Access to oral healthcare services of adolescents of a large-size municipality in northeastern Brazil

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate access to oral health services among adolescents enrolled in public schools of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, a large-size municipality in the Northeast of Brazil. An observational, descriptive, analytical, quantitative, and cross-sectional study was carried out through a school survey, in which four validated questionnaires were applied to 438 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. Data were processed using the SPSS statistical software version 20.0, with bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis through Poisson regression. About 90.9% of adolescents reported having visited the dentist at least once; however, when considering the last 6 months, this percentage fell to 48.4%. Adolescents used private services (50.2%) or the public service (49.8%). About 70.6% of interviewees reported dental treatment (61.1%) as the main reason for seeking the service. Through multivariate analysis, it was observed that the demand for the service was higher among female adolescents (60.5%, p <0.001); the other variables did not present statistically significant differences. In conclusion, the access to oral healthcare services reported by adolescents was good, but there is still a considerable part of this population with no access. Variables that presented significant associated with dental services were gender and toothache history, but only gender remained significant in the multivariate model.

Keywords:
Health Services; Adolescent; Oral Health

Introduction

Adolescence is an important developmental period, and the healthcare decisions made in this phase can reflect in the health and lifestyle at adulthood. Although adolescents experience the highest levels of well-being compared to the other life cycles, adolescents may not have the best oral health status.^1,2,3 Inadequate oral conditions in this age group go beyond functional limitation and negatively impact social, psychological, and esthetic domains.^4,5 Therefore, as oral health has a strong influence on the quality of life, understanding the complex situation of adolescents' oral condition is a challenge for dentists.⁶

The term “access” is discussed in the literature as part of the process of providing integral healthcare. Access involves the continuous and organized provision of healthcare services that people can use at a certain time and place.⁷ Moreover, access to healthcare services is allied to socially determined fundamental human rights, including peace, security, housing, freedom, education, healthy eating, employment, and income.^7,8

Some justifications for the non-adherence to dental treatment among adolescents were identified by Vazquez et al.,⁹ among them, priority, attributed to situations in which dental treatment is not seen as urgent or important, neglect, lack of time, fear, difficulty of access, and fear of pain. Etiological factors related to fear of dental treatment include previous negative experiences with treatment, lack of information on the procedure to be carried out, anesthesia needle, high speed dental motors, and having had dental extractions. The delay in seeking the dentist for fear or fear of pain is harmful to health and ends up reinforcing this feeling. In addition, avoiding the dentist favors the evolution of the severity of an eventually simple oral problem.^9,10,11

Another factor that influences adolescents' decision to seek dental services is anxiety, which causes a significant impact on oral health, causing the patient to postpone the visit to the dentist and frequently increasing dental problems. In this cycle, when the decision to seek dental care occurs, most of the time, treatment is much more invasive.¹²

Regarding the use of dental services, Teixeira, Roncalli and Noro¹³ observed that the last dental consultation and participation in collective oral health actions during adolescence were associated with a higher incidence of dental caries. Thus, the main reason to visit a dentist in all age groups was pain or treatment, demonstrating that most people who seek dental services are those who have some need; i.e., visiting the dentist in the last twelve months in adolescence is associated with people requiring treatment. The absence of toothache prevents individuals to seek dental care as a priority, thus, they end up by neglecting oral health.¹⁴

Considering the above, this study aimed to describe and evaluate the access to oral healthcare services of adolescents enrolled in the public education network of a large-size municipality in Northeastern Brazil.

Methodology

An observational, descriptive, quantitative, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out based on a survey conducted in public schools of Campina Grande, a large-size municipality with Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.720, located 112 km from the State Capital, João Pessoa.¹²

The population of this study consisted of 29,838 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years enrolled in public schools. For sample size determination, a formula was used considering: finite population of 29,838 adolescents, acceptable error of 5.0%, confidence level of 95%, and prevalence of 50.0% (previously unknown prevalence of the phenomenon). A sample size of 380 students was obtained, to which a 20% was added to cover for possible losses (76 adolescents).¹⁵ Thus, the final sample was between 380 and 456 volunteers distributed in a stratified manner in the 8 Health Districts of Campina Grande. Firstly, public schools were randomly selected maintaining the proportions within the different districts using the Microsoft Excel program (Microsoft Corp., version 2003, USA). Secondly, the selection of adolescents for the sample was based on a simple randomization procedure.

Data collection was done through the application of a questionnaire, which sought to evaluate the use of oral healthcare services and the seeking of dental care by adolescents. The questionnaire was based on the survey adopted in the National Survey on Household Sampling (PNAD).¹⁶ Another three questionnaires related to the evaluation of dental fear,¹⁷ dental anxiety,¹⁸ and toothache¹⁹ were also used. Variables related to gender and age of participants were also collected.

Prior to the application of questionnaires, parents or guardians authorized the adolescents' participation through signing the Informed Consent Form. For personal authorization, a specific Assent Form was issued for adolescents.

