Al Naggar et al., 20203434.Al Naggar Y, Giesy JP, Abdel-Daim MM, Javed Ansari M, Al-Kahtani SN, Yahya G. Fighting against the second wave of COVID-19: can honeybee products help protect against the pandemic? Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021 Mar;28(3):1519-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.031 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.0...
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Antiviral Antiseptic Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Immunomodulatory Anti-fungal Anti-bacterial |
CAPE, artepilin C, chrysin, caempferol and quercetin |
It strengthens the cell wall and leaves the internal environment aseptic, interfering with viral maturation and replication; and mitigating the exaggerated inflammatory response, especially the cytokine storm associated with COVID-19 infection. |
Bachevski et al., 20203535.Bachevski D, Damevska K, Simeonovski V, Dimova M. Back to the basics: propolis and COVID-19. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Jul;33(4):e13780. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13780 https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13780...
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Antiviral |
CAPE, quercetin, kaempferol, artepelin C and chrysin |
Propolis acts on enveloped viruses. CAPE acts on PAK1 and can be useful in stopping / inhibiting coronavirus-induced fibrosis in the lungs. |
Berretta et al., 202077.Berretta AA, Silveira MA, Cóndor Capcha JM, De Jong D. Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Nov;131:110622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.11...
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Antiviral Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Antioxidant Anticancer |
Phytochemicals of propolis such as caffeic acid, quercetin and myricetin |
Inhibitory effect on ACE2, TMPRSS2 and PAK1 signaling pathways. Immunoregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including reduction of IL-6, IL-1 beta and TNF-α, proving antiviral activity to COVID-19. |
Fiorini et al., 20213636.Fiorini AC, Scorza CA, Almeida AG, Fonseca M, Finsterer J, Fonseca F, et al. Antiviral activity of Brazilian green propolis extract against SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus 2) infection: case report and review. Clinics. 2021;76e2357. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2021/e2357 https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2021/e23...
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Antiviral |
Quercetin |
Potential to inhibit the functional activity of ACE-2 receptor in SARS-CoV-2 |
Keflie and Biesalski, 20203737.Keflie TS, Biesalski HK. Micronutrients and bioactive substances: their potential roles in combating COVID-19. Nutrition. 2021 Apr;84:111103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.11110...
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Antiviral Anti-inflammatory |
Bioactive substancies |
Promising effects in interrupting transmission, reducing susceptibility and improving the severity of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and other viral infections. |
Khayrani et al., 20213838.Khayrani AC, Irdiani R, Aditama R, Pratami DK, Lischer K, Ansari MJ, et al. Evaluating the potency of Sulawesi propolis compounds as ACE-2 inhibitors through molecular docking for COVID-19 drug discovery preliminary study. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2021 Mar;33(2):101297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101297 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101...
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Antiviral |
Glicosperin A, broussoflavonol F, sulabiroinas A, (2S) -5,7-dihydroxy-4’-methoxy-8-prenylflavanone and isorhamnetina. |
Inhibition of the converting activity of angiotensin-2 (ACE-2), a SARS-CoV-2 receptor in the human body, preventing replication of the virus. |
Kumar et al., 20203939.Kumar V, Dhanjal JK, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Sundar D. Withanone and caffeic acid phenethyl ester are predicted to interact with main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit its activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021 Jul;39(11):3842-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1772108 https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.17...
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Antiviral Antimicrobial |
CAPE |
Inhibition of TMPRSS2 (protein S activator of several strains of SARS-CoV) and reduction of the SARS-COV-2. |
Kumar et al., 202122.Kumar V, Dhanjal JK, Bhargava P, Kaul A, Wang J, Zhang H, et al. Withanone and Withaferin-A are predicted to interact with transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and block entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2022 Jan;40(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1775704 https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.17...
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Antiviral Antimicrobial |
CAPE |
CAPE is able to inhibit Mpro (highly conserved SARS-COV-2 protein), inhibiting the functional activity of the SARS-CoV-2 protease. |
Lima et al., 20204040.Lima WG, Brito JC, Nizer WSC. Bee products as a source of promising therapeutic and chemoprophylaxis strategies against COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Phytother Res. 2021 Feb;35(2):743-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6872 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6872...
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Antiviral Immunomodulatory Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant |
Phenolic compounds such as galangin, chrysin, p-cumaric acid, kaempferol and quercetin |
Blocking / reducing the entry of the virus into host cells, with the ability to stimulate the immune system and antiviral effect in the treatment of COVID-19 |
Maruta and He, 202088.Maruta H, He H. PAK1-blockers: potential Therapeutics against COVID-19. Med Drug Discov. 2020 Jun;6:100039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100039 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2020.10...
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Antiviral Antibacterial |
CAPE and Artepelin C |
PAK1 blockade. Propolis components have the capacity to stimulate the immune system, block coronavirus-induced fibrosis of the lungs and have an antiviral effect in the treatment of COVID-19. |
Refaat et al., 20214141.Refaat H, Mady FM, Sarhan HA, Rateb HS, Alaaeldin E. Optimization and evaluation of propolis liposomes as a promising therapeutic approach for COVID-19. Int J Pharm. 2021 Jan;592:120028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120028 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.1...
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Antiviral |
Flavonoid components of Egyptian propolis |
The liposomal formula of propolis showed an inhibitory effect against the protease COVID-3CL and the protein spike, inhibiting viral replication. |
Sahlan et al., 20214242.Sahlan M, Irdiani R, Flamandita D, Aditama R, Alfarraj S, Ansari MJ, et al. Molecular interaction analysis of Sulawesi propolis compounds with SARS-CoV-2 main protease as preliminary study for COVID-19 drug discovery. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2021 Jan;33(1):101234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101234 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101...
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Antiviral |
Glicosperin A, broussoflavonol F, sulabiroinas A, (2S) -5,7-dihydroxy-4’-methoxy-8-prenylflavanone and isorhamnetina, |
Propolis glycosperin A and broussoflavonol F can inhibit the enzyme activity of the main SARS-CoV-2 protease, blocking viral replication. |
Shahinozzaman et al., 20204343.Shahinozzaman M, Basak B, Emran R, Rozario P, Obanda DN, Artepillin C. Artepillin C: a comprehensive review of its chemistry, bioavailability, and pharmacological properties. Fitoterapia. 2020 Nov;147:104775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104775 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2020.10...
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Antioxidant |
Artepillin C |
Blocking PAK1 (COVID-19 protein kinase), has anti-inflammatory properties and can also increase immunity against COVID-19 by inhibiting PAK1 |
Antiviral |
Anti-inflammatory |
Anticancer Immunomodulatory |