Intra-radicular dentin treatments and retention of fiber posts with self-adhesive resin cements

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treating intraradicular dentin with irrigating solutions on the retention of glassfiber posts luted with self-adhesive resin cement. Bovine incisors were endodontically treated, and 9-mm-deep postholes were prepared. Before inserting the cement, the root canals were irrigated with various solutions: 11.5% polyacrylic acid for 30 s, 17% EDTA for 60 s, or 5% NaOCl for 60  s, respectively. Irrigation with distilled water was used in the control group. After all specimens had been rinsed with distilled water, the excess moisture was removed and the posts were luted using either BisCem (Bisco) or RelyX Unicem clicker (3M ESPE). Seven days after luting, the specimens were sectioned transversally into 1-mm-thick slices, which were submitted to push-out testing on a mechanical testing machine. Bond strength data (n = 6 per group) were analyzed by twoway ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls’ test (α = 0.05). For Unicem, EDTA showed lower bond strength than the other solutions, which had similar results. For BisCem, EDTA showed higher bond strength than the other treatments, while application of NaOCl yielded higher bond strength than polyacrylic acid whereas the control group had intermediate results. In conclusion, irrigating root canals before insertion of selfadhesive resin cements, especially EDTA, might interfere with retention of the fiber posts. Descriptors: Dental Bonding; Post and Core Technique; Resin Cement; Smear Layer. Introduction Glass-fiber posts are widely used to restore endodontically treated teeth when the remaining tooth structure cannot provide adequate support and retention for the restoration.1 The similar elastic modulus of fiber posts and dentin is considered advantageous for restoring endodontically treated teeth; the risk of root fracture is reduced, and failures, when they occur, tend not to be severe.2,3 Post debonding is one of the possible failures, caused by the complexity of bonding to root canals.4,5 Inadequate adhesion, which may result from the multiple-step procedures required for post bonding, interferes with the ability of luting materials to retain the post.4 Simplified luting agents, in such a context, are gaining increased popularity.6 Self-adhesive resin cements (SARCs) have been marketed to simpliDeclaration of Interests: The authors certify that they have no commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the manuscript. Submitted: Aug 20, 2012 Accepted for publication: Oct 26, 2012 Last revision: Oct 26, 2012 Faria-e-Silva AL, Menezes MS, Silva FP, Reis GR, Moraes RR 15 Braz Oral Res., (São Paulo) 2013 Jan-Feb;27(1):14-9 fy clinical procedures and overcome the technique sensitivity of multiple-step systems. According to manufacturers, SARCs do not require any pretreatment of the dental surfaces, their application being accomplished using a single clinical step. The main adhesive of SARCs is attributed to a chemical reaction between phosphate methacrylates and hydroxyapatite;7,8 these cements present limited infiltration into the tooth tissues.9 Previous studies, however, have reported low bond strength of SARCs to dentin due to the limited ability of these materials to properly etch tooth substrates.10,11 Thus, investigators have proposed dentin pretreatments to aid in removing the smear layer created in the coronal dentin and to improve interaction with SARCs. These studies report conflicting findings;12-14 in addition, results for coronal dentin cannot be easily extrapolated to intraradicular dentin. During endodontic treatment, mineralized tissues are shattered, producing considerable quantities of mineral debris and generating a smear layer on the root canal walls.15 The smear layer produced in the root canal is thicker and denser that that observed in coronal dentin. The presence of such a layer impairs a proper contact between the acidic methacrylates of SARCs and the underlying dentin during adhesive procedures, interfering with its bond strength to dentin. Thus, partial or total removal of the smear layer previous to insertion of the SARCs into root canals might improve post retention. A previous study has shown that post-space irrigation partially removes the smear layer and might improve the bond strength of fiber posts luted with a resin cement associated with self-etching bonding agents.16 However, it is not known whether the same effect would occur for self-adhesive resin cements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treating intraradicular dentin with irrigating solutions on the retention of fiber posts luted into root canals using SARCs. The hypothesis was that post retention would not be improved by treating the dentin surfaces before luting. Methodology The crowns of bovine incisors with mature apices and straight roots were removed to standardize a 14-mm root length. Roots having canals with larger diameters than the drill of the post kit were discarded. In total, 48 roots were used in the study. For the endodontic treatment, a step-back preparation technique was used with stainless steel K-files and Nos. 2 to 4 Gates-Glidden drills. All enlargement procedures were carried out under irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl solution. The prepared root canals were filled with gutta-percha cones and resin sealer (Sealer-26; Dentsply Caulk, Milford, USA) by the lateral condensation technique. The filled roots were stored in 100% relative humidity for 72 h so the resin sealer could set. A glass fiber-reinforced epoxy post system (White Post DC3; FGM, Joinville, Brazil) was used. Postholes were prepared with 9-mm drills available in the post kit. The post surfaces were etched by immersion in 24% H2O2 for 10 min and silanated. Four different intraradicular dentin treatments (irrigation solutions) were tested: • (1) 11.5% polyacrylic acid for 30 s, • (2) 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 60 s, • (3) 5% NaOCl for 60 s, and • (4) none (control). Nos. 2 and 3 were based on previous studies of endodontic protocols used to remove the smear layer before filling,12 while polyacrylic acid (No.1) is commonly used to remove the smear layer previous to inserting the glass ionomer. After application of the irrigating solutions, the root canals were rinsed with distilled water and excess moisture was removed with absorbent paper points. Two SARCs were tested: • RelyX Unicem clicker (3M ESPE, St Paul, USA) and • BisCem (Bisco, Schaumburg, USA). Composition of the materials is shown in Table 1. The cements were mixed for 10  s and inserted into the root canals using a Centrix syringe. The posts were inserted with light hand pressure and excess luting material was removed. Light activation was performed through the cervical portion of the root for 40  s, on both the buccal and lingual surIntra-radicular dentin treatments and retention of fiber posts with self-adhesive resin cements 16 Braz Oral Res., (São Paulo) 2013 Jan-Feb;27(1):14-9 terial). All pairwise multiple comparison procedures were carried out using Student-Newman-Keuls’ method (5% significance level). Results Results for bond strength are shown in Table 2. Values are reported independent of the apical third because no significant differences were observed between root portions for any group. The factor “dentin treatment” was not significant (P = 0.143), whereas the factor “material” (P  =  0.021) and the interaction between the two factors (P < 0.001) were both significant. For Unicem, the group treated with EDTA showed significantly lower bond strength faces, using a light-emitting diode curing unit (Radii Cal; SDI, Bayswater, Victoria, Australia) with 600mW/cm2 irradiance. After storage in distilled water at 37°C for 1 week, the roots were sectioned into six 1-mm-thick slabs (Figure 1A). The slabs were positioned on a push-out jig in a mechanical testing machine (model 4411; Instron, Canton, USA; Figure 1B). The load was applied at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until the post was dislodged. The bond strength value for each slab was calculated in MPa, and the average values of all slabs for each root were used in the statistical analysis (n = 6 per group). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (dentin treatment × maFigure 1 A: sectioning of the roots with the fiber posts luted into the canals; B: sectioned specimen positioned in the mechanical testing machine for the push-out test. Table 1 Composition of the self-adhesive resin cements tested. Material Main components* BisCem Base: bisphenol-A glycidyl dimethacrylate, uncured dimethacrylate monomer, glass filler Catalyst: phosphate acidic monomer, glass fillers Unicem Base: methacrylate monomers containing acid groups, methacrylate monomers, silanated fillers, initiator components, stabilizer Catalyst: methacrylate monomer, alkaline fillers, silanated fillers, initiator components *As provided by the manufacturers. Table 2 Means (standard deviations) for push-out bond strength, in MPa. Irrigation solution Self-adhesive resin cement


Introduction
Glass-fiber posts are widely used to restore endodontically treated teeth when the remaining tooth structure cannot provide adequate support and retention for the restoration. 1The similar elastic modulus of fiber posts and dentin is considered advantageous for restoring endodontically treated teeth; the risk of root fracture is reduced, and failures, when they occur, tend not to be severe. 2,3Post debonding is one of the possible failures, caused by the complexity of bonding to root canals. 4,5Inadequate adhesion, which may result from the multiple-step procedures required for post bonding, interferes with the ability of luting materials to retain the post. 4Simplified luting agents, in such a context, are gaining increased popularity. 6elf-adhesive resin cements (SARCs) have been marketed to simpli-Declaration of Interests: The authors certify that they have no commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the manuscript.
Braz Oral Res., (São Paulo) 2013 Jan-Feb;27(1):14-9 fy clinical procedures and overcome the technique sensitivity of multiple-step systems.According to manufacturers, SARCs do not require any pretreatment of the dental surfaces, their application being accomplished using a single clinical step.The main adhesive of SARCs is attributed to a chemical reaction between phosphate methacrylates and hydroxyapatite; 7,8 these cements present limited infiltration into the tooth tissues. 9Previous studies, however, have reported low bond strength of SARCs to dentin due to the limited ability of these materials to properly etch tooth substrates. 10,11Thus, investigators have proposed dentin pretreatments to aid in removing the smear layer created in the coronal dentin and to improve interaction with SARCs.These studies report conflicting findings; [12][13][14] in addition, results for coronal dentin cannot be easily extrapolated to intraradicular dentin.During endodontic treatment, mineralized tissues are shattered, producing considerable quantities of mineral debris and generating a smear layer on the root canal walls. 15The smear layer produced in the root canal is thicker and denser that that observed in coronal dentin.The presence of such a layer impairs a proper contact between the acidic methacrylates of SARCs and the underlying dentin during adhesive procedures, interfering with its bond strength to dentin.Thus, partial or total removal of the smear layer previous to insertion of the SARCs into root canals might improve post retention.A previous study has shown that post-space irrigation partially removes the smear layer and might improve the bond strength of fiber posts luted with a resin cement associated with self-etching bonding agents. 16However, it is not known whether the same effect would occur for self-adhesive resin cements.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treating intraradicular dentin with irrigating solutions on the retention of fiber posts luted into root canals using SARCs.The hypothesis was that post retention would not be improved by treating the dentin surfaces before luting.

Methodology
The crowns of bovine incisors with mature apices and straight roots were removed to standard-ize a 14-mm root length.Roots having canals with larger diameters than the drill of the post kit were discarded.In total, 48 roots were used in the study.For the endodontic treatment, a step-back preparation technique was used with stainless steel K-files and Nos. 2 to 4 Gates-Glidden drills.All enlargement procedures were carried out under irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl solution.The prepared root canals were filled with gutta-percha cones and resin sealer (Sealer-26; Dentsply Caulk, Milford, USA) by the lateral condensation technique.The filled roots were stored in 100% relative humidity for 72 h so the resin sealer could set.
Nos. 2 and 3 were based on previous studies of endodontic protocols used to remove the smear layer before filling, 12 while polyacrylic acid (No.1) is commonly used to remove the smear layer previous to inserting the glass ionomer.After application of the irrigating solutions, the root canals were rinsed with distilled water and excess moisture was removed with absorbent paper points.
Two SARCs were tested: Composition of the materials is shown in Table 1.The cements were mixed for 10 s and inserted into the root canals using a Centrix syringe.The posts were inserted with light hand pressure and excess luting material was removed.Light activation was performed through the cervical portion of the root for 40 s, on both the buccal and lingual sur-terial).All pairwise multiple comparison procedures were carried out using Student-Newman-Keuls' method (5% significance level).

Results
Results for bond strength are shown in Table 2. Values are reported independent of the apical third because no significant differences were observed between root portions for any group.The factor "dentin treatment" was not significant (P = 0.143), whereas the factor "material" (P = 0.021) and the interaction between the two factors (P < 0.001) were both significant.For Unicem, the group treated with EDTA showed significantly lower bond strength faces, using a light-emitting diode curing unit (Radii Cal; SDI, Bayswater, Victoria, Australia) with 600-mW/cm 2 irradiance.
After storage in distilled water at 37°C for 1 week, the roots were sectioned into six 1-mm-thick slabs (Figure 1A).The slabs were positioned on a push-out jig in a mechanical testing machine (model 4411; Instron, Canton, USA; Figure 1B).The load was applied at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until the post was dislodged.The bond strength value for each slab was calculated in MPa, and the average values of all slabs for each root were used in the statistical analysis (n = 6 per group).Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (dentin treatment × ma-   Distinct uppercase letters in the same line indicate differences between materials; distinct lowercase letters in the same column indicate differences between treatments (P < 0.05).

A B
than the other solutions (P ≤ 0.01), which had similar results (P ≥ 0.345).For BisCem, the group treated with EDTA showed significantly higher bond strength than the other treatments (P ≤ 0.028).Application of NaOCl yielded higher bond strength for BisCem compared with that of polyacrylic acid (P = 0.026), whereas the control group had intermediate results.