Inclusion criteria were adolescents aged 12–19 years enrolled in public schools who agreed to participate in the study and were authorized by parents or guardians. Adolescents with mental, sensory, and behavioral disorders and those under 18 years of age who had participation prohibited by parents were excluded from the study, as well as those who chose not to participate in the study.

For statistical analyses, data were categorized into two groups according to age (12–14 years and 15–19 years) and gender (male and female). Data were processed in the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Descriptive analysis was carried out to verify the frequency of access to dental care as well as its characteristics (history of visits to the dentist, place of service, first visit, dental health plan, evaluation of care, and reason for the last visit).

Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed through Poisson's regression to verify the relationship between access to oral healthcare services in the last 6 months and associated factors (gender, age, history of toothache, anxiety, and fear) among adolescents. Variables with p < 0.20 in the bivariate model were inserted into the multivariate regression model by means of backward elimination. In the final model, variables with p < 0.05 were considered to be associated. In all tests, 5% significance level was adopted. The model goodness of fit test showed deviance of 241,65 and Pearson Chi-square of 189,344 (df = 353). Overdispersion was not a problem for this dataset.

This study was submitted to the Ethics Research Committee of the State University of Paraíba for approval (Protocol No. 51497715.4.0000.5187). The study followed the ethical principles proposed in Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council, guaranteeing the secrecy of data concerning participants.

Results

At the end of data collection, 438 adolescents responded to the questionnaire regarding access to oral health services. Most of the participants were females (50.9%), between 15 to 19 years old (67.4%), and with history of some toothache in life (67.9%), although the toothache experience was lower in the last 6 months (29.8%). Almost all participants reported dental anxiety (88.4%) and dental fear (91.0%). Although 63% of participants reported having sought some health service in the last 6 months, 48.4% visited the dentist in this same period (Table 1).

Table 1
Frequency of access to health services and their characteristics among adolescents in public schools. Campina Grande, Brazil.

Variables		Frequency (%)
Gender
	Female	223(50.9)
	Male	215(49.1)
Age group (years)
	12–14	143(32.6)
	15–19	295(67.4)
History of toothache in life
	Yes	283(67.9)
	No	134(32.1)
History of toothache in the last 6 months
	Yes	122(29.8)
	No	288(70.2)
Anxiety
	Yes	352(88.4)
	No	46(11.6)
Fear
	Yes	362(91.0)
	No	36(9.0)
History of the visit to the health service in the last 6 months
	No	162(37.0)
	Yes	276(63.0)
It went to the dentist
	No	40(9.1)
	Yes	398(90.9)
Visit to the dentist in the last 6 months
	No	226(51.6)
	Yes	212(48.4)
Got dental care on the first visit
	No	117(29.4)
	Yes	281(70.6)
Place of care
	Private service	200(50.2)
	Public service	198(49.8)
It used dental health insurance
	No	310(77.9)
	Yes	88(22.1)
Reason for last dental care
	Prevention	155(38.9)
	Treatment	243(61.1)

According to Table 1, there was a balance about type of care; 50.2% of adolescents reported having used the private service and 49.8% the public service, and a minority (22.1%) used dental health insurance. Among participants, 70.6% received care at the first visit, emphasizing that the reason for consultation was predominantly for treatment (61.1%).

In the bivariate analysis, visiting the dentist in the last 6 months was significantly associated with gender (p < 0.001); 60.5% of those who sought service were females. History of toothache in life (p = 0.014) was also associated with visiting the dentist; 52.3% who sought the service presented this condition at some point in life. However, the only variable that remained significant in the multivariate model was gender (p < 0.001), with prevalence ratio of 1.27 (95%CI = 1.15–1.41) (Table 2).

Table 2
Bivariate and multivariate analysis through the Poisson regression in relation to the visit to the dentist in the last 6 months and its associated factors among adolescents of public schools. Campina Grande, Brazil.

Variable		Visit to the dentisit in the last 6 month		Bivariate		Multivariate
		Yes	No	PR Unadjusted*		PR Adjusted**
		n(%)	n(%)	p-value	(95% CI)	p-value	(95% CI)
Gender
	Female	135 (60.5)	88 (39.5)	<0.001	1.28(1.16–1.40)	< 0.001	1.27(1.15–1.41)
	Male	77 (35.8)	138 (64.2)		1.00		1.00
Age group (years)
	12–14	64 (44.8)	79 (55.2)		1	-	-
	15–19	148 (50.2)	147 (49.8)	0.286	1.05(0.95–1.16)	-	-
History of toothache in life
	Yes	148 (52.3)	135 (47.7)	0.014	1.13(1.02–1.25)	-	-
	No	53 (39.6)	81 (60.4)		1.00	-	-
History of toothache in the last 6 months
	Yes	65 (53.3)	57 (46.7)	0.188	1.07(0.96–1.19)	-	-
	No	133 (46.2)	155 (53.8)		1.00	-	-
Anxiety
	Yes	22 (47.8)	24 (52.2)		1	-	-
	No	190 (54.0)	162 (46.0)	0.432	1.06(0.91–1.24)	-	-
Fear
	Yes	15 (41.7)	21 (58.3)		1.00	-	-
	No	197 (54.4)	165 (45.6)	0.139	1.13(0.95–1.34)	-	-

• ^*
  Poisson regression not adjusted for the independent variables and visit to the dentist in the last 6 months;
• ^**
  Variables incorporated into the multivariate model (p <0.20): gender, history of toothache in life, history of toothache in the last 6 months and fear.

