer |
Serology test: negative for syphilis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and Epstein-Barr virus |
NM |
Symptoms: anosmia, fever, headache, malaise, and dyspnea |
Onset: 3 days |
Case 3 (Spain) |
M, 37 ys (Healthy) |
Seven aphthae on the ventral right side of the tongue |
Minor aphthous ulcer |
Serology test: negative for syphilis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and Epstein-Barr virus |
NM |
Symptoms: anosmia, fever, headache, malaise, and dyspnea |
Onset: 5 days |
Case 3 (Spain) |
M, 19 ys (Healthy) |
Four clustered aphthae on the right side inferior labial mucosa |
Minor aphthous ulcer |
Serology test: negative for syphilis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and Epstein-Barr virus |
NM |
Symptoms: anosmia, fever, headache, malaise, and dyspnea |
Onset: At the onset of symptoms of COVID-19 |