Discussion
Both SARCs evaluated in this study have pH values of around 2, 17 which is similar to that of mild self-etch adhesives.Based on that, similar behavior was expected for both materials.However, the dentin pretreatment showed distinct effects depending on the SARC.In the present study, treating the dentin with EDTA before use of BisCem was the only treatment effective in improving the bond strength of the posts luted with SARCs.Interestingly, the use of EDTA reduced the push-out bond strength when the posts were luted with the other cement, Unicem.Reduced bond strength was also detected when polyacrylic acid was applied before BisCem.Thus, the test hypothesis was rejected.Several studies have demonstrated the limited ability of SARCs to demineralize or dissolve the smear layer to reach the underlying dentin. 10,14,15This limitation is attributed to the high viscosity of these cements and the buffering effect that takes place during their setting reaction. 6,18During posthole preparation, the intraradicular smear layer formed was thicker than those observed in coronal cavities. 10,16This thicker smear layer might hinder the interaction between the SARCs and underlying dentin.
Acid solutions, namely EDTA and polyacrylic acid, were used to irrigate the intraradicular dentin before application of the SARCs, in an endeavor to remove the smear layer and enhance contact of the SARCs with dentin.][21] Thus, one could expect better interaction between the SARCs and root dentin, leading to increased bond strength, which generally did not occur.The manufacturer of Unicem recommends the use of 2.5% to 5% NaOCl solution before cementing fiber posts.However, the use of NaOCl did not improve post retention for any of the SARCs evaluated.Irrigation with NaOCl partially removes the smear layer; 16 however, this agent also causes dentin deproteinization, creating a hydrophilic surface that may hinder the interaction of more hydrophobic materials such as SARCs. 22In addition, NaOCl has been reported to impair proper polymerization of resinbased cements. 23With that in mind, we believe that the possible improved interaction of SARCs to NaO-Cl-treated dentin due to removal of the smear layer may be jeopardized by less wetting of the material on the substrate and poorer cement polymerization.
EDTA is commonly used to remove the smear layer after endodontic treatment.The solution reacts with the calcium ions in dentin and forms water soluble calcium chelates. 24Irrigation using EDTA increased the push-out bond strength when BisCem was used, but reduced the retention of posts luted with Unicem.The distinct results observed for these two materials may be related to their distinct viscosity and, as a consequence, different bonding mechanisms.Apart from the effect of smear layer removal, it has been demonstrated that EDTA might additionally demineralize dentin. 24SARCs bond to dentin by a combination of chemical reaction with hydroxyapatite and penetration of resin monomers into the demineralized substrate.Thus, one could assume that SARCs having a higher potential to chemically react with the dentin may have their bonding mechanism impaired by the presence of a partially apatite-depleted substrate (caused by EDTA).In contrast, the smear layer removal and partial dentin demineralization caused by EDTA would favor the bonding of cements that rely mainly on the penetration of resin monomers.Based on that, it is reasonable to believe that Unicem presents higher chemical bonding potential, while BisCem presents higher ability to create a hybrid layer.Thus, the demineralization promoted by EDTA decreased the bonding ability of Unicem, whereas smear layer removal by EDTA probably improved the dentin infiltration of Biscem.
The use of polyacrylic acid did not affect the push-out bond strength of any of the SARCs evaluated, which showed values similar to those of the Braz Oral Res., (São Paulo) 2013 Jan-Feb;27(1):14-9 control group.Previous studies have shown the presence of opened dentin tubules and maintenance of mineral components in the intertubular dentin after application of polyacrylic acid. 14,25Despite this favorable scenario, penetration into the tubules can be restricted by the high viscosity of the cements.Furthermore, the opened tubules increase dentin permeability; water entering the root canal space has been demonstrated to occur even in in vitro studies. 26Thus, the presence of water can interfere with proper polymerization of the cement and reduce any positive effect obtained by improving the contact between the cement and the dentin.This detrimental effect of water can be more significant to HEMAcontaining cements such as BisCem.Resin infiltration into demineralized dentin can be promoted by HEMA, a water-soluble molecule that also attracts water, 27 leading to poor polymerization and jeopardy to the bonding performance.In the present study, pretreatment with polyacrylic acid promoted the lowest values of bond strength for BisCem.
A relatively high variability in bond strength results was observed in some groups.This finding might be ascribed to differences in the degree of C=C conversion of the cements in the various depths of the root canal.It has been shown that dual-cured SARCs might present low conversion in the absence of light activation. 28During post cementation, exposed marginal areas can greatly benefit from photoactivation, whereas light irradiance may significantly decrease toward the apical portions of the root canal due to reflecting and scattering effects. 29ower conversion in the deeper root areas have been associated with lower bonding potential. 5,30 significant differences were, however, observed between the apical third for any group (data not shown).This indicates that, despite the effect monomer conversion might have on the bonding ability of SARCs, push-out bond strength tests might not be able to detect such differences.
The outcome of the present study indicates that the effect of previous dentin treatment on the pushout bond strength of SARCs to intraradicular dentin is material-dependent.Compared with the control, none of the treatments evaluated was able to improve post retention when Unicem was used, and only the use of EDTA improved the retention of posts luted with BisCem.Considering that only two SARCs were evaluated and that one type of root canal irrigation reduces post retention, there is not enough evidence to recommend any preliminary irrigation protocol when SARCs are used to lute fiber posts.

Conclusions
Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: • The only dentin pretreatment that affected the retention of posts luted with Unicem was that performed with EDTA.
• BisCem was the only material in which the dentin pretreatment with EDTA improved the bond strength to root dentin.

Figure 1 -
Figure 1 -A: sectioning of the roots with the fiber posts luted into the canals; B: sectioned specimen positioned in the mechanical testing machine for the push-out test.

Table 1 -
Composition of the self-adhesive resin cements tested.

Table 2 -
Means (standard deviations) for push-out bond strength, in MPa.