Sato, Wananabe, Miyata, 199024
|
TMEV |
Ozone |
Dry phase: Lyophilized virus samples in glass vials were exposed to ozone |
Plaque assay |
Effective: More than 100 ppm ozone and 80% of RH was strongly virucidal |
HVJ |
Control (no treatment) |
Liquid phase: A portion of a hundredfold virus sample in 35-mm dishes |
RV |
|
|
MHV |
|
|
Tseng, Li, 200632
|
MS2 |
Ozone exposed |
Virus stock solutions were diluted in sterile, deionized water for nebulization; 3% gelatin plates were used to collect virus-containing aerosols before and after ozone treatment. |
Plaque assay |
Effective: The survival fraction of all four viruses decreased exponentially with increasing ozone dose |
φ6 |
Ozone unexposed |
φX174 |
|
T7 |
|
Hudson et al., 200725
|
Norovirus and its animal surrogate feline calicivirus |
Ozone exposed |
Virus samples were dried on sterile plastic or other surfaces (fabrics and carpet, cotton tips, plastic) |
Plaque assays |
Effective: Substantial inactivation of FCV and NV samples was achieved, with a comparable reduction in RT-PCR values, indicating that infectivity of both viruses would be similarly affected if it were possible to assay for NV infectivity. |
Ozone unexposed |
RT-qPCR assay |
Lin et al., 200723
|
Enterovirus 71 |
Ozone |
Virus stock in glass dishes |
Plaque assay |
Ineffective: No statistically significant differences in cell viability were noted among the control group and 0.5 or 1 ppm ozone exposed infected cells (Fig. 3B). The 1.5 or 2 ppm-exposed cells had 45–40% viability. |
Control (no treatment) |
Tseng, Li, 200821
|
MS2 |
Ozone exposed |
A diluted culture of virus stock solution was spread on the surface of gelatin-based medium. |
Plaque assay |
Effective: The survival fraction of all four viruses decreased exponentially with increasing ozone dose |
φ6 |
Ozone unexposed |
φX174 |
|
T7 |
|
Hudson et al., 20097
|
Influenza |
Ozone exposed |
Aliquots of virus, diluted when necessary in PBS, were spotted onto glass slides, stainless steel circular disks, and pieces of fabric and cotton. |
Plaque assays |
Effective: All viruses tested, showed similar kinetics of virus inactivation on three hard surfaces, plastic, glass and stainless steel. The combination of ozone gas plus high RH consistently yielded substantial inactivation. |
HSV |
Ozone unexposed |
Rhinovirus |
|
Adenovirus |
|
Mouse coronavirus |
|
Sindbis virus |
|
Yellow fever virus |
|
Vesicular stomatitis virus |
|
Poliovirus |
|
Vaccinia virus |
|
Cannon, Kotwal, Wang, 201320
|
Murine norovirus (MNV-1) |
Ozone |
FCV or MNV-1 stocks were spread uniformly onto glass Petri dishes using a cell scraper. One uninoculated Petri dish was also included in each experimental replicate and served as a negative control. |
Plaque assays |
Effective: exposure of two norovirus surrogates to 20 ppm atmospheric ozone for 18 min and 80% of RH significantly reduced virus infectivity on smooth glass surfaces. |
Feline calicivirus (FCV) |
Petry et al., 201422
|
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) |
Ozone |
Aliquots of HSV-1 and BoHV-1 propagated in MDBK cells were added to 35-mm Petri dishes. |
Plaque assay |
Effective: Ozone promoted a significant reduction of more than 90% of viral replication for both viruses tested after 3 h of exposure. |
Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BoHV-1) |
Control (no treatment) |
Guo et al., 201526
|
Hepatitis B |
Formaldehyde oxidization fumigation |
Serum was collected from HBV-infected people with a HBV DNA copy number of 10-7 copies/ml. The serum was diluted 10-fold with sterile distilled water and added to cloth. Negative control groups were composed of sterile distilled water samples. |
RT-qPCR |
Ineffective: Application of ozone to disinfect HBV-contaminated hospital linen was ineffective. |
Ozone |
Nayak et al., 201829
|
FCV |
Ozone |
Gas-phase: Sterile stainless steel discs were placed in wells of a 24-well microtiter plates. The surface of each disc was spiked with 15 μl of FCV. |
Plaque assay |
Effective: Gas-phase FCV inactivation: Complete inactivation was achieved within 3 min of treatment for the humidified biosamples at 1 cm distance from the discharge; 1 cm is similar to 40 cm. Liquid-phase FCV inactivation was also effective: Significant reduction in FCV titer was achieved by treating sterile water for 5 min at 1 cm in dry air. |
Control (no treatment) |
Liquid-phase: Aliquots of FCV were added to 96-well plates. |
Cía et al., 2020 (preprint)33
|
Lentiviral vector |
UV-C light |
Open Petri dishes containing pSIN-GFP lentivector stock in DMEM and containing dried bacterial cultures inside an ambulance. |
Fluorescence microscopy |
Ineffective: Ozone treatments currently applied in emergency vehicles in this study did not significantly affect virus or bacteria viability. |
|
Ozone |
Flow cytometry |
|
|
Plaque assays |
Blanchard et al., 2020 (preprint)28
|
Influenza A |
Ozone |
Virus solutions in growth medium were deposited by pipette onto pieces of each candidate material: cloth face masks, Tyvek (spun high-density polyethylene) fabric used in disposable gowns and PAPR (powered air purifying respirator) hoods, and N95 respirators. Uninoculated samples of each material served as a negative control. |
RT-qPCR |
Effective: Ozone treatment at 20 ppm or greater, 70% or greater RH at room temperature, and for at least 40 minutes should reliably inactivate enveloped viruses on a variety of materials used for medical PPE. |
|
Human respiratory syncytial |
70% ethanol |
Plaque assay |
|
|
|
NanoLuc |
Dubuis et al., 202031
|
φ6 |
Ozone |
The virus buffer was placed in an aerosol generator and nebulized for 10 minutes. |
Plaque assays |
Effective: 40 minutes and 55% of RH of exposure was required for φX174 and MS2 inactivation. |
φX174 |
qPCR |
10 minutes and 85% RH for φX174, PR772 and MS2. φ6 and MNV-1 viruses showed inactivation levels of at least two orders of magnitude after 40 minutes. |
PR772 |
|
|
MS2 |
|
|
MNV-1 |
|
|
Lee et al., 202127
|
Human coronavirus HCoV-229E |
Ozone |
HCoV-229E culture was added to face masks. |
Plaque assays |
Effective: When face masks experimentally contaminated with a human coronavirus (HCoV-229E) as a surrogate were exposed to ozone gas (approximately 120 ppm) produced by the plasma generator for either 1 or 5 min, the virus lost infectivity. |
RT-qPCR |
Westover et al., 2020 (preprint)30
|
Twist Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA Control 2 |
Ozone |
Aliquots of Twist Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA were added to open tubes in the Sani Sport Supreme. |
qPCR r |
Effective: Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA was shown to undergo significant degradation for 1 hr under ozone treatment. Ozone-treated samples exhibited 65.13%, 25.82%, 11.24%, 12.46% and 6.16% of RNA remaining for 30 mins, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, and 4 hrs. RNAse-treated samples showed complete degradation. |
Control (no treatment) |