Discussion

Visiting the dentist regularly is essential for prevention and treatment of oral conditions in adolescence, which directly reflect in their quality of life.^4,5,20 As most oral health-related outcomes, the hypothesis that sociodemographic and psychosocial variables predict dental visits is reasonable. An alarming frequency of dental anxiety and fear was found in this study, which might has severe consequences for the adolescent-dentist relationship. However, these variables were not associated with visits to the dentist. Although gender was the only significant predictor for dental visits, the present findings are complex and the responsibility of the healthcare team to revert the situation are highlighted.

Most of the participants reported having visited general healthcare services in the last 6 months. On the other side, less than half accessed oral healthcare services in the same period. Probably, biological changes in this age group influence prioritization of general healthcare, while dental care is neglected or remain in the background.²¹ Most of the adolescents reporting dental visits at least once at some point in their life is not necessarily a positive result. The professional evaluation of oral health should be frequent to preserve, prevent, or treat oral conditions. The recommended longest interval between oral health check-ups for patients younger than 18 years is 12 months.²² Healthcare teams should emphasize the importance as well as the frequency of dental visits.²³ Educational interventions in schools with adolescents and parents/caregivers may be an efficient approach to increase awareness.

Most participants reported receiving treatment at the first visit to the dentist. However, it is important to reflect on this report, considering that private and public services where similarly accessed by adolescents. Despite the advances in Public Health Policies in Brazil, with the inclusion of Oral Health teams in the Family Health Strategy and the implementation of Dental Specialties' Centers, there are still gaps in the supply of these services for this group. Strategies that expand the access to oral healthcare services should be implemented, since the private sector is still responsible for a significant portion of these services in the country.²⁴ In addition, 21.6% of adolescents had dental insurance, which reinforces the aforementioned assertion.

Preventive dental care leads to better oral health conditions and the avoidance of several diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease.²⁵ In this study, the main aspect that motivated dental visits among adolescents was dental treatment. Some studies performed in richer regions of Brazil (i.e., south and southeast) found a higher prevalence of dental visits for routine consultation²⁷ and other prevention procedures.¹ Indeed, low socioeconomic status is a predictor of dental caries.²⁷ Therefore, the higher frequency of dental visits for treatment may be related to prevalence of oral conditions in regions with lower socioeconomic status.

The reason for females visiting the dentist more frequently than males might be due to the fact that women, since childhood, are more attentive with their health, seeking care more frequently. This trend occurs in most health specialties and may have cultural roots such as associating care seeking to a sign of “weakness”, incompatible with masculinity.²⁸

It is well known that feelings of fear and anxiety can prevent adolescents from seeking dental care,²⁹ which are factors that lead patients to seek or delay dental treatment.³⁰ Our results show that anxiety and fear are conditions that are still strongly present concerning dental care. Even with technological advances in dental procedures and equipment, patients still suffer from feelings of anxiety and fear, which affect comfort and wellbeing. However, these feelings are not exclusive of dental patients, but of all patients who undergo invasive treatments.^31,32

This investigation had some usual limitations inherent to a cross-sectional study, which does not allow for the inference of causality, as exposures and outcomes are assessed simultaneously. Moreover, response bias related to the self-reported survey is possible. Based on the points made above, new hypotheses can be raised and explored. We suggest that future investigations include oral clinical outcomes for prediction of dental visits among adolescents. Besides, predictors in other age groups should also be explored to help establish public policies for a broader population.

Access to oral health services is considered a significant predictor of quality of life and should be verified and reflected for all age groups, including adolescents.^33,34 A significant portion of this population still has difficulties accessing dental care services. Thus, the need for greater attention from the public administration towards young people is urgent in order to guarantee access to the public healthcare services.

Conclusion

The data allowed us to conclude that access to oral healthcare services reported by adolescents was good, but there is still a considerable part of this population with no access. Female sex and the history of toothache in life were the variables significantly associated with the seeking of dental services, but only female sex remained significant in the multivariate model.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) - N° 22/2018, under grant N°. 205043/2018-6, and financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Mar 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  21 Apr 2019
• Reviewed
  31 Jan 2020
• Accepted
  06 Jan 